N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Amatopa Nawo Moyo?

“Aliyense amene amadzipha amakhala ndi zifukwa zake zodziŵa yekha basi ndiponso zosautsa kwambiri,”—anatero Kay Redfield Jamison yemwe ndi dokotala wa anthu odwala matenda amaganizo.

“KUKHALA ndi moyo n’kosautsa kwambiri.” Aŵa ndi mawu amene analemba Ryunosuke Akutagawa, yemwe anali wolemba mabuku wotchuka ku Japan kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1900 kutatsala kanthaŵi kochepa kuti adziphe. Koma mawu ameneŵa, anawayamba ndi mawu akuti: “Inde, sindikufuna kufa ayi, koma . . . ”

Mofanana ndi Akutagawa, anthu ambiri amene amadzipha safunadi kuti afe, koma amangofuna kuti “athetse zina zilizonse zimene zikuwachitikira,” anatero pulofesa wina wodziŵa za maganizo a anthu. Mawu a m’makalata ambiri amene anthu odzipha amalemba asanadziphe amasonyeza choncho. Mawu monga akuti ‘Sindikanathanso kupirira nazo’ kapena akuti, ‘Ndikhaliranjinso ndi moyo?’ amasonyeza kuti munthu anafunitsitsa kusiyana nawo moyo wamavutowu. Koma katswiri wina anafotokoza kuti kudzipha “kuli ngati kufuna kuchiritsa matenda a chimfine pogwiritsa ntchito bomba la nyukiliya.”

Ngakhale kuti zifukwa zimene anthu amadziphera n’zosiyanasiyana, nthaŵi zambiri mavuto ena m’moyo ndiwo amachititsa kuti munthu adziphe.

Chifukwa Chimene Amadziphera

Kudzipha si chinthu chachilendo kwa achinyamata amene amakanika kuugwira mtima ngakhale pankhani zimene zingaoneke ngati zazing’ono kwa ena. Chinthu china chikawakhumudwitsa ndipo akaona kuti sangathe kuchitapo china chilichonse, achinyamata atha kuona ngati kudzipha ndiko kungakhale njira yabwino yobwezera amene awakhumudwitsawo. Hiroshi Inamura, katswiri wa nkhani za anthu ofuna kudzipha ku Japan, analemba kuti: “Ana amaganiza mumtima mwawo kuti akangodzipha, ndiye kuti munthu amene wawazunza amalangika.”

Atafufuza posachedwapa ku Britain panapezeka kuti ana akamazunzidwa kwambiri, sachedwa kuganiza zofuna kudzipha. Mtima wawo umawapwetekadi. Mnyamata wina wazaka 13 yemwe anadzimangirira anasiya kalata imene anatchulamo anthu asanu amene anam’soŵetsa mtendere ndiponso mpaka anam’landa ndalama zake. Iye analembanso kuti “Chonde muwapulumutse ana ena kuti izi zisawachitikire.”

Ena akhoza kufuna kudzipha akapalamula kusukulu kapena akalakwira lamulo, wina akathetsa chibwenzi, akalandira lipoti lakuti alephera kusukulu, akakhala ndi mantha a mayeso, kapena  akayamba kuvutika maganizo chifukwa chodera nkhaŵa za tsogolo lawo. Achinyamata okhoza kwambiri m’kalasi amenenso safuna kulephera ngakhale pang’ono, akakumana ndi vuto kapena akalephera—kaya n’kulepheradi kwenikweni kapena kungoganiza chabe, amafuna kudzipha.

Kwa achikulire, nthaŵi zambiri mavuto azachuma kapena akuntchito ndiwo amawachititsa kuti adziphe. Posachedwapa ku Japan, chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma a zaka zambiri, anthu odzipha aposa 30,000 pa chaka. Malingana ndi nyuzipepala yotchedwa Mainichi Daily News akuti amuna achikulire atatu mwa anayi alionse amene anadzipha okha anatero “chifukwa cha mavuto a ngongole, bizinesi, umphaŵi ndiponso kusoŵa ntchito.” Nawonso mavuto am’banja akhoza kuchititsa munthu kudzipha. Nyuzipepala ya ku Finland inati: “Amuna amene ukwati wawo wangotha kumene” ali m’gulu la anthu amene sangachedwe kudzipha. Atafufuza ku Hungary panapezeka kuti atsikana ambiri amene amaganiza zodzipha analeredwa m’mabanja osudzulana.

Kupuma pantchito ndiponso matenda ndizo zifukwa zinanso makamaka kwa anthu okalamba. Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amangodzipha, osati kwenikweni akadwala kwambiri, koma ngakhale akaona kuti akuvutika mwakuti sangapirirenso.

Komabe si aliyense amene amadzipha akakumana ndi zoterezi. Anthu ambiri akakumana ndi mavuto osautsa chotere samadzipha ayi. Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ena amaona ngati kudzipha ndiyo njira yothetsera mavuto, pamene ena ambiri saona choncho?

Zifukwa Zenizeni

“Nthaŵi zambiri maganizo ofuna kufa amabwera malinga ndi mmene munthuyo akuonera mavuto ake,” anatero Kay Redfield Jamison, yemwe ndi pulofesa wa zamankhwala payunivesite yotchedwa Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Iye anawonjezera kunena kuti “Anthu ambiri akakhala abwinobwino saona mavuto awo kuti n’ngaakulu kwambiri mwakuti angodzipha.” Eve K. Mościcki wa ku bungwe la U.S. National Institute of Mental Health anaona kuti pali zinthu zambiri, zina zosadziŵika msanga, zimene pamodzi zimayambitsa maganizo ofuna kudzipha. Zinthu zina zosadziŵika msangazo ndizo monga mavuto a m’maganizo ndiponso a zizoloŵezi zovuta kuleka, chibadwa ndiponso mmene ubongo umagwirira ntchito. Tatiyeni tione zina mwa izo.

Mavuto aakulu kwambiri pa nkhaniyi ndi mavuto a m’maganizo omwe ali ovuta kuwasiya, monga matenda osiyanasiyana a m’maganizo, misala, moŵa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Atafufuza ku Ulaya ndiponso ku United States panapezeka kuti anthu oposa 90 pa 100 alionse amene anadzipha, anadzipha chifukwa cha mavuto ameneŵa. Kwenikweni ofufuza a ku Sweden anapeza kuti pagulu la amuna amene sanawapeze ndi mavuto ena alionse a mtundu umenewu, odzipha analipo 8 okha pa anthu 100,000 alionse pamene pagulu la anthu odwala matenda a m’maganizo, analipo okwana mpaka 650 pa anthu 100,000 alionse! Akatswiri amati ku m’maŵa kwa Asia anthu amadzipha pa zifukwa zangati zomwezi. Komabe munthu angapeŵe kudzipha ngakhale atadwala  matenda a m’maganizo komanso atakhala ndi zifukwa zina zofunira kudzipha.

Pulofesa Jamison amene anafuna kudzipha nthaŵi ina yake, ananena kuti: “Anthu amaoneka kuti amatha kupirira akamavutika maganizo, malinga ngati akukhulupirira kuti zinthu zisintha.” Komabe iye anaona kuti ngati maganizo osautsaŵa akukulirakulira, maganizo okana kudzipha amayamba kutha pang’onopang’ono. Anayerekeza vutoli ndi mmene mabuleki a galimoto amaperesekera chifukwa chokhulana nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi.

N’kofunika kwambiri kutulukira chizoloŵezichi chifukwa matenda a m’maganizo angachiritsidwe. Osamaganiza kuti palibenso chanu. Anthu ofuna kudzipha akathetsa mavuto enieni owachititsa kufuna kudzipha saganizanso zodzipha akakumana ndi zinthu zina zowapweteka mtima ndiponso zowasautsa zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimawapangitsa kuti adziphedi.

Anthu ena amaganiza kuti anthu ambiri amadzipha makamakanso chifukwa chotengera kumtundu. Inde, chibadwa cha munthu chimam’pangitsa kuti akhale wamtima winawake, ndipo ofufuza ena amati mabanja ena ali ndi anthu ambiri amene anadzipha poyerekeza ndi mabanja ena. Komabe Jamison ananena kuti, “Munthu akakhala ndi maganizo odzipha chifukwa chotengera kumtundu si ndiye kuti sangasinthenso maganizoŵa.”

Chifukwa china chikhoza kukhala mmene ubongo umagwirira ntchito. Mu ubongo muli tinthu mabiliyoni ambiri timene timatha kutumizirana ndi kulandira mauthenga pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zangati zamagetsi ndiponso timadzi ta mu ubongomo. Kumapeto kwa timitsempha tamphanda timene tili mu ubongo, kuli timipata ndipo m’timipata timeneti mumadutsa timadzi timene timanyamula mauthenga osiyanasiyana. Kuchuluka kapena kuchepa kwa mtundu umodzi wa timadzi timeneti n’kumenenso kungapangitse munthu kukhala ndi khalidwe lofuna kudzipha. Buku lakuti Inside the Brain (M’kati mwa Ubongo) limafotokoza kuti: ‘Timadzi timeneti tikachepa . . . timam’pangitsa munthu kukhala wosasangalala, kutopa ndi moyo ndiponso m’posavuta kuti adwale matenda a m’maganizo kapena kuti adziphe.’

Komabe zoona n’zakuti palibe munthu amene anapangidwa ndi maganizo akuti adzadziphe. Anthu ambirimbiri amathana ndi zinthu zopweteka mtima ndiponso zosautsa. Kwenikweni chimene chimachititsa anthu kudzipha ndi mmene iwowo amamvera m’maganizo ndi mumtima mwawo akakhala pa masautso amene amapangitsa ena kudzipha? Chofunika si ndicho kulimbana n’kungothetsa vuto limene munthu anafunira kudzipheralo koma m’pofunikanso kuthana ndi zifukwa zenizeni zimene zabweretsa vutolo.

Tsono pamenepa, kodi n’kutani kuti munthu akhale ndi maganizo abwino amene angam’chititsenso kuti moyo aziumvabe kukoma?

[Bokosi patsamba 23]

Kudzipha Chifukwa Chosukidwa

Chinthu china chimene chimapangitsa anthu kuti adwale matenda a m’maganizo ndiponso kuti adziphe n’kusukidwa. Jouko Lönnqvist, yemwe anatsogolera anthu ofufuza za anthu odzipha ku Finland ananena kuti: “Anthu ambiri [amene anadzipha], nthaŵi zambiri ankangokhala okhaokha. Nthaŵi zambiri anali kukhala opanda chochita, kapena anali kucheza ndi anthu kwa nthaŵi yochepa chabe.” Kenshiro Ohara, yemwe ndi dokotala wa nthenda zamaganizo pa yunivesite yotchedwa Hamamatsu University School of Medicine ku Japan, anathirira ndemanga kuti “kusukidwa” ndiko kwenikweni kwachititsa kuti posachedwapa anthu ambiri achikulire ayambe kudzipha m’dzikolo.

[Bokosi patsamba 24]

Kusiyana kwa Amuna ndi Akazi pa Nkhani ya Kudzipha

Malingana ndi kufufuza kumene kunachitika ku United States, akuti ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri akazi ndiwo amakonda kufuna kudzipha, nthaŵi zambiri amuna ndiwo amadziphadi. Akazi amadwaladwala matenda a m’maganizo kuposa amuna, ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti akazi ofuna kudzipha achuluke. Komabe matenda awo a m’maganizo sakhala oopsa kwambiri, motero njira zimene amatsatira zoti adziphe nazo sizikhala zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri. Koma amuna amakonda kutsatira njira zamphamvu ndiponso zotsimikizika kuti asalephere kudzipha.

Koma ku China, akazi ndiwo amadziphadi kwambiri. Ofufuza amati mwa akazi 100 alionse a padziko lonse, akazi 56 amene amadzipha amachokera ku China, makamaka m’madera a kumidzi. Akuti kumeneko, chinthu china chimene chimachititsa kuti akazi aziganiza mwamsanga zodzipha n’chakuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amenenso amatha kupha anthu amapezeka mosavuta.

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Kwa achikulire, nthaŵi zambiri mavuto azachuma kapena akuntchito ndiwo amawachititsa kudzipha