Vuto Lapadziko Lonse

“Kudzipha ndi vuto lalikulu m’moyo wa anthu.”—Anatero ndi dokotala wamkulu pachipatala china cha ku United States, David Satcher, mu 1999.

KAMENEKA kanali koyamba m’mbiri kuti dokotala wamkulu wa pachipatala cha ku United States atchulepo kuti nkhani imeneyi n’njokhudza anthu onse. Anthu ambiri m’dziko limenelo ayamba kudzipha okha kuposa anthu amene akuchita kuphedwa ndi anthu anzawo. N’zosadabwitsa kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku United States inalengeza kuti anthu m’dzikolo ayenera kuona kuti nkhani yoteteza ofuna kudzipha n’njofunika kwambiri.

Komabe, m’chaka cha 1997 anthu odzipha ku United States, anali anthu opitirira 11 okha pa anthu 100,000 alionse, pamene padziko lonse bungwe la World Health Organization linalengeza kuti m’chaka cha 2000, anali anthu 16 pa 100,000 alionse. Pa zaka 45 zapitazi, anthu odzipha padziko lonse achuluka mpaka kukwana anthu 60 pa 100 alionse. Pa chaka chimodzi chokha, tsopano anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni amadzipha. Ndiye kuti munthu wina amafa pafupifupi pa masekondi 40 alionse!

Komabe manambala paokha sangalongosole mmene vuto lonse lilili. Nthaŵi zambiri munthu akadzipha abale ake amakana kuti wachita kudzipha. Komanso akuti pakakhala anthu amene adziphadi, pamakhalanso anthu ena 10 kapena mpaka 25 amene amayesa kuteronso. Nthaŵi ina atafufuza panapezeka kuti ophunzira akusekondale 27 pa 100 alionse ku United States anavomera kuti chaka chatha anaganizapo kwambiri zofuna kudzipha; ndipo ophunzira 8 pa 100 alionse omwe anawafunsa ananena kuti anayesapo kudzipha. Ofufuza ena apeza kuti pa anthu 100 alionse akuluakulu; anthu 5 kapena mpaka 15 anaganizapo zofuna kudzipha nthaŵi ina yake.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Chikhalidwe

Anthu amaona nkhani ya kudzipha m’njira zosiyana kwambiri. Ena amakuona ngati mlandu, ena amakuona ngati mantha, ndiponso ena amakuona ngati njira yabwino kwambiri yopepesera ukalakwa. Ena mpaka amaganiza kuti kudzipha ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yokulitsira nkhani. N’chifukwa chiyani anthu amasiyana maganizo choncho? Chikhalidwe ndicho chimachititsa kwambiri zonsezi. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa The Harvard Mental Health Letter inanena kuti chikhalidwe chingathe “kulimbikitsa munthu kudzipha.”

Tatiyeni tionepo za dziko lina limene lili m’chigawo chapakati ku Ulaya lotchedwa Hungary. Dr. Zoltán Rihmer anatchula za kuchuluka kwambiri kwa anthu odzipha kumeneko kuti ndi “‘mwambo’ womvetsa chisoni” wa ku Hungary. Béla Buda yemwe ndi mtsogoleri wa bungwe la National Institute for Health ku Hungary, anaona kuti anthu akumeneko sachedwa kudzipha pa chifukwa china chilichonse. Malinga n’kunena kwa Buda, akuti “Munthu akakhala ndi matenda a kansa, kaŵirikaŵiri amangodzipha.”

Poyamba ku India kunali mwambo wina wachipembedzo woti mkazi azidziponya yekha pamoto womwe atentherapo mtembo wa mwamuna wake. Ngakhale kuti mwambo umenewu wakhala ukuletsedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali, sunatheretu. Pakamveka nkhani yakuti mkazi wina wadzipha mwanjira imeneyi, anthu ambiri akumeneko  ankam’tama kwambiri. Malingana ndi magazini yotchedwa India Today, akuti m’zaka 25, dera la ku India limenelo “pafupifupi akazi 25 anadziotcha pamalo amene anaotchedwa amuna awo atamwalira.”

N’zoopsa kuti ku Japan anthu amadzipha kuŵirikiza katatu mmene anthu amafera pangozi zapamsewu! Buku lotchedwa Japan—An Illustrated Encyclopedia limanena kuti, “Chikhalidwe cha ku Japan chomwe sichinaletsepo kudzipha, n’chotchuka ndi kudzitumbula chifukwa cha mwambo ndiponso chifukwa chokhala m’magulu ena ake.”

M’buku lake lakuti Bushido—The Soul of Japan, Inazo Nitobe amene anadzakhala wachiŵiri kwa mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la League of Nations, anafotokoza za chikhalidwe chokonda imfa chimenechi. Iye analemba kuti: “Mwambo wamakedzana umenewu wa kudzitumbula unali njira imene ankhondo anali kuthetsera milandu yawo, kupepesa pazolakwa zawo, kupeŵera kukhala ndi manyazi, kukhazikitsa mitima ya anzawo pansi akalakwa kapenanso kusonyeza kukhulupirika kwawo.” Ngakhale kuti mwambo umenewu wa kudzipha kwenikweni ndi wachikale, anthu ena ochepa amauchitabe kuti anthu ena awakhumbire.

Koma m’matchalitchi achikristu, kwa nthaŵi yaitali kudzipha kwakhala kukuonedwa kuti ndi mlandu. Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 500 ndi 600, tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinkachotsa m’tchalitchicho anthu amene ankadzipha ndipo chinkakana kuwaimbira pamaliro awo. M’madera ena, zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo zabweretsa miyambo yachilendo yokhudza kudzipha, kumangirira mtembo wa munthu amene wadzipha, ndiponso ngakhale kuukhomera chikhomo pamtima.

Koma kudabwitsa kwake n’kwakuti anthu amene anali kufuna kudzipha ankatha kupatsidwa chilango chakuti aphedwe. M’zaka zoyambira 1800 mzungu wina wa ku England anam’pachika kuti afe chifukwa chofuna kudzipha yekha podula khosi lake. Motero akuluakulu aboma anangomalizitsa zimene iye analephera kuchita yekha. Ngakhale kuti chilango cha mlandu wofuna kudzipha chinadzasintha patapita zaka zambiri, chinakhalapobe mpaka mu 1961 pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Britain inalengeza kuti kudzipha ndiponso kufuna kudzipha sinalinso milandu. Koma ku Ireland unakhalabe mlandu mpaka mu 1993.

Masiku ano anthu ena olemba mabuku akuti kudzipha n’kukonda kwa munthu. Buku lina la mu 1991 limene linanena za anthu amene amachita kupempha kuti aphedwe chifukwa cha kudwala kwambiri linapereka njira zophera munthu. Patapita nthaŵi, anthu ambiri amene sanali kudwala kwambiri anagwiritsa ntchito njira ina yovomerezedwayo.

Kodi kudzipha ndiyodi njira yothetsera mavuto a munthu? Kapena kodi pali zifukwa zabwino ndithu zokhalirabe ndi moyo? Tisanayankhe mafunso ameneŵa, tiyambe taona kaye kuti n’chiyani chimene chimachititsa munthu kudzipha.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 21]

Pa chaka chimodzi chokha, anthu pafupifupi 1 miliyoni padziko lonse amadzipha. Ndiye kuti pafupifupi masekondi 40 alionse munthu wina amadzipha!