Anthu Amene Akufunafuna Bata

“Kutha kwa zaka za m’ma 1900 sikunathetse khalidwe lokhetsa mwazi ndiponso lozunza anthu limene limawachititsa kuthaŵa pofuna kupulumutsa miyoyo yawo. Anthu ochuluka zedi aloŵa mileniyamu yatsopano ino ali m’makampu a anthu othaŵa kwawo komanso ali kumalo ena ake ongodikirira, poopa kuphedwa ngati atangoyerekeza kubwerera kwawo.”—Ananena zimenezi ndi Bill Frelick, wa m’bungwe la ku America loona za anthu othaŵa kwawo la U.S. Committee for Refugees.

JACOB anali m’maganizo. Ankalakalaka atapita kwinakwake kumene kuli mtendere, kumene kulibe mabomba omapha mbuzi zawo, ndiponso kumene akanatha kupitako kusukulu.

Anthu a m’dera limene ankakhala anamuuza kuti malo otere alipodi, kungoti anali kutali kwambiri. Abambo ake anamuuza kuti ulendo wopita kumeneko n’ngoopsa zedi, chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri akhala akufera panjira chifukwa cha ludzu ndiponso njala. Koma pamene mayi wina wamasiye yemwe anali kukhala nawo moyandikana ananyamuka ndi ana ake aŵiri, Jacob anaganiza kuti akhoza kungoyambapo ulendowu payekha.

Jacob sanatenge chakudya kapena zovala, ndipo tsiku loyamba, amangokhalira kuthamanga basi. Njira yonse yopita kumene ankathaŵirako inali mitembo yokhayokha.Tsiku lotsatira, Jacob anakumana ndi mayi wina wochokera m’dera lakwawo ndipo anamuuza Jacob kuti akhoza kumayenda pamodzi ndi gulu lake. Anayenda wapansi kwa masiku ambiri ndipo ankadutsa m’midzi yabwinja. Panthaŵi inayake ankadutsa malo amene anatcherapo mabomba okwirira, ndipo munthu m’modzi pagulu lawolo anaphedwa. Chakudya chawo chinali masamba a zomera.

Patatha masiku khumi, anthu anayamba kufa chifukwa cha njala ndiponso kutopa. Posakhalitsa ndege za nkhondo zinayamba kuwaponyera mabomba. Pamapeto pake, Jacob anadutsa malire adzikolo n’kukafika kumsasa wa anthu othaŵa nkhondo. Tsopano iye amapita kusukulu, ndipo saopanso kulira kwa ndege. Ndege zonse zimene amaona zimanyamula chakudya osati mabomba. Koma iye akusoŵana nawo kwambiri abale ake, ndipo akufuna atabwerera kwawo.

Padziko lonse pali anthu ambiri amene anakumanapo ndi zinthu ngati zimene Jacob anakumana nazo. Ambiri otere akhala akuvutitsidwa ndi nkhondo ndipo amavutika ndi njala ndiponso ludzu. Ena ochepa ndiwo akhalapo bwinobwino monga banja,  ndipo ambiri adzafera moyenda basi. Pakati pa anthu osauka padziko lonse iwo ndiwo ali osauka mapeto.

Mkulu wa bungwe la United Nations loona za othaŵa kwawo anagaŵa anthu osaukaŵa ongokhalira kuthaŵathaŵa m’magulu aŵiri. Munthu wothaŵa kwawo, amakhala munthu amene amathaŵa m’dziko lawo chifukwa chakuti ngati satero azunzidwa kapena am’khaulitsa. Munthu amene wachoka kwawo m’dziko lake nayenso amakhala atachita kumuumiriza kuti achoke panyumba pake chifukwa cha nkhondo kapena zoopsa zina, koma amakhalabe m’dziko lake lomwelo. *

Palibe munthu amene akudziŵa ndendende kuti pali anthu angati othaŵa kwawo ndiponso ochita kusamutsidwa, amene akukhala movutikira m’makampu ongodikiriramo kapenanso anthu amene akungothaŵira uku ndi uko pofunafuna malo a bata koma osapeza thandizo. Ena amati n’kutheka kuti padziko lonse pali othaŵa kwawo 40 miliyoni, ndipo theka lawo ndi ana. Kodi anthu onseŵa amachokera kuti?

Vuto la Nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Vuto la othaŵa kwawo linasinthiratu pa nthaŵi imene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inkatha. Nkhondoyo itangotha, maufumu ambiri anathetsedwa ndipo anthu ambiri a m’mafuko aang’ono anazunzidwa. Zitatere, anthu ochuluka zedi a ku Ulaya anathaŵira m’mayiko ena. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, yomwe inali yowononga kwambiri kuposa yoyamba ija, inachititsanso anthu ena ochuluka kuthaŵa kwawo. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1945, nkhondo zimangopezeka m’mayiko amodziamodzi, komabe nkhondozi zazunza anthu wamba ambiri amene amapezeka m’madera amene zimamenyedwawo.

“Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zonse nkhondo zimachititsa anthu kuthaŵa kwawo, ndi m’zaka za m’ma 1900 mokha pamene nkhondo zokhudza mayiko osiyanasiyana zakhudzanso anthu onse a m’mayikowo,” analongosola motero Gil Loescher m’buku lake la mu 1993 lakuti Beyond Charity—International Cooperation and the Global Refugee Crisis. “Kupha asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba pa nkhondo kunachititsa kuti pakhale anthu ochuluka kwambiri ofunitsitsa kuthaŵa kwawo chifukwa chongopha wina aliyense mosasankha.”

Chinanso n’chakuti nkhondo zambiri zamasiku ano n’zapachiweniweni ndipo sizivutitsa chabe amuna a msinkhu wakuti omwe angakhale asilikali komanso zimavutitsa kwambiri azimayi ndi ana. Nkhondozi zimakula chifukwa chodana kwambiri ndi mafuko ndiponso zipembedzo zina motero nkhondo zina zimangooneka ngati sizidzatha n’komwe. M’dziko lina la mu Africa, mmene pakali pano nkhondo ya pachiweniweni yakhala ikumenyedwa kwa zaka 18, muli anthu 4 miliyoni osoŵa pokhala ndipo anthu enanso miyandamiyanda anathaŵira kunja.

Anthu amene atopa nayo nkhondoyo sangachitirenso mwina koma kungothaŵa kwawo basi. “Othaŵa nkhondo amachoka kwawo n’kukapempha kuti aloŵe nawo m’dziko lina osati chifukwa chochita kufuna kapena chifukwa choti akusangalala nazo, koma chifukwa sangachitirenso mwina ayi,” linalongosola choncho buku lonena za othaŵa kwawo lakuti The State of the World’s Refugees 1997-98. Komabe masiku ano kuti munthu akulole kuloŵa m’dziko lina si chinthu chapafupi.

M’zaka za m’ma 1990 anthu othaŵa kwawo padziko lonse anachepa kuchoka pa 17 miliyoni n’kufika pa 14 miliyoni. Komabe musanyengeke poona ngati kuti anthuŵa akuchepa. Akuti m’zaka khumi zomwezo, anthu pafupifupi 25 kapena 30 miliyoni  anasoŵa pokhala ali m’dziko lawo lomwe. Kodi chikuchitika n’chiyani?

Kulandira chilolezo cha boma chokhala m’dziko lina monga othaŵa kwanu kwayamba kuvuta pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Nthaŵi zina mayiko safuna kulandira othaŵa nkhondo, mwina chifukwa chakuti akuloŵa ochuluka kwambiri kapenanso poopa kuti othaŵa nkhondowo akachuluka m’dziko ndiye kuti chuma ndiponso ndale sizingayende bwino. Koma nthaŵi zina, anthu wamba amene agwidwa mantha chifukwa cha nkhondoyo amakhala opanda mphamvu, chakudya, kapenanso ndalama zoti angayendere kukaloŵa m’dziko lina. Chimene amachita n’kungopita kudera lina labata m’dziko lawo lomwelo.

Vuto la Anthu Othaŵa Chifukwa cha Umphaŵi Likukula

Kuwonjezera pa anthu ena ambiri oyeneradi kuthaŵa kwawo palinso anthu ena ochuluka amene amangopita kudziko lina lolemera kuti mwina zinthu zingakawayendere bwino.

Pa February 17, chaka cha 2001, chisitima chakale chadzimbiri chonyamula katundu pamadzi chinagunda pansi n’kumakanika kuyenda pa gombe lina ku France. Katundu amene chinanyamula anali azibambo, azimayi ndiponso ana pafupifupi 1000, amene anali panyanja pafupifupi mlungu wathunthu popanda kudya chilichonse. Analipira madola 2,000 aliyense paulendo woopsawu, koma sankadziŵa n’komwe kuti akuloŵera dziko liti. Atangoyimitsa sitimayo munthu amene ankaiyendetsa ndiponso anthu om’thandiza sanaoneke uko analoŵera. Koma mwayi wake anthu amene anakwera m’sitimawo omwe anagwidwa mantha kwambiri anapulumutsidwa, ndipo boma la France linalonjeza kuti liganizira pempho lawo lofuna kukhala m’dzikolo. Anthu ambiri amaganizo angati a iwowo amayesanso kuyenda maulendo otere chaka chilichonse.

Anthu ambiri otereŵa amalolera dala kukumana ndi mikwingwirima yoopsa ndiponso tsoka. Amayesetsa kwambiri kupeza ndalama zoyendera ulendowu mwanjira ina yake chifukwa chakuti kwawoko kuli umphaŵi, chiwawa, tsankho, kapena maboma ankhanza. Ndipo nthaŵi zina amakhala ndi mavuto anayi onseŵa, motero moyo saumvanso kukoma.

Ambiri amafera m’njira paulendo wawo wofuna kupeza moyo wabwino. M’zaka khumi zapitazi anthu pafupifupi 3,500 apaulendo wotere ochokera ku Africa anamira kapena kusoŵa akuyesa kupita ku Spain powoloka nyanja ina kudzera pa doko la Gibraltar. M’chaka cha 2000, anthu 58 ochokera ku China anafa chifukwa chobanika atawatsekera m’galimoto inayake yaikulu imene inawatenga ku Belgium n’kumawapititsa ku England. Anthu enanso osamukira kudziko lina amafa chifukwa chosoŵa madzi m’chipululu cha Sahara galimoto zawo zaziphapha zikawonongekera mkati mwenimweni mwa chipululucho.

Ngakhale kuti pali zoopsa zoterezi, padziko lonse anthu othaŵa kwawo chifukwa cha umphaŵi akuchuluka zedi. Chaka chilichonse anthu pafupifupi 500,000 amawapititsa ku Ulaya mozemba ndipo enanso 300,000 amawapititsa ku United States. M’mbuyomo, m’chaka cha 1993, nthambi ya bungwe la United Nations yoona za chiŵerengero cha anthu inati padziko lonse payenera kuti pali anthu osamukira kwina okwana 100 miliyoni, ndipo pamenepa mwina munthu m’modzi kapena aŵiri pa atatu alionse anasamukira ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Kuchokera nthaŵi imeneyo n’zosachita kufunsa kuti anthuŵa achuluka kwambiri.

Ambiri mwa anthu osamukira kwinaŵa, si kuti zinthu zimakawayenderadi bwino kumene amapitako. Ndipo ndi othaŵa nkhondo ochepa chabe amene amakapeza malo abwino ndiponso okhazikika. Nthaŵi zambiri, anthu othaŵathaŵaŵa amangokaloŵa m’mavuto ena. Nkhani yotsatirayi ilongosola ena mwa mavuto ameneŵa ndi zimene zimawayambitsa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]