Mavuto a Uphunzitsi

“Ntchito ya uphunzitsi imafuna zambiri, koma anthu nthaŵi zambiri sayamikira ntchito imene aphunzitsi odzipereka m’masukulu athu . . . amagwira,”​—Anatero Ken Eltis, wa pa Yunivesite ya Sydney, ku Australia.

N’ZOONA kuti ntchito imeneyi imene imatchedwa kuti “ntchito yabwino kwambiri,” ili ndi mavuto ambiri monga kuchepa kwa malipiro ndi kusoŵa zipinda zabwino zophunziriramo; kuchuluka kwa ntchito yolemba ndiponso kuchuluka kwa ana m’kalasi; mwano ndi chiwawa komanso kusathandizapo kwa makolo. Kodi aphunzitsi ena amathana nawo motani mavuto ameneŵa?

 Mwano

Tinafunsa aphunzitsi anayi a ku New York City kuti anene zimene amati ndi mavuto aakulu pantchito yawo. Onse anayankha kuti: “Mwano.”

Malinga ndi William wa ku Kenya, akuti pankhani imeneyi zinthunso zasintha ku Africa. Anati: “Ana ayamba kusamvera. Ndili mwana [panopa ali cha m’ma 40], aphunzitsi anali m’gulu la anthu amene ankalemekezedwa kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Africa. Nthaŵi zonse ana ndi akulu omwe ankaona aphunzitsi monga anthu oyenera kuwatsanzira zochita zawo. Ulemu umenewu ukutha. Chikhalidwe cha ku mayiko a azungu, pang’onopang’ono chikuwononga ana, ngakhalenso ana a ku Africa okhala m’midzi. Mafilimu, mavidiyo, ndi mabuku amasonyeza kuti kusalemekeza akuluakulu ndicho chamuna.”

Giuliano, amene amaphunzitsa ku Italy, anadandaula kuti: “Mzimu wopanduka, wosalemekeza akuluakulu ndi wosamvera umene wadzaza m’dzikoli ukuwononganso ana.”

Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo Ndiponso Chiwawa

N’zachisoni kuti vuto la mankhwala osokoneza bongo lafikanso m’masukulu, moti mphunzitsi wina ku United States amenenso amalemba mabuku dzina lake LouAnne Johnson analemba kuti: “Kupeŵa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mbali ya maphunziro a kusukulu, kuyambira ku sukulu ya mkaka. Ana amadziŵa zambiri za mankhwala osokoneza bongo . . . kuposa achikulire ambiri.” Anapitirizanso kuti: “Nthaŵi zambiri ophunzira amene amadziona kuti alibe wowathandiza, sakondedwa, alibe ocheza nawo, sasangalala, kapena amene amaona kuti satetezeka amayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo,” linatero buku lakuti Two Parts Textbook, One Part Love.

Ken, mphunzitsi wa ku Australia, anafunsa kuti: “Kodi aphunzitsi angatani naye mwana wamng’ono mwina wa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi amene waphunzitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi makolo ake, ndipo tsopano wazoloŵera? Michael, amene ali m’zaka za m’ma 30, amaphunzitsa pa sukulu ina yophunzitsa zinthu zambirimbiri ku Germany. Iye analemba kuti: “Pankhani ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo m’masukulu, timadziŵa kuti zimachitika; kungoti sitizitulukira.” Ananenanso za kupanda khalidwe ndipo ananena kuti kumaonekera “ndi khalidwe lokonda zachiwawa” komanso “amadetsa matebulo ndi makoma, ndipo amawononga mipando ndi madesiki. Ana anga ena asukulu amangidwapo ndi apolisi chifukwa chophwanya masitolo kapena chifukwa cha nkhani zina zangati zimenezo. N’chifukwa chake kuba pasukulu n’kofala. ”

Amira amaphunzitsa m’boma la Guanajuato, ku Mexico. Iye anavomereza kuti: “M’mabanja mumakhala chiwawa komanso mumapezeka mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo zinthu zimenezi zimakhudza ana mwachindunji. Amakulira m’malo amene amaphunzira kutukwana ndi makhalidwe ena oipa. Vuto lina lalikulu ndi umphaŵi. Ngakhale kuti kuno sukulu n’zaulere, makolo amagula makope, zolembera, ndi zina zofunika kusukulu. Koma amayamba kaye agula chakudya.”

 Kodi Mfuti Zikupezekanso M’masukulu?

Ku United States, nkhani za posachedwapa zowomberana m’masukulu, zikusonyeza kuti chiwawa cha mfuti ndi vuto lalikulu m’dziko limeneli. Lipoti lina linati: “Akuti mwina mfuti 135,000 zimaloŵa m’masukulu okwana 87,125 m’dzikoli tsiku lililonse. Akuluakulu aboma pofuna kuchepetsa mfuti m’masukulu, akugwiritsa ntchito makina ofufuzira zida zachitsulo, makamera ofufuzira, agalu ophunzitsidwa mwapadera kuti azinunkhiza pamene pali mfuti, amafufuzanso m’makabati amene ana asukulu amasungiramo zinthu zawo, makadi aumboni, ndiponso amaletsa kubweretsa zikwama kusukulu.” (Linatero buku lakuti Teaching in America) Chifukwa cha kukhwimitsa chitetezo kotero, ena angafunse kuti, Kodi apa tikunena za masukulu kapena ndende? Lipotili linawonjezera kunena kuti ophunzira oposa 6,000 achotsedwa pasukulu chifukwa chopezeka ndi mfuti ku sukulu.

Iris, mphunzitsi wa ku New York City, anauza atolankhani a Galamukani! kuti: “Ophunzira amabweretsa zida kusukulu mobisa. Zitsulo zofufuzira zidazo sizichotsa zida za nkhondo. Kuwononga zinthu za pasukulu ndi vuto linanso lalikulu.”

M’kati mwa chisokonezo chotere, aphunzitsi abwino akuyesetsa kuphunzitsa zinthu zopindulitsa ndiponso makhalidwe abwino. Sizodabwitsa kuti aphunzitsi ambiri amavutika maganizo kapena amatopa. Rolf Busch, pulezidenti wa Bungwe la Aphunzitsi ku Thuringia, ku Germany, anati: “Aphunzitsi pafupifupi 330,000 mwa aphunzitsi 1,000,000 a ku Germany amadwala chifukwa cha maganizo. Amakhala atatopa nayo ntchito.”

Ana Amene Amaberekanso Ana

Vuto lina lalikulu ndi kugonana kwa achinyamata. George S. Morrison, amene analemba buku lakuti Teaching in America, ananena kuti m’dzikolo “Chaka chilichonse pafupifupi atsikana 1,000,000 (11 mwa atsikana 100 alionse a zaka 15 mpaka 19 amatenga mimba.” Dziko la United States ndi limene lili ndi ana otenga mimba ochuluka kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena onse otukuka.

Iris potsimikizira zimenezi anati: “Achinyamata onse amakonda kukamba nkhani za kugonana ndi mapwando. N’zimene zadzaza m’maganizo awo. Ndipo tsopano tili ndi Intaneti pa makompyuta a pasukulu. Kutanthauza kuti azitha kucheza ndi anzawo kudzera pa kompyuta ndiponso angathe kuona zolaula.” Angel wa ku Madrid, ku Spain, anati: “Kwa ana asukulu chimasomaso si nkhani ayi. Taonapo ana asukulu aang’onoang’ono akumatenga mimba.”

“Ogwira Ntchito Yolemekezeka Yolera Ana”

Vuto lina limene aphunzitsi ena aona n’lakuti makolo sachita udindo wawo wophunzitsa ana awo panyumba. Aphunzitsi amaona kuti makolo ndi amene ayenera kukhala aphunzitsi oyambirira a ana awo. Makhalidwe abwino ndiponso ulemu ziziyambira panyumba. N’chifukwa chake Sandra Feldman, pulezidenti wa bungwe loyang’anira aphunzitsi la American Federation of Teachers anati, “aphunzitsi . . . tiyenera kuwaona monga anthu ena onse ogwira ntchito zina osati kwenikweni monga ogwira ntchito yolemekezeka yolera ana.”

Nthaŵi zambiri makolo amalephera kugwirizana ndi chilango cha kusukulu. Leemarys, amene watchulidwa m’nkhani yoyamba ija, anauza atolankhani a Galamukani! kuti: “Mukakam’neneza mwana wamphulupulu kwa mphunzitsi wamkulu pasukulupo, chimene chimachitika n’chakuti makolo ake amakuimbani mlandu!” Pankhani ya mmene tingachitire ndi ophunzira amphulupulu Busch, amene wagwidwa mawu kumayambiriro uja anati: “Ana ambiri masiku ano sakuleredwanso bwino m’mabanja awo. Masiku ano sitinganenenso kuti ana ambiri amachokera m’mabanja olera bwino ana.” Estela wa ku Mendoza, ku Argentina, anati: “Aphunzitsife timaopa ana asukulu. Tikawalembera pa lipoti lawo la sukulu kuti sanakhoze bwino, amatigenda kapena kutiukira. Tikakhala ndi galimoto, amaiwononga.”

 Kodi pamenepa n’kuchita kufunsa kuti m’mayiko ambiri mukusoŵeranji aphunzitsi? Vartan Gregorian, pulezidenti wa bungwe lamaphunziro la Carnegie Corporation of New York, analangiza kuti: “M’zaka khumi zikubwerazi, m’masukulu athu [a ku United States] adzafunika aphunzitsi atsopano okwanira 2.5 miliyoni.” Mizinda ikuluikulu “ikufunitsitsa aphunzitsi ochokera ku India, West Indies, South Africa, ku Ulaya ndi kwina kulikonse kumene kungapezeke aphunzitsi abwino.” Izi zikutanthauza kuti m’malo amenewo mudzakhala mosoŵa aphunzitsi.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Pali Aphunzitsi Ochepa?

Yoshinori, mphunzitsi wa ku Japan amene wakhala akuphunzitsa kwa zaka 32, anati “uphunzitsi ndi ntchito yapamwamba yolimbikitsa kuchita zabwino, ndipo anthu akuno ku Japan amailemekeza kwambiri.” N’zachisoni kuti si mmene zinthu zili m’mayiko onse. Gregorian, amene mawu ake ali pamwamba uja, anatinso aphunzitsi “salandira ulemu wofunika pantchito, sayamikiridwa ndiponso sawachitira chinthu chilichonse chapadera kaamba ka mavuto onse amene amakumana nawo. . . . Aphunzitsi m’maboma ambiri [a ku United States] amalandira ndalama zochepa kusiyana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito zina zonse zofunika munthu wadigiri yoyamba ya ku koleji kapena amene ali ndi digiri yoposa imeneyi.”

Ken Eltis, amene mawu ake tawalemba kumayambiriro a nkhaniyi analemba kuti: “Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani aphunzitsi akaona kuti ntchito zambiri zosachita kulira kuti munthu akakhale wophunzira ngati iwowo ndi za ndalama zambiri kuposa uphunzitsi? Kapena akaona kuti ana asukulu amene anawaphunzitsa chaka chimodzi chapitacho . . . akulandira ndalama zoposa zimene iwo akulandira panopo? Kapena akaona kuti n’zotheka kuti anawo m’zaka zisanu zikubwerazi azidzalandira ndalama zambiri? Kuzindikira zinthu ngati zimenezi kungapangitse aphunzitsi kuona kuti palibe chimene akuchita.”

 William Ayers analemba kuti: “Aphunzitsi amalandira ndalama zochepa . . . Timalandira pafupifupi gawo limodzi la theka la ndalama zimene maloya amalandira, kapena kuti theka la ndalama zimene amapeza ogwira ntchito yoŵerengera ndalama, zimene zili ndalama zochepa poyerekeza ndi ndalama zimene amalandira oyendetsa galimoto zazikulu ndiponso ogwira ntchito kumalo okonzerako sitima. . . . Palibenso anthu amene amagwira ntchito yambiri n’kumalandira ndalama zochepa ngati aphunzitsi.” (To Teach—The Journey of a Teacher) Pankhani yomweyi, Janet Reno, loya wakale waboma la U.S., m’mwezi wa November 2000, anati: “Timatumiza anthu kumwezi. . . . Anthu ochita mpikisano wa maseŵera olimbitsa thupi timawapatsa ndalama zambiri. Nanga n’chifukwa chiyani aphunzitsi sitiwalipira ndalama zambiri?”

“Aphunzitsi ambiri amalandira ndalama zochepa,” anatero Leemarys. “Ngakhale kuti ndinaphunzira kwa zaka zambiri, ndalama zimene ndikulandira pachaka, kuno ku New York City n’zochepa poganizira zovuta zosiyanasiyana zimene timakumana nazo mumzinda waukulu ngati unowo.” Valentina, mphunzitsi wa ku St. Petersburg, ku Russia, anati: “Ntchito ya uphunzitsi ndi yosasiririka tikaona ndalama zimene amalandira. Kaŵirikaŵiri ndalama zake zimakhala zochepa zedi. Marlene, wa ku Chubut, ku Argentina akunenanso zomwezo; iye akuti: “Kuchepa kwa malipiro kumatichititsa kugwira ntchito malo aŵiri kapena atatu n’kumangoloŵera uku ndi uku. Izi zimatipangitsa kusagwira ntchito yathu ndi mtima wonse.” Arthur, mphunzitsi wa ku Nairobi, ku Kenya, anauza atolankhani a Galamukani! kuti: “Chifukwa cha kuchepa mphamvu kwa ndalama, moyo wanga monga mphunzitsi wakhala wovuta. Anzanga ambiri angandivomereze kuti kulandira ndalama zochepa kwapangitsa anthu kusasankha ntchito imeneyi.”

Diana, mphunzitsi wa ku New York City, anadandaula za kuchuluka kwa ntchito yolemba imene imawadyera nthaŵi aphunzitsi. Ambiri anadandaula kuti: “Patsiku nthaŵi yambiri timangokhalira kuchita zinthu zomwezomwezo.”

Aphunzitsi Ochepa Koma Ana Ochuluka

Berthold, wa ku Düren, ku Germany ananenanso vuto lina limene aphunzitsi amakumana nalo nthaŵi zambiri: “Kuchuluka kwa ana. Makalasi ena kuno amakhala ndi ana okwana 34. Apatu ndiye kuti sitingathe kusamalira ana amene ali ndi mavuto enaake. Sitidziŵa n’komwe kuti ali ndi vuto. Zosoŵa za mwana aliyense payekha zimanyalanyazidwa.”

Leemarys, amene tatchula poyamba paja anafotokoza kuti: “Chaka chatha vuto lalikulu limene ndinali nalo n’lakuti kuphatikiza pa vuto lakuti makolo zochitika za kusukulu siziwakhudza, m’kalasi mwanga munali ana 35. Tangolingalirani mmene zimavutira kuphunzitsa ana 35 azaka 6.”

Iris anati: “Ku New York kuno kulibe aphunzitsi okwanira, makamaka a masamu ndi sayansi. Amene angathe kuphunzitsa maphunziro ameneŵa amapeza ntchito zina zabwino. Choncho mzindawu walemba ntchito aphunzitsi a m’mayiko ena.”

Ndithudi, uphunzitsi ndi ntchito yovuta. Koma nanga n’chiyani chimene chimalimbikitsabe aphunzitsi? N’chifukwa chiyani amapitirizabe ntchitoyi ndiponso amapirira? Nkhani yathu yomaliza iyankha mafunso ameneŵa.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 9]

Akuti n’kutheka kuti tsiku lililonse m’masukulu a ku United States mumafika mfuti zokwana 135,000

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Kodi N’chiyani Chimapangitsa Mphunzitsi Kukhala Wabwino?

Kodi inuyo mukati mphunzitsi wabwino mumati n’ngotani? Kodi ndi munthu amene angathandize mwana kuti azitha kuloŵeza zinthu ndi kukhoza mayeso? Kapena, ndi munthu amene amaphunzitsa munthu kudzifunsa mafunso, kuganiza mozama, ndi kulingalira bwino? Kodi ndi amene amathandiza mwana kukhala munthu wothandiza?

“Aphunzitsife tikazindikira kuti tili pamodzi ndi ophunzira athu paulendo wautali ndi wovuta wa moyo wonse, tikayamba kuwapatsa ulemu ndi kuwalemekeza, ndiye kuti tayamba kukhala aphunzitsi abwino. Inde izi n’zosavuta komanso n’zovuta ndithu.”—To Teach—The Journey of a Teacher.

Mphunzitsi wabwino amazindikira nzeru zimene mwana aliyense ali nazo ndiponso momwe angazikulitsire. William Ayers anati: “Tiyenera kupeza njira yabwino, yowathandiza kuchita bwino zimene amatha kuchita, zimene anazoloŵera kuchita ndiponso maluso awo ena . . . Ndimakumbukira zimene anadandaula m’mwenye wina wachimereka amene mwana wake wamwamuna wazaka zisanu aphunzitsi ake anamutcha ‘gonthi.’ Iye anadandaula kuti ‘Mwana wanga Wind-Wolf amadziŵa maina ndi mayendedwe a mitundu ya mbalame zoposa 40. Amadziŵa kuti chiwombankhanga chabwinobwino chimakhala ndi nthenga zokwanira 13 ku chipsepse. Akungofunika mphunzitsi wodziŵa kuti mwanayu ali ndi nzeru zake ndithu.

Kuti athandize bwino mwana aliyense, mphunzitsi azidziŵa zimene zimam’sangalatsa kapena kum’limbikitsa mwanayo ndi zimene zimapangitsa mwanayo kuchita zinthu zinazake. Ndipo mphunzitsi wodzipereka ayenera kukonda ana ake.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

United Nations/Chithunzichi anajambula ndi Saw Lwin

[Bokosi patsamba 11]

Kodi Kuphunzira Kuyenera Kukhala Kosangalatsa Nthaŵi Zonse?

Mphunzitsi William Ayers analemba mndandanda wa mabodza khumi pankhani ya uphunzitsi. Limodzi la mabodzawo ndi lakuti: “Aphunzitsi abwino amapangitsa kuphunzira kukhala kosangalatsa.” Akupitiriza kuti: “Zosangalatsa zimasokoneza ndipo zimaseketsa. Nthabwala zimasangalatsa. Pophunzira munthu angaike maganizo onse pamaphunziropo, angathe kuikirapo mtima wonse, kudabwa, kusokonezeka, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri angathe kusangalatsidwa kwambiri ndi maphunzirowo. Ngati kuphunzira kukusangalatsa, palibe vuto. Koma sindiye kuti popanda kusangalala munthu sangaphunzire.” Anawonjezeranso kuti: “Kuphunzitsa kumafuna kudziŵa zinthu zambiri, luso, kujaira, kudziŵa maganizo a anawo, ndi kukhala womvetsa zinthu ndiponso koposa zonse kumafuna munthu wolingalira za ena ndi wachikondi.”—Linatero buku lakuti To Teach—The Journey of a Teacher.

Sumio, wa mumzinda wotchedwa Nagoya, ku Japan, amapeza kuti ana ake asukulu ali ndi vuto ili: “Ophunzira ambiri m’masukulu apamwamba safuna chilichonse koma kusangalala ndiponso kuchita zinthu zophweka.”

Rosa, mlangizi wa ana asukulu wa ku Brooklyn, ku New York, anati: “Ana ambiri amati kuphunzira n’kosasangalatsa. Aphunzitsi sasangalatsa. Amaganiza kuti zinthu zonse zimafunika kukhala zosangalatsa. Sadziŵa kuti munthu umaphunzira zinthu malingana ndi kulimbikira kwako.”

Kukondetsa zosangalatsa kumalepheretsa achinyamata kulimbikira ndiponso kuchita zinthu mwakhama. Sumio, amene mawu ake ali pamwambapo, anati: “Chifukwa chachikulu chimene chimawapangitsa zimenezi, n’chakuti saganiza zam’tsogolo. Ndi ophunzira ochepa okha a kusekondale amene amaganiza kuti akalimbikira pakalipano, zidzawayendera bwino m’tsogolo.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

DIANA, WA KU UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

‘Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo n’kofala koma nthaŵi zambiri sitimakutulukira.’​—ANATERO MICHAEL, WA KU GERMANY

[Chithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

“M’banja mumakhala chiwawa komanso mumapezeka mankhwala osokoneza bongo.”​—ANATERO AMIRA, WA KU MEXICO

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

“Aphunzitsi . . . tiyenera kuwaona monga anthu ena onse ogwira ntchito zina osati kwenikweni monga ogwira ntchito yolemekezeka yolera ana.”​—ANATERO SANDRA FELDMAN, PULEZIDENTI WA BUNGWE LA AMERICAN FEDERATION OF TEACHERS