Kodi Kudalirana kwa Mayiko Kungathetsedi Mavuto Athu?

“Kugwirizana kwa mayiko masiku ano, monganso kugwirizana pankhani zina zambiri, sikunafike poti n’kutithandizadi; kuli ndi zolakwika zambirimbiri. Si onse amene akukhala m’dzikoli amene zinthu zikuwayendera bwino ndipo si onse amene ali ndi mwayi wofanana. Anthu ambiri ndi osauka kwambiri mwakuti amangodziona ngati anthu achilendo pakati pa anzawo.”—Linatero buku lakuti “OUR GLOBAL NEIGHBOURHOOD.”

FATIMA, yemwe amakhala mumzinda wina waukulu muno mu Africa amadziona kuti iyeyo ali bwinoko chifukwa ali ndi firiji yakeyake. Koma nyumba yakwawo ndi kanyumba kakang’ono komangidwa ndi malata okhaokha, ndipo anakamanga m’mbali mwa manda enaake pafupi ndi ziliza zitatu za miyala yonyezimira. Malo amene amakhala pamodzi ndi anthu ena okwana 500,000, ali m’kati mwa manda aakulu kwambiri. Ndipotu malo ameneŵanso ayamba kudzaza. Iye anadandaula kuti, “Anthu ambiri akusamukira kuno, makamaka kufupi ndi ziliza kuno.”

Kungoyenda mtunda wokwana pafupifupi makilomita 15 kuchokera panyumba ya Fatima, pali malo aakulu amene anamangapo nyumba zokongola, malesitilanti apamwamba komanso malo aakulu kwabasi oseŵererako gofu. Kungoseŵera kamodzi maseŵera a gofuwo kumadya ndalama zoposa malipiro apamwezi amene anthu amalandira m’dziko la mu Africa limeneli. Umphaŵi umasautsa kwambiri anthu mumzinda umenewu, koma maseŵera a gofu, omwe amasonyeza kuti woseŵerayo n’ngwachuma, ndi achilendo kumeneko ndipo anthu amadana nawo. M’dziko lathuli anthu ena akulemera mopitirira muyeso kwinaku anzawo akusauka kwadzaoneni.

M’chigwa cha ku Hadhramaut, chokhotakhota ngati njoka, chimene chinadutsa m’dera louma kwambiri m’dziko la Yemen ku Middle East, muli njira yakalekale imene imadutsa m’mizinda inayake yakale ndipo anthu oyenda ulendo wodutsa m’chipululuchi ankadutsa mmenemu. Mukachiyang’ana chigwachi mopanda chidwi kwenikweni mukhoza kuona ngati palibe china chilichonse chimene chasintha. Komatu maonekedwe akunja amapusitsa. Anthu akumalo kosungirako zinthu zochititsa chidwi mumzinda wofupikirana ndi chigwachi wotchedwa Saywūn, ananyengerera munthu wina wophunzira kwambiri kuti akonze zinthu zokopa alendo zoti anthu ena kutali angathe kumaziona pamakompyuta awo. Ngakhale kuti munthuyu anali mtsikana wakomweko, maphunziro akewo anakawaphunzira mumzinda wa Ohio, ku America. Masiku ano, anthu ndiponso nzeru zikhoza kuyenda padziko lonse kuposa kalelonse.

Kungoyenda makilomita aŵiri kuloŵera cha kumadzulo kwa chipululu cha Sahara, kumapezeka magalimoto akuluakulu atatu amene amayenda mondondozana, ndipo amayenda pang’onopang’ono mumsewu wotalikirana ndi ina yonse. M’modzi wa oyendetsa magalimotoŵa dzina lake Mashala, anafotokoza kuti katundu amene anali atanyamula anali ma TV, makina oonetsa vidiyo ndiponso zimbale zobweretsa uthenga pa TV. Iyeyunso payekha amamva zonse zimene zikuchitika padziko lonse poonerera ndi kumvera nkhani za ku America. Anafotokozanso kuti kumene ndimakhala “tonse tili nazo zimbale zimenezi.” Ndi madera ochepa chabe padzikoli amene alibe zipangizo zoti n’kumvera nkhani zimene zikuchitika padziko lonse.

Kuyendabe kwa anthu, nzeru, nkhani, ndalama ndiponso zaumisiri kwapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wapadziko lonse umene ungabweretse mapindu ambiri. Chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko, zinatheka kuti anthu adziŵe zachikhalidwe cha ku Yemen ndipo zinam’thandiza Mashala kuti azilandira ndalama zokwana madola 3,000 paulendo uliwonse  woyenda masabata atatu. Koma sikuti ndalamazo zimangom’fika munthu wina aliyense. Fatima ndi anthu oyandikana naye amangoonerera anzawo ochepa chabe amene amasangalala chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko pamene iwowo akukhaula nawo umphaŵi.

Ngakhale kuti mgwirizano wa mayiko athuŵa si wothandizadi aliyense, kudalirana kwa mayikoku mwina sikungadzasinthenso. Kodi anthu angadzakhale osaoneranso ma TV awo, n’kudzataya maserula awo, n’kuphwanya makompyuta awo ndiponso n’kumangokhala osapita kumayiko ena? Kodi mayiko angadzayese kudzipatuliratu ku mayiko ena onse padzikoli, pazandale ndiponso pazachuma? N’zokayikitsa kwambiri kuti zimenezo zingadzatheke. Palibe aliyense amene akufuna kutaya mwayi umene wabwera chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku. Koma bwanji nanga zamavuto obwera chifukwa cha zimenezi? Mavutoŵa akudetsa anthu nkhaŵa kwambiri, ndipo akukhudza munthu wina aliyense. Tatiyeni tione zinthu zochepa chabe za kuipa kodalirana kumeneku.

Kusiyana Kochita Kuonekeratu

Kuyambira kale chuma cha padziko lonse sichinagaŵidweko mwachilungamo, koma kudalirana kwa mayiko pazachuma kwawonjezera kuti pakhale kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka. Inde tisakane kuti mayiko ena osauka akuoneka kuti apindula chifukwa chochita nawo malonda a padziko lonse. Akatswiri akuti m’kati mwazaka khumi zapitazi, anthu amene amawatcha kuti ndi amphaŵi ku India achepako. Chifukwa akuti poyamba, pa anthu 100 alionse pankapezeka anthu 39 otere koma panopa akupezeka 26 okha, ndipo akuti zinthu zinayendanso chimodzimodzi m’mayiko ena onse a ku Asia. Ofufuza ena anapeza kuti m’chaka cha 1998, pa anthu a Kummaŵa kwa Asia 100 alionse panali anthu 15 okha amene ankagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana dola imodzi patsiku, kusiyana ndi mmene zinalili kumbuyoku, zaka khumi kuchokera m’chakacho, chifukwa nthaŵi imeneyo pankapezeka anthu 27. Komabe sikuti padziko lonse zinthu zikuoneka kuti zili bwino kwenikweni.

M’mayiko a kumwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara muno mu Africa ndiponso m’madera ena osauka, ndalama za anthu zachepa makamaka m’kati mwazaka 30 zapitazi. Mlembi wamkulu wa bungwe la UN, Kofi Annan anati, “Anthu padziko lonse . . . amalola kuti pafupifupi anthu 3 biliyoni, omwe ndi okwana pafupifupi theka la anthu onse, azikhala ndi moyo movutikira tsiku lililonse pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zongokwana madola aŵiri okha kapena kucheperapo, koma pamene masiku ano dzikoli lili ndi chuma chosaneneka.” Vuto lalikulu kwambiri lochititsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kwambiri chonchi pakati pa anthu ndilo kukhala ndi mtima wosaganizira za ena pa nkhani ya zachuma. Nduna yakale ya zachuma yadziko la America dzina lake Larry Summers ananena kuti, “Padziko lonse, mabungwe othandiza anthu pazachuma amanyalanyaza anthu osauka kwambiri.” Mabanki enieni sawakhazikitsa m’madera a anthu osauka, chifukwa akatero mabankiwo sangapeze phindu.”

Kusiyana kwambiri kwa chuma pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka kumachititsa anthu ngakhalenso mayiko kuti azisankhana. Posachedwa pompa chuma cha munthu wolemera kwambiri m’dziko la United  States chinaposa chuma cha anthu okwana 100 miliyoni a ku America komweko. Kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku kwachititsanso kuti makampani olemera kwambiri opezeka m’mayiko osiyanasiyana atukuke kwambiri ndipo alanda malonda a makampani ena padziko lonse. Mwachitsanzo m’chaka cha 1998, ndi makampani khumi okha amene anali kuyendetsa ndalama zoposa madola 225 biliyoni pandalama zonse zokwana madola 262 biliyoni za bizinesi yokhudza za matelefoni. Nthaŵi zambiri makampani ochita bizinesi m’mayiko osiyanasiyana ameneŵa amakhala ndi mphamvu kuposa ya maboma, ndipo malinga n’zimene bungwe loona zaufulu wa anthu la Amnesty International linanena, akuti “nkhani zaufulu wa anthu ndiponso apantchito samazitchula kaŵirikaŵiri pazokambirana zawo.”

Mpake kuti mabungwe oona zaufulu wa anthu akuda nkhaŵa poona chuma cha padziko lonse chikungokhala m’manja mwa anthu ochepa olemera. Kodi inuyo mungakonde kukhala kumene kuli anthu olemera ochepa amene amalandira ndalama zochuluka moŵirikiza kambirimbiri kuposa za anthu osauka? Ndipo chifukwa cha kuonera pa TV anthu osaukawo amadziŵa bwino lomwe mmene anzawo olemerawo amakhalira, ngakhale kuti amaoneratu zakuti sangathe n’komwe kuthetsa vuto lawolo. N’zoonekeratu kuti kusoŵeka kwa chilungamo kotereku padziko pano kumasautsa kwambiri ndipo kumadandaulitsa.

Kufalikira kwa Zikhalidwe Zosiyanasiyana Padziko lonse

Chinthu chinanso chimene chikudetsa anthu nkhaŵa ndicho kusemphana maganizo pa zachikhalidwe ndiponso kufalikira kwa kamtima kokonda chuma. Kuthandizana nzeru ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri pankhani ya kudalirana kwa mayiko, ndipo palibenso chinthu china chimene chimathandiza pambali imeneyi kuposa intaneti. Tsoka ilo, intanetiyo saigwiritsa ntchito pofalitsa nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokha, zachikhalidwe zokha kapenanso zamalonda zokha. Mbali zina za pa intaneti amaonetsapo zinthu zolaula, zolimbikitsa tsankho kapena kutchova juga. Mbali zinanso zochepa zimapereka njira zatsatanetsatane za mmene mungapangire mabomba panokha. Thomas L. Friedman anati, “Pa intaneti m’posavuta n’komwe kukupezetsa zinthu zobweretsa mavuto. Mukhoza kufika penapake n’kumaona zinthu zakale zokhudza anthu monga Hitler, kapena penapake poonetsa zolaula zokhazokha, . . . ndipo palibe munthu amene angakuletseni kapena kukuuzani zochita.”

Nawonso ma TV ndiponso mafilimu amathanso kusokoneza kwambiri maganizo a anthu. Zinthu zimene zatchuka kwambiri m’mafilimu apadziko lonse, ndi zinthu zoti sizingachitike n’komwe zimene opanga mafilimuwo amakonza kuti zioneke moteromo. Zinthu zambiri zimene anthu opanga mafilimuwo amakonda kuonetsa kwambiri, nthaŵi zambiri zimalimbikitsa kukonda chuma, chiwawa kapenanso zachiwerewere. Zinthuzi zikhoza kukhala zachilendo kwambiri m’zikhalidwe za m’mayiko ambiri padziko lonse. Komabe, maboma, anthu ophunzitsa ndiponso makolo amaona kuti n’zosatheka kuletsa zimenezi.

Munthu wina amene amakhala mumzinda wa Havana m’dziko la Cuba anauza munthu wina wa ku North America amene anakacheza kumeneko kuti, “Timakonda chikhalidwe cha ku America. Anthu anu otchuka m’mafilimu timawadziŵa.” Chikhalidwe cha kumayiko a azungu chimalimbikitsanso anthu kudya zakudya zongogula m’lesitilanti ndiponso zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. Munthu wina wabizinesi wa ku Malaysia ananena kuti: “Chilichonse chachizungu, makamaka chochokera ku America, kunoko anthu amachikonda. . . . Amakonda kudya zakudya zotero ndipo amafuna kuchita zinthu ngati azungu.” Mkulu wa pakoleji ya ku Havana anavomereza modandaula kuti: “Panopa sitinganenenso kuti dziko la  Cuba lili palokha poti ndi chisumbu. Kulibenso mayiko oima paokha masiku ano. Mayiko onse angosanduka dziko limodzi tsopano.”

Chikhalidwe chachizungu chimene chikufala chimakhudza zimene anthu amalakalaka ndiponso zimene amafuna. Chikalata cha Human Development Report 1998 chinanena kuti “Masiku ano anthu asiya kumaonera zochita za oyandikana nawo nyumba posafuna kutsalira, m’malo mwake ayamba kumaonera zochita za anthu olemera ndiponso otchuka amene amawaonetsa m’mafilimu ndi m’ma TV.” N’zachidziŵikire kuti anthu ambiri sadzafikapo n’komwe pa moyo woterowo.

Kodi Kudalirana kwa Mayikoku Ndiko Kungathetse Mavuto?

Monga zochita zambiri za anthu, kudaliranaku kwaoneka kuti n’kothandiza komanso n’kopweteketsa. Kwalemeretsa anthu ena, ndipo kwabweretsa njira zambiri zolankhulirana padziko lonse. Komabe achuma ndiponso otchuka ndiwo atukuka nako kuposa amphaŵi ndiponso anthu ofunika thandizo. Ndipo akatangale komanso tizilombo todwalitsa tapezerapo mwayi kwambiri pa kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku kuposa maboma.—Onani mabokosi a patsamba 24 ndi 25.

Mbali yaikulu njakuti kudalirana kumeneku kwangowonjezera mavuto amene analipo kale m’dziko lathu lopanda ungwiroli. Mmalo moti kudaliranaku kuthetse mavuto apadzikoli, kwasandukanso vuto lina. Anthu ayamba kusankhana kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ena ndi apamwamba kuposa anzawo, ndipo ambiri ayamba kukhumudwa nazo. Padziko lonse mayiko akuyesetsa kuti apindule nako kudaliranaku komanso kuti panthaŵi yomweyo ateteze nzika za m’mayikomo ku zinthu zoipa zobwera ndi kudaliranaku. Kodi mayikoŵa adzakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi? Kodi mayiko atamadalirana chifukwa choganiziradi ena zinthu zingakhaleko bwino? Nkhani yotsatira iyankha bwino mafunsoŵa.

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

UMBANDA NDIPONSO UCHIGAŴENGA WA PADZIKO LONSE

N’zodandaulitsa kuti m’posavuta kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zothandiza kuyendetsa zamalonda monga zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito pochita za umbanda. Chikalata cha Human Development Report 1999 chinafotokoza kuti, “Makampani ochita malonda awo m’mayiko osiyanasiyana akhala akuthandiza kuti malonda aziyenda padziko lonse, ndipo nawonso ‘magulu ochita za umbanda padziko lonse’ akhala akupezerapo mwayi pa kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku.” Kodi magulu ochita za umbanda ameneŵa apindula motani chifukwa cha kudalirana kwa mayiko?

Magulu ochita katangale wamankhwala ozunguza bongo apeza njira zambirimbiri zatsopano zosungira ndalama zawo zankhaninkhani kuti zisadziŵike kuti anazipeza mwakatangale. Chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo ambiri okhudza katundu osaloledwa ochokera kunja ndiponso kuchuluka kwa anthu oloŵa m’mayiko ena akatangaleŵa savutika akamaloŵetsa mankhwala ozunguza bongo m’mayiko ena. N’zochititsa chidwi kuti cha m’ma 1990 mankhwala ozunguza bongo osiyanasiyana anapangidwa ambiri kuposa kale lonse. Magulu ochita zakatangale padziko lonse ayambanso kuchita malonda owapindulitsa kwambiri a uhule. Chaka chilichonse maguluŵa amatumiza azimayi ndi atsikana okwana pafupifupi 500,000 kumadzulo kwa dziko la Ulaya n’cholinga choti akakhale mahule, ndipo ambiri amachita kuwaumiriza.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu ochita zakatangaleŵa ayamba kugwirizana kwambiri monganso amachitira makampani ochita malonda m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ambiri akuyendetsa ntchito yawoyi padziko lonse, ndipo anthu ameneŵa amapeza phindu lokwana pafupifupi madola mamiliyoni miliyoni ndi theka pachaka, zomwe ndi ndalama zochuluka kuposa zimene dziko la France limapeza chaka chonse.

Nayonso intaneti yakhala chida chothandiza kwa anthu achinyengo oidziŵa bwino kompyuta. M’chaka cha 1995 akuti munthu wina anapeza chinsinsi chimene chinam’thandiza kuba ndalama zokwana madola miliyoni komanso anaba manambala a makadi otengera zinthu pangongole okwana 20,000 kudzera pakompyuta. Munthu wina wa ku Spain, José Antonio Soler yemwe amagwira ntchito yothandiza anthu posungitsa ndalama zawo kubanki, anafotokoza kuti “Kuba pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zaumisiri sikukuopsanso kwenikweni koma kukupindulitsa kwambiri.”

Zigaŵenga nazo zimagwiritsa ntchito kudalirana kwa mayiko kumeneku. Chifukwa chakuti nkhani amaziulutsa padziko lonse, n’kosavuta kwa anthu kudziŵa mwamsanga alendo achizungu ochepa chabe okaona malo kudziko lakutali akabedwa pazifukwa zofuna kusintha chinthu china chilichonse pandale.

“ALENDO” OSAFUNIKA

Matenda monganso anthu akhoza kuyenda ulendo wapadziko lonse, ndipo matenda ena amapha. Pulofesa Jonathan M. Mann, katswiri woona za miliri anafotokoza kuti, “Kuchuluka kwa anthu oyendayenda, akatundu ndiponso nzeru zotengera kwa ena ndiko kukuchititsa kwambiri kuti matenda afalikire padziko lonse. Panopa matenda opatsirana atsopano ndi akale omwe akubuka, akufalikira ndiponso akusanduka mliri wapadziko lonse mochita kunyanyira.”

Palibenso china chatsopano padziko lonse chimene chatenga malo kwambiri kuposa matenda a AIDS, omwe tsopano akupha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni atatu chaka chilichonse. M’mayiko ena a muno mu Africa, a zaumoyo akuopa kuti mapeto ake matendaŵa angathe kudzapha achinyamata aŵiri pa atatu alionse. Bungwe loona zamatendaŵa la Joint United Nations Programme on HIV⁄AIDS linanena kuti, “Ngakhale kuti miliri, nkhondo ndiponso njala, zinalipo zaka zambirimbiri m’mbuyo monsemu, achinyamata ambirimbiri sanafepo ngati mmene akufera panopa.”

“Alendo” osafunika padziko lonse si majeremusi ndiponso tizilombo todwalitsa tokha ayi. Zinyama, zomera ndiponso tizilombo tina tathaŵa malo amene timakhala n’kuloŵerera m’mayiko ena. Mtundu winawake wa njoka zoopsa za ku Australia panopa zikuloŵerera kufika kuzilumba za ku Pacific, ndipo zikuoneka kuti zikumakwera mobisala m’ndege zopita kumeneko. Panopo zamaliza kale mbalame zonse zakutchire zimene zinkapezeka m’dera lina la ku America lotchedwa Guam. Zomera za m’madzi zotchedwa namasupuni za ku South America zafalikira m’mayiko otentha okwana 50, mmene zikutseka ngalande zodutsamo madzi n’kumawononga malo okhala nsomba. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa International Herald Tribune inanena kuti, “Mitundu yachilendo ya zomera kapena zinyama ikuwonongetsa chuma cha padziko lonse mwina madola okwana mabiliyoni ambirimbiri chaka chilichonse komanso ikufalitsa matenda osiyanasiyana ndipo ikupangitsa kuti zinthu zachilengedwe zambiri ziwonongeke.”

[Zithunzi]

KUZEMBETSA NDALAMA

M’zidole za zimbalangondo zomwe ankapita kukazitula kwinakwake

KUZEMBETSA MANKHWALA OZUNGUZA BONGO

Mankhwala ozunguza bongo a ndalama zokwana madola 4,000,000 anapezeka m’chigalimoto chachikulu chonyamula alendo okaona malo powoloka malire a dziko lina

UCHIGAŴENGA WOGWIRITSA NTCHITO TIZILOMBO TODWALITSA

Asilikali akufufuza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a anthrax panyumba yaikulu ya maofesi aboma yotchedwa Capitol Hill mumzinda wa Washington, D.C.

KUPHULITSA MABOMBA

Bomba likuphulitsa galimoto ku Israel

KUFALA KWA MATENDA A AIDS PADZIKO LONSE

Matenda a AIDS afika pothetsa nzeru kwambiri m’dziko la South Africa mwakuti zipatala zina zikumabweza anthu

KULOŴERERA KWA ZAMOYO M’MAYIKO ENA

Njoka zokonda m’mitengo zamtundu wa khofi zatsala pang’ono chabe kumaliza mbalame zakutchire ku Guam

NAMASUPUNI

Zomera za m’madzi zimenezi zimatseka ngalande zamadzi ndi m’mbali mwa mitsinje m’mayiko okwana 50

 [Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Kuzembetsa ndalama ndiponso mankhwala ozunguza bongo: James R. Tourtellotte ndi Todd Reeves/U.S. Customs Service; bioterrorism: AP Photo/Kenneth Lambert; basi yoyaka: AP Photo/HO/Israeli Defense Forces; mwana: AP Photo/Themba Hadebe; njoka: Photo by T. H. Fritts, USGS; namasupuni: Staff CDFA, California Dept. of Food & Agriculture, Integrated Pest Control Branch

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Kudalirana kwa mayiko pazachuma kwawonjezera kuti pakhale kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

UN PHOTO 148048/J. P. Laffont–SYGMA

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Anthu akugwiritsa ntchito intaneti polimbikitsa zauchigaŵenga