Kutetezedwa Ndi Apolisi N’kolimbitsa Mtima Komanso N’kokayikitsa

ANTHU ambiri a kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800 ku England, sankafuna zakuti kukhale apolisi omavala yunifolomu. Ankaopa kuti apolisi oterewo akhoza kuwasoŵetsa mtendere. Ena ankaopa kuti zikatero mapeto ake angadzakhale ndi apolisi ofanana ndi apolisi a ku France oyang’aniridwa ndi Joseph Fouché omwe ntchito yawo inali ya ukazitape. Ngakhale zinali choncho, anthuwo ankadzifunsabe kuti, ‘Kodi tingatani popanda apolisi?’

Pa nthaŵiyi n’kuti mzinda wa London uli mzinda waukulu ndiponso wolemera kwambiri padziko lonse; umbanda unkakula kwambiri ndipo unkasokoneza ntchito za mumzindawo. Alonda ausiku ongodzipereka kapena anthu olembedwa ntchito yogwira mbava, kapenanso atekitivi sanakwanitse kuteteza anthu ndiponso katundu wawo. M’buku lake lonena za apolisi a ku England lakuti The English Police: A Political and Social History, Clive Emsley ananena kuti: “Kuphwanya lamulo ndiponso chisokonezo ankaziona kuti ndi zinthu zosayenera kuchitika pakati pa anthu ochangamuka.” Choncho anthu a ku London anali ndi chikhulupiriro chakuti zinthu ziwayendera bwino ndipo anaganiza zokhala ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yapolisi oyang’aniridwa ndi Sir Robert Peel. Mwezi wa September m’chaka cha 1829, apolisi ovala yunifolomu a mumzinda waukuluwu anayamba kuyendayenda aliyense kuzungulira kadera kake kamene amayang’anira.

Kungoyambira nthaŵi imene apolisiŵa anayamba kumveka m’mbiri yawo yamakono, nkhani yokhudza apolisi yapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala molimba mtima komanso mokayika, makamaka polimba mtima kuti apolisi aziwateteza ndipo kukayika kuti aziwalamulira mwankhanza.

Chiyambi cha Apolisi a ku America

M’dziko la United States, mzinda wa New York City ndiwo unayamba kupezeka ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yapolisi. Kuchuluka kwa chuma cha mumzindawu, kunkachulutsanso umbanda. Cha m’ma 1830, banja lililonse likanatha kudziŵerengera palokha nkhani zoipa zokhudza umbanda zimene ankazilemba m’nyuzipepala zotsika mtengo zongotuluka kumene. Anthu ambiri ankachita zionetsero, ndipo m’chaka cha 1845 ku New York anakhazikitsako apolisi. Kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo anthu a mumzinda wa New York ndi London akhala akusirirana magulu awo a apolisi.

Anthu a ku America chimodzimodzinso a ku England ankaopa kuti akhale ndi asilikali a boma ogwiritsa ntchito zida. Koma mayikoŵa anapeza njira zosiyana zothetsera vuto lawoli. A ku England anakonda kuti apolisi awo akhale amuna ochokera kumabanja aulemu wawo ndipo azivala zipeŵa zazitali ndi yunifolomu yawo yoderako pang’ono. Chida chawo chinali ndodo yaifupi imene ankaibisa. Mpaka panopa apolisi a ku Britain sakhala ndi mfuti pokhapokha kukagwa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi. Komabe nkhani ina inanena kuti “anthu ayamba kuona kuti malinga ndi mmene zinthu zikukhalira . . . mapeto ake posachedwapa apolisi a ku Britain adzayamba kukhala ndi mfuti zachikwanekwane.”

Koma ku United States , poopa kuti apolisi abomaŵa akhoza kupondereza anthu anakhazikitsa lamulo lachiŵiri loyendetsera boma kumeneko limene linapatsa “anthu ufulu woti akhoza kumayenda kapena kukhala ndi mfuti m’nyumba zawo.” Choncho apolisi akumeneko anafuna kuti azikhala ndi mfuti. Apolisiŵa pogwiritsa ntchito mfutizo, zinapangitsa kuti  m’kupita kwanthaŵi aziwomberana ndi akuba m’misewu ndipo izi zinafala kwambiri. Chinanso chimene chinachititsa kuti anthu a ku America aziyenda ndi mfuti n’chakuti apolisi oyambirira akumeneko anayamba kugwira ntchito yawo zinthu zili zosiyana kwambiri ndi mmene zinalili ku London. Zinthu zinayamba kusokonekera kwambiri ku New York anthu atayamba kuchuluka. Nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni imene inayambira m’chaka cha 1861 mpaka mu 1865 itayambika, anthu ambirimbiri amene anapita kumeneko makamaka ochokera ku Ulaya ndiponso anthu akuda, anachititsa kuti pakhale chiwawa chifukwa chosiyana mitundu. Apolisi anaona kuti afunika kukhala ndi njira zokhwimirapo.

Choncho anthu anayamba kuwaona apolisi kukhala anthu oipa kwambiri koma n’kumangokhalabe nawo chifukwa chosoŵa chochita. Anthu anali atakonzeka kumangopirira ngakhale nthaŵi zina atawachitira zinthu zosayenera pofuna kuti apezeko kaufulu ndi kachitetezo pang’ono. Komabe m’mayiko ena padziko lonse munali mtundu wina wa apolisi umene unali kuyambika.

Apolisi Oopsa

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800, apolisi amakono akungoyamba kumene, anthu ambiri padziko lonse ankalamulidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya. Kwenikweni, apolisi a ku Ulaya anali ataphunzitsidwa kuti aziteteza olamulira osati anthu wamba. Ngakhale anthu a ku Britain amene ankadana kwambiri ndi maganizo oti apolisi a m’dziko lawo azikhala ndi zida, zikukhala ngati sankadandaula kuti azigwiritsa ntchito apolisi okhala ndi zida zoopsa polamulira mayiko ena. Rob Mawby analemba m’buku lake limene limanena za ntchito ya apolisi lotchedwa Policing Across the World kuti: “Nkhani zokhudza nkhanza, chinyengo, kulandira ziphuphu, kupha anthu ndiponso kuswa dala malamulo kochitidwa ndi apolisi zinali kuchitika pafupifupi m’kati mwazaka khumi zilizonse chiyambireni apolisi achitsamunda.” Litatchula za ulamuliro wa dziko la Britain m’mayiko ena ndiponso ubwino wake wina, bukulo linanenanso kuti zinapangitsa kuti “mayiko padziko lonse aziona ntchito yapolisi ngati ndi ntchito yaboma osati yothandiza anthu.”

Maboma ochitira anthu nkhanza poopera magulu owaukira pafupifupi nthaŵi ina iliyonse akhala akugwiritsa ntchito apolisi osadziŵika kwa anthu kufufuza anthu awo. Apolisi otereŵa amaumiriza anthu kuti awauze zinthu zachinsinsi powazunza ndiponso amapha wina aliyense amene akumuganizira kuti ndi woukira boma kapena amam’manga munthuyo popanda kum’zenga mlandu. Chipani cha Nazi chinali nawo apolisi otere amene ankawatcha kuti Gestapo, ndipo dziko la Soviet Union linali ndi awo otchedwa kuti KGB, ndipo ku East Germany ankawatcha kuti Stasi. Kudabwitsa kwake, gulu la Stasi linalemba ntchito apolisi okwana 100,000 ndipo n’kuthekanso kuti linali ndi ena owadziŵitsa zinthu okwana 500,000 kuti aziyang’anira anthu okwana pafupifupi 16 miliyoni. Apolisi a gululi ankachezera usana ndi usiku wonse akumvetsera anthu amene anali kulankhulana pafoni ndipo ankalemba n’kusunga zochitika za munthu m’modzi pa anthu atatu alionse m’dzikolo. M’buku lake lakuti Stasi John Koehler analembamo kuti, “Apolisi a Stasi sankaona polekezera ndipo sankachita manyazi. Analemba ntchito ya ukazitape akuluakulu ochuluka zedi amatchalitchi, kuphatikizapo amatchalitchi amene anachoka m’Chikatolika ndiponso Akatolika. M’maofesi ndiponso m’zipinda mwawo mmene anthu amakalapa machimo awo munali modzaza ndi zipangizo zojambula zinthu mwachinsinsi.”

Komabe, apolisi oopsa sapezeka m’maboma ankhanza okha. M’madera ena apolisi a m’mizinda ikuluikulu akhala akuwadzudzula chifukwa chochitira anthu zoopsa akamakhazikitsa bata, makamaka akamachitira zimenezi anthu ochepa chabe osiyana ndi ena onse. Potchula zankhani ina yokhumudwitsa imene inafalitsidwa kwambiri ku Los Angeles, magazini ina inati nkhaniyo inasonyeza kuti apolisi “ayamba khalidwe loipa limene lachititsa kuti apatsidwe dzina lina loti: zigaŵenga zapolisi.”

Choncho, akuluakulu aboma akhala akudzifunsa kuti, Kodi apolisi onse angatani kuti mbiri yawo ikhale yabwino? Poyesetsa kusonyeza ntchito yawo imene amachitira anthu, apolisi ambiri ayesetsa kuchita zinthu zothandiza anthu.

Apolisi Oyang’anira M’madera Enaake Akuoneka Kuti Angathandize

Zimene amachita ku Japan pokhala ndi apolisi oyang’anira m’madera enaake zakopa chidwi cha mayiko ena. Kuyambira kale, apolisi a ku Japan amagwira ntchito m’timagulu toyang’anira kadera kenakake ndipo pamakhala apolisi amene amasinthanasinthana pantchitoyi mwinamwake okwana 12. Mphunzitsi wa milandu yokhudza za kuphwanya malamulo wa ku Britain yemwe wakhalako nthaŵi yaitali ku Japan dzina lake Frank Leishman anati: “Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zothandiza anthu zimene timagulu ta apolisi timeneti timagwira ndi zodziŵika kwambiri: amathandiza anthu kuwalondolera misewu yambiri ya ku Japan imene ilibe maina; amatenga maambulela  otayika n’kubwereka anthu oyenda m’tauni wapansi omwe mvula yawapezerera; amaonetsetsa kuti athandize anthu apantchito okhuta mowa kuti akwere sitima yomaliza yopita kwawo; ndiponso amathandiza kuthetsa ‘mikangano ya anthu.’” Apolisi oyang’anira m’madera enaake ndiwo amene akhala akuchititsa kuti mayiko ena azikhumbira mbiri yadziko la Japan pokhala ndi misewu imene munthu angayende mwaufulu.

Kodi kukhala ndi apolisi ogwira ntchito moteremu kungathandize m’mayiko enanso? Ophunzira ena a milandu ya kuphwanya malamulo anayamba kuona ubwino wake. Njira zolankhulitsana zamakono zapangitsa kuti apolisi atalikirane ndi anthu omwe amawatumikira. M’mizinda yambiri masiku ano, zikuoneka kuti nthaŵi zambiri ntchito ya apolisi imangokhala makamaka yokhudza zinthu zongogwa mwadzidzidzi. Nthaŵi zina zimaoneka kuti anasiya kulimbana kwambiri ndi kuletsa umbanda monga mmene ankachitira poyamba. Pozindikira zimenezi, magulu othandizana ndi apolisi ayambanso kutchuka.

Magulu Othandizana ndi Apolisi

Ponena zantchito yake, wapolisi wina wa ku Wales dzina lake Dewi anati: “Magulu othandizana ndi apolisi amathandizadi; amachepetsa umbanda. Magulu othandizana ndi apolisi ndi anthu amene amakhala tcheru poyang’anira anthu anzawo. Timaitanitsa misonkhano n’cholinga choti anthu a m’kadera kameneko adziŵane, apatsane maina ndi manambala awo a foni, ndiponso kukambirana za momwe tingaletsere umbanda. Ntchito imeneyi ndimaikonda chifukwa chakuti imapangitsa kuti anthu okhala m’dera limodzi azidalirana. Nthaŵi zambiri anthu sadziŵa n’komwe kuti amene anayandikana nawo ndani. Ntchito imeneyi ndi yothandiza chifukwa chakuti imapangitsa kuti anthu azidziŵa zimene zikuchitika m’dera lawo.” Imapangitsanso kuti apolisi akhale ogwirizana kwambiri ndi anthu ena onse.

Chinanso chimene anthu akhala akuyesa kuchita n’kulimbikitsa apolisi kuti aziwasamalira mwachifundo anthu amene avutitsidwa. Katswiri wina wotchuka pa nkhani zokhudza anthu amene avutitsidwa dzina lake Jan van Dijk analemba kuti: “Apolisi ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kuti ayenera kusamalira bwino kwambiri anthu ovutitsidwa amene akudzawatulira madandaulo monga mmene zimakhalira ndi dokotala akamalankhula ndi anthu odwala.” M’madera ambiri apolisi sanayambebe kuona nkhani zochitirana nkhanza m’banja ndiponso za kugwiririra monga milandu yeniyeni. Koma Rob Mawby, anati: “M’zaka zaposachedwa pompa apolisi asintha kwambiri n’kuyamba kumathandizapo kwambiri pankhani zochitirana nkhanza m’banja ndiponso za kugwiririra. Komabe m’pofunikabe kuti azithandiza kwambiri kuposa mmene akuchitira panopa.” Kupondereza anthu kwa apolisi ndicho chinthu chinanso chimene apolisiwo afunikanso kusintha.

Kuopa Chinyengo cha Apolisi

Nthaŵi zina zimakayikitsa kuti apolisi amatiteteza, makamaka nkhani zoti apolisi akuchita zachinyengo zikamamvekamveka. Nkhani zoterezi zakhala zikumveka chiyambireni pamene apolisiwo anayamba kugwira ntchito yawo. Potchula zochitika za m’chaka cha 1855 buku lina limene limanena za apolisi a ku New York lotchedwa NYPD—A City and Its  Police, linafotokoza “maganizo a anthu ambiri a ku New York akuti kusiyanitsa achifwamba ndi apolisi kunayamba kuvuta.” Buku lotchedwa Faces of Latin America, limene linalembedwa ndi Duncan Green, ponena za apolisi akumeneko limati “anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti apolisiwo amachita zinthu zachinyengo zokhazokha, si anthu oyenera pantchito yawo, ndiponso amapondereza ufulu wa anthu.” Mkulu woyang’anira ntchito ya apolisi okwana 14,000 ku Latin-America anati: “Inu mukuganiza kuti wapolisi angatani ngati akulandira ndalama zosakwana n’komwe madola 100 pamwezi? Ngati munthu wina atam’patsa chiphuphu, iye angatani?”

Kodi vuto lolandira ziphuphu n’lalikulu motani? Yankho lake lingadalire munthu amene mungafunse. Wapolisi wina wa ku North America amene anakhala akuyendera mzinda wina wa anthu okwana 100,000 anayankha kuti: “Kunena zoona apolisi  ena achinyengo alipo ndithu, koma ochuluka ndi okhulupirika. Zimenezo n’zimene ineyo ndaona ndekha.” Koma munthu wina amene anagwira ntchito yofufuza milandu kwa zaka 26 m’dziko lina anayankha kuti: “Ndimaona kuti nkhani ya ziphuphu ili ponseponse. Kunenadi zoona apolisi achilungamo alipo ochepa. Ngati wapolisi wina akufufuza m’nyumba yobedwa n’kupeza ndalama, angathe kutenga ndalamazo. Akapeza zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali zimene zinabedwa, iye amatha kutengapo zina kuti zikhale zake.” Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani apolisi ena amayamba kuchita zachinyengo?

Ena amayamba ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri koma kenaka n’kutengeka ndi khalidwe loipa la anzawo ndiponso anthu ochita zakatangale amene amapezana nawo nthaŵi zambiri pochita ntchito yawo. M’buku lakuti What Cops Know muli mawu a wapolisi wina woyendayenda wa ku Chicago amene anati: “Apolisi amakumana ndi zinthu zoipa zokhazokha. Amangokhalira kuona zomwezo nthaŵi zonse. Tsiku silidutsa asanakumanepo ndi zimenezi.” Kumangokhalira kuona ndi kumva nkhani zoipa zimenezi kungam’sinthe munthu n’kukhala woipa.

Ngakhale kuti apolisi amatichitira ntchito zabwino kwambiri, si kuti amakwanitsa kutichitira zinthu zonse bwinobwino. Kodi aliponso wina amene tingam’khulupirire kwambiri kuposa iwo?

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

“Koma Apolisi a ku Britain ndi Abwino Bwanji!”

Anthu a ku Britain ali m’gulu la anthu oyamba kukhala ndi anthu ogwira ntchito yapolisi. Iwo ankafuna kuti dziko lawo likhale lochita zinthu mwadongosolo kwambiri, ngati mmene zinkachitira ngolo zawo za akavalo zonyamula katundu ndi makalata zimene sizinkaphonyetsa nthaŵi yofika pamalo. M’chaka cha 1829 nduna yoona za m’dzikomo, Sir Robert Peel ananyengerera Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti ivomereze zakuti kukhale apolisi mumzinda waukulu wa London ndipo kuti likulu lawo likhale ku Scotland Yard. Poyamba anthu ankadana nawo chifukwa cholimbana ndi uchidakwa ndiponso kutchova juga m’misewu; koma kenaka anthu anadzayamba kuwakonda.

M’chaka cha 1851, mzinda wa London unakhala wokondwa kuitana mayiko padziko lonse kuti apite ku chionetsero chachikulu cha malonda ndiponso kuti akaone zinthu zopangidwa m’mafakitale zimene dziko la Britain linakwanitsa kuzipanga. Alendo anachita chidwi kwambiri kuona mmene zinthu zinalili zadongosolo m’misewu ndiponso kusapezeka kwa zidakwa, mahule ndiponso anthu ongokhalira kuyendayenda popanda cholinga chenicheni. Apolisi odziŵa bwino ntchito yawo ankalozera anthu kopita, ankathandiza alendo kunyamula katundu wawo, ankathandiza anthu kuwoloka msewu ndiponso ngakhale kunyamula azimayi okalamba n’kuwakweza m’galimoto imene akufuna kukwera. N’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ena anamva anthu a ku Britain ndiponso ochokera kwina akunena kuti, “Koma apolisi a ku Britain ndi abwino Bwanji!”

Ankaoneka kuti anali akhama kwambiri pantchito yoletsa umbanda mwakuti mu 1873, wamkulu wa apolisi mumzinda wa Chester anali ndi maganizo akuti nthaŵi inayake umbanda adzauthetseratu! Apolisi anayambanso kulinganiza zomakhala ndi maambulansi ndiponso antchito ozimitsa moto. Anayambitsa magulu ochita zachifundo amene ankapereka nsapato ndiponso zovala kwa anthu osauka. Ena anayambitsa timabungwe takuti tizithandiza achinyamata, anthu amene akuyenda timaulendo tawo ndiponso anthu amene akupangira tchuthi chawo ali koyenda.

Inde, n’zoona kuti apolisi atsopanoŵa analinso ndi mavuto awo pankhani ya kulanga apolisi amene apezeka ndi mlandu wolandira ziphuphu ndiponso wochita zinthu zankhanza. Koma ambiri ankanyadira pokhazikitsa bata popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mphamvu. M’chaka cha 1853, apolisi m’tauni ya Wigan, ku Lancashire analimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito m’migodi amene ananyanyala ntchito yawo. Salijeni wa kagulu ka amuna khumi okha anachita kukana dala kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti za mwini wake wa migodiyo. Chitsanzo cha mmene zimenezi zinakhudzira apolisi ndi zimene zinalembedwa m’kalata imene Hector Macleod analandira m’chaka cha 1886 pamene iye motsanzira bambo ake anayambanso kugwira ntchito ya polisi. Mawu ena a kalatayo amene analembedwa m’buku lakuti The English Police, ndi aŵa: “Ukakhala wankhanza, anthu sakukhulupirira ndipo sakuthandiza . . . Ine ndimaganizira kaye zofuna za anthu chifukwa chakuti wapolisi amatumikira anthu amene aikidwa m’manja mwake kuti awayang’anire panthaŵi imeneyo ndipo ndi ntchito yake yakuti aziwasangalatsa komanso kusangalatsa bwana wake.”

Hayden, yemwe anapuma pantchito yake yoyang’anira apolisi kulikulu la apolisi ku London, anati: “Tinkaphunzitsidwa kuchita zinthu mougwira mtima nthaŵi zonse chifukwa chakuti ntchito ya apolisi kuti iyende bwino imafunika chithandizo cha anthu. Ndodo yathu yaifupi tinkaigwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha tikaona kuti njira zonse zakanika mwakuti apolisi ambiri sankaigwiritsa ntchito mpaka kufika popuma pantchito yawo.” Chinanso chimene chinathandizira kuti mbiri ya apolisi a ku Britain ikhale yabwino chinali seŵero lina lotchuka la pa TV limene anakhala akulionetsa kwa zaka 21 lokhudza wapolisi wina wokhulupirika amene ankadziŵa munthu wina aliyense m’dera lake limene ankayang’anira, ndipo mutu wa seweroli unali wakuti Dixon of Dock Green. N’kutheka kuti mwina linkalimbikitsa apolisi kuti azichita zinthu ngati wapolisiyo, koma n’zosakayikitsa kuti linkalimbikitsanso anthu a ku Britain kuti azikonda apolisi.

Zinthu zinasintha ku Britain cha m’ma 1960, ndipo anthu anasiya kunyadira apolisi m’dziko lonselo n’kuyamba kuwakayikira apolisiwo. Ngakhale kuti anayesetsa kwambiri kuchita zinthu zoti anthu aziwathandiza pokhazikitsa magulu othandizana ndi apolisi, nkhani zokhudza ziphuphu ndiponso tsankho pakati pa apolisi okhaokha zinawononga mbiri ya apolisi cha m’ma 1970. Chaposachedwapa, atadzudzulidwa kambirimbiri chifukwa cha tsankho ndiponso chifukwa chokonda kupereka umboni wonama n’cholinga chokhutiritsa anthu, apolisi ayesetsa kwambiri kusintha khalidwe lawo.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi chimene chili pamwambapo: http://www.constabulary.com

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Kodi Zimene Zinachitika ku New York N’zodabwitsa?

Apolisi akachita khama kwambiri pantchito yawo, kusintha kumaoneka. Kwanthaŵi yaitali kwambiri anthu ankaona kuti mzinda wa New York uli m’gulu la mizinda yoopsa kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo pofika chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, apolisi otheratu mphamvuwo anaoneka kuti zinali kuwavuta kuti aletse umbanda. Mavuto azachuma anachititsa kuti boma lisawonjezerenso malipiro a apolisi ndiponso linachotsa ena ogwira ntchitoyi. Anthu ochita katangale wa mankhwala ozunguza bongo anayamba kuchuluka ndipo zitatero anthu ochita zachiwawa zoopsa anachulukanso. Anthu okhala m’kati mwa mzinda ankangokhalira kumva kulira kwa mfuti akamakagona. Ziwawa zoopsa kwambiri zokhudza kusankhana mitundu zinachitika m’chaka cha 1991, ndipo apolisi enieniwo anachita chionetsero chaphokoso kwambiri pofuna kusonyeza madandaulo awo.

Komabe, wamkulu wa apolisi wina watsopano anayamba kulimbikitsa apolisi ake pokumana nawo nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi n’cholinga chokonza zinthu m’dera lililonse limene apolisiwo anali kuyang’anira. James Lardner ndi Thomas Reppeto anafotokoza m’buku lawo lokamba za apolisi a ku New York lotchedwa NYPD kuti: “Mkulu wa apolisi ofufuza milandu kapenanso mkulu wa magulu olimbana ndi anthu ogulitsa mankhwala ozunguza bongo anali anthu amene atsogoleri a apolisi oyang’anira timadera tosiyanasiyana ankawaonera m’nkhani za m’manyuzipepala basi koma sankakumana nawo kaŵirikaŵiri. Koma tsopano anali kukhalira pamodzi kwa maola angapo pamsonkhano.” Umbanda unayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Milandu ya kuphana akuti inayamba kuchepa pang’onopang’ono; m’chaka cha 1993 inalipo pafupifupi 2,000 ndipo podzafika mu 1998 inalipo 633, ndipo milanduyi sinachepeko chonchi pazaka 35 zapitazo. Anthu a ku New York anayamba kunena kuti zimenezi n’zodabwitsa. Milandu ya umbanda imene inawafika akuluakulu apolisi m’kati mwazaka zisanu ndi zitatu zapitazo inali yochepa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kalelo.

Kodi zinatheka bwanji kusintha zinthu chonchi? Nyuzipepala ya The New York Times ya pa January 1, 2002, inanena mfundo yakuti njira ina yoyendetsera zinthu bwino inali yoŵerengetsera pakompyuta milandu imene yachitika. Imeneyi ndi “njira yofufuza umbanda imene amafufuza kuchuluka kwa umbanda mlungu uliwonse m’kadera kalikonse kamene apolisi amayang’anira n’kuchitapo kanthu akangoona kuti penapake pabuka vuto.” Wamkulu wapolisi wina wakale dzina lake Bernard Kerik anati: “Tinkaona kumene kukuchitika za umbanda, n’kuonanso chifukwa chake umbandawo unali kuchitika ndipo kenaka n’kuikako asilikali ena [apolisi] ndi zinthu zina zothandiza n’cholinga choonetsetsa kuti madera amenewo akuonedwa mosamala kwambiri. Umu ndi mmene timachepetsera umbanda.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Maofesi ambiri a apolisi ku Japan amaoneka chonchi

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Apolisi apamsewu ku Hong Kong

[Chithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Kukhazikitsa bata pamaseŵera ampira wa miyendo ku England

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Ntchito za apolisi zimakhudzanso kuthandiza anthu amene achita ngozi