Tinayamba Kalekale Kulimbana Ndi Ukapolo

“Akamati uyu ndi kapolo ndiye kuti: amazunzidwa n’kumangopirira, ama’mchitira nkhanza zosaneneka n’kumangokhalabe chifukwa chakuti alibe koloŵera.”—Anatero wolemba nkhani za zisudzo wina wa m’zaka za m’ma 1400 B.C.E wa ku Greece dzina lake Euripides.

UKAPOLO unayamba kale kwambiri ndipo nthaŵi zambiri unali woipa mosasimbika. Kungoyambira kalekale pamene mayiko a Igupto ndi Mesopotamiya ankayamba kutukuka, mitundu yamphamvu inkagwira ukapolo mitundu yopanda mphamvu yoyandikana nayo. Motero zinthu zoipa zobwera chifukwa cha kupanda chilungamo kwa anthu zinayamba kuonekera.

Chapakati pa zaka 2000 ndi 1000 Yesu asanabwere, dziko la Igupto linagwira ukapolo mtundu wathunthu wa anthu wokhala ndi anthu mwina mamiliyoni angapo. (Eksodo 1:13, 14; 12:37) Pamene dziko la Greece linkalamulira chigawo cha ku Mediterranean, mabanja ambiri achigiriki anali ndi akapolo awo mwina mmodzi kapena kuposa, kungokhala ngati mmene mabanja a m’mayiko ena masiku ano amakhalira ndi galimoto yawoyawo. Munthu wophunzira kwambiri wa ku Greece dzina lake Aristostle ananena kuti panalibe cholakwika pochita zimenezi ponena kuti anthu alipo magulu aŵiri, mabwana ndi akapolo ndiponso kuti mabwanawo ali ndi ufulu wolamulira, koma akapolowo anabadwa n’cholinga choti azingomvera.

Aroma analimbikitsa kwambiri ukapolo mwinanso kuposa mmene anachitira Agiriki. M’masiku a mtumwi Paulo, zikuoneka kuti mumzinda wa Roma munali anthu ambiri ndipo mwina theka la anthu ameneŵa anali akapolo. Ndipo zikuoneka kuti Ufumu wa Roma unkakhala ndi akapolo okwana 500,000 chaka chilichonse kuti amange zipilala, kukumba migodi, kulima minda ndiponso kugwira ntchito m’nyumba zikuluzikulu za anthu achuma. * Amene ankagwidwa pankhondo nthaŵi zambiri ankawasandutsa akapolo. Choncho dziko la Roma lomwe silinkakhutitsidwa ndi akapolo omwe linali nawo liyenera kuti linkangochitabe  nkhondo n’cholinga choti lizipezabe akapolowo.

Ngakhale kuti ukapolo unachepako Ufumu wa Roma utagwa, khalidwe lokhala ndi akapolo linapitirirabe. Buku la mbiri yakale ya ku England (lolembedwa mu 1086 C.E.), limati pa anthu 100 alionse apantchito m’zaka zoyambira m’ma 500 mpaka 1500 C.E., 10 anali akapolo. Ndipo akapolo ankawapezabe akagonjetsa adani awo.

Komabe kuyambira nthaŵi ya Kristu, palibe dziko lina limene lasakazidwa kuposa dziko la Africa chifukwa cha malonda ogulitsa akapolo. Ngakhale Yesu asanabwere, Aigupto ankagula ndi kugulitsa akapolo ochokera ku Aitiopia. M’kati mwazaka zoposa 1,250 anthu ochokera muno mu Africa okwana pafupifupi 18 miliyoni ankawapititsa ku Ulaya ndiponso ku Middle East kuti akagwire ntchito yaukapolo kumeneko. Dziko la America litakhala pa utsamunda cha m’ma 1500, msika wina watsopano wogulitsira akapolo unatsegulidwa, ndipo posapita nthaŵi malonda a akapolo amene an’kawaolotsa nyanja ya Atlantic anasanduka malonda opindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse. Odziŵa mbiri yakale amaŵerengetsa kuti kuyambira m’chaka cha 1650 mpaka mu 1850, kuno ku Africa anatengako akapolo oposa 12 miliyoni. * Ambiri ankawagulitsa m’misika yogulitsira akapolo.

Kulimbana N’kuthetsa Ukapolo

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu ndiponso mayiko achita nkhondo kuti adzichotse paukapolo. M’kati mwa zaka 100 Kristu asanabwere, Spartacus anatsogolera gulu lina la akapolo achiroma okwana 70,000 poyesetsa kumenyera ufulu wawo koma sanaphule kanthu. Kuukira kumene akapolo a ku Haiti anachita zaka 200 zapitazo kunayenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa kunachititsa kuti akhazikitse boma lodziimira palokha m’chaka cha 1804.

N’zoona kuti ukapolo unapitirirabe kwa nthaŵi yaitali m’dziko la United States. Kunali akapolo amene anachita khama kwambiri podzithandiza okha kuti amasuke pamodzi ndi okondedwa awo. Ndipo panalinso anthu ena osakhala akapolo  amene anamenya nkhondo kwambiri polimbana n’kuthetsa ukapolo kapena pothandiza akapolo othaŵa. Komabe ukapolowo sunatheretu mpaka chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1800 pamene anadzakhazikitsa lamulo loletsa khalidwe limeneli m’dziko lonselo. Nanga bwanji masiku ano?

Kodi Kulimbana ndi Ukapoloku Sikunathandize?

“Pasakhalenso munthu wina aliyense amene ali paukapolo kapena amene ali womangika m’njira inayake; chilichonse chokhudza ukapolo ndiponso malonda ogulitsa akapolo chaletsedwa,” chinatero chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Mfundo imeneyo imene anailengeza mwamphamvu m’chaka cha 1948, kunenadi zoona ndi mfundo yothandiza kwambiri. Anthu ambiri okhulupirika apatula nthaŵi, mphamvu ndiponso chuma chawo n’cholinga choti zimenezo zitheke basi. Ndiyetu n’zoonadi kuti kanthu n’khama.

Monga nkhani yapitayi ikusonyezera, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri akuvutika nazobe ntchito zoipa kwambiri zopanda malipiro, ndipo ambiri anagulidwa kapena kugulitsidwa asakufuna n’komwe. Ngakhale kuti anthu akuchita khama kuti athetseretu ukapolo, ndiponso akuchita misonkhano ya mayiko yoti asainirane kuti aletse khalidwe limeneli, ufulu weniweni wa anthu onse udakali chinthu chovuta kuchipeza. Chifukwa chakuti mayiko apadziko lonse akudalirana pa zamalonda, malonda ogulitsa akapolo mwakabisira akhala opindulitsa kwambiri. Ndipotu zikuoneka ngati ukapolowo wayamba kuzika mizu pakati pa anthu ena. Kodi pamenepa ndiye kuti basi palibenso kuchitira mwina? Tatiyeni tione.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi pamasamba 20, 21]

Kale anthu ochokera kuno ku Africa akuyenda m’zombo zonyamula akapolo (pamwambapo) kaŵirikaŵiri ankawagulitsa m’misika ya akapolo ya ku America

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Godo-Foto

Archivo General de las Indias