Zida Zopha Mwachinsinsi—Kodi Zingasakazedi Anthu?

PANKHONDO, sizachilendo kufuna kupha anthu pogwiritsira ntchito matenda. M’zaka za m’ma 1300, kum’maŵa kwa Ulaya, ankhondo anatenga mitembo ya anthu ofa ndi mliri wofalitsidwa ndi makoswe n’kuiponyera mkati mwa mpanda wa mzinda umene anali atauzinga. Kenaka patatha zaka 400, asilikali a ku Britain anapereka mwadala mabulangete a matenda a nthomba kwa amwenye a ku America pa nthaŵi imene amwenyewo ankamenyana ndi Afalansa. Zimenezi zinayambitsa mliri umene unachititsa kuti amwenyewo agonje pankhondoyo. Koma anthu anali asanadziŵebe kuti tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso timayambitsa matenda opatsirana mpaka podzafika kumapeto kwa m’ma 1800. Kudziŵa zimenezi kunachititsa kuti anthu azitha kupeza njira zatsopano ndiponso zoopsa zogwiritsira ntchito matenda pankhondo.

Sitingatsutse kuti njira zamakono zokhudza zachipatala ndiponso zasayansi zathandizanso kuti papezeke mankhwala ndiponso akatemera osiyanasiyana. Zimenezi zathandiza kwambiri pochiza ndiponso popeŵa matenda. Komabe zonsezi zili apo, matenda opatsirana akuopsabe kwambiri chifukwa akupha anthu oposa 17 miliyoni pachaka kapena kuti anthu 50,000 patsiku. Izitu n’zovutitsa maganizo chifukwa tangoganizirani kuti: Pali amuna ndi akazi anzeru zosaneneka amene achita khama kwambiri m’moyo wawo wonse kuti agonjetse matenda amene anthufe timadwala, komano palinso anthu ena akhama ndiponso aluso langati lomweli amene akulimbana ndi kugonjetsa anthu pogwiritsira ntchito matenda omwewo.

Kuyesa Kuletsa Zida Zofalitsa Tizilombo Topereka Matenda

Kwa zaka zoposa 25, dziko la United States ndi dziko limene linkatchedwa kuti Soviet Union, ndiponso mayiko ena ambiri akhala akujijirika ndi ntchito yokonza zida zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda. Koma mu 1972 mayikoŵa anagwirizana zoletsa zidazi. Komabe, mwachinsinsi mayiko ena ankakonzabe ndiponso kufufuza njira zina zokonzera zida zimenezi ndipo anaŵeta tizilombo toopsa tochuluka kwambiri komanso anakonza njira zofalitsira tizilomboti.

Kodi n’chiyani chimene chinachititsa kuti mayiko agwirizane zoletsa zida zimenezi? Kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1970, anthu ankaona kuti ngakhale kuti tizilombo topereka matenda n’toopsa kwambiri, sitithandiza mokwanira kunkhondo. Chifukwa chimodzi n’chakuti sitipheratu munthu nthaŵi yomweyo, pamatenga nthaŵi kuti munthuyo ayambe kumva m’thupi. Chinanso n’chakuti timadalira ndi mmene mphepo ikuwombera komanso ndi mmene kunja kwachera. Komanso mayiko anaona kuti ngati dziko linalake litagwiritsira ntchito zida zotere pomenyana ndi dziko lina, dziko linalo lingathe kubwezera pogwiritsiranso ntchito zida zotero kapenanso zida zoopsa za nyukiliya. Mapeto ake anthu ambiri anaona kuti kufalitsira dala tizilombo n’cholinga chodwalitsa kapena kupha anthu anzawo si khalidwe laumunthu ayi.

Palibe ngakhale chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimenezi chimene chingaletse anthu amene mitima yawo ikulilima ndi chidani, amenenso saganizirako n’komwe za khalidwe laumunthu kuti agwiritsire ntchito zidazi. Kwa anthu amene kupha anthu olakwa ndi osalakwa omwe n’kudya kwawo, zida zotere ndizo zimawafika pamtima. Zida zimenezi zingathe kukonzedwa ndiponso kufalitsidwa mwachinsinsi. Ofalitsa tizilomboto sangadziŵike, ndipo ngakhale atadziŵika, n’zovutabe kulimbana nawo chifukwa gulu la zigaŵenga zotere limakhala ndi timagulu tina  m’mayiko ambirimbiri. Ndiponso kufalitsa mwachinsinsi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso, toloŵerera m’thupi pang’onopang’ono ndiponso toopsa kungathe kusokoneza bata pakati pa anthu chifukwa cha mantha basi. Kufalitsa tizilombo towononga zomera kapena todwalitsa ziŵeto kungadzetse njala ndiponso umphaŵi wadzaoneni.

Anthu amakondanso zida zotere chifukwa sizilira ndalama zambiri pozikonza. Ofufuza ena anaŵerengetsera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene zingawonongedwe pogwiritsira ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana kuti aphe anthu wamba osatetezedwa m’dera lomwe kukula kwake ndi kilomita imodzi. Ndiye anapeza kuti pogwiritsira ntchito zida wamba pankafunika ndalama zokwanira madola 2,000, zida za nyukiliya madola 800, zida za gasi wakupha madola 600, ndipo zida za tizilombo topereka matenda dola imodzi basi.

Mavuto Omwe Zigaŵenga Zimakumana Nawo Popanga Zidazi

Malipoti ofalitsidwa amanena kuti magulu ena a zigaŵenga zina ayesa kugwiritsira ntchito zida zotere. Komatu kuyesa chabe n’kosiyana kwambiri ndi kufalitsadi tizilombo toti tingaphedi anthu ambiri.

Kuti chigaŵenga kapena gulu la zigaŵenga likwanitse cholinga chimenechi liyenera kuvutika kuti lipeze njira zopangira zidazi. Vuto loyamba n’lakuti chigaŵengacho chiyenera kupeza tizilombo toopsa tokwanira ta matenda enaake. Lachiŵiri n’lakuti chiyenera kudziŵa mmene tizilomboto timakhalira ndiponso chiyenera kutisunga m’njira yoyenera komanso yoti tisaloŵe m’thupi mwake. Lachitatu n’lakuti chiyenera kudziŵa njira yoti tizilomboti tichulukane kwadzaoneni. Tizilombo tochepa chabe tosaoneka ndi maso n’toopsa mwakuti tingathe kuwonongeratu mbewu zonse m’munda, ziŵeto zonse m’khola, kapenanso anthu onse mumzinda. Timangofunika kutifalitsa pamalo enieni akufunikawo basi. Koma vuto n’lakuti tizilombo totere sitikhala bwinobwino akatitulutsa m’nyumba zimene amatiŵetera. N’tochepa chabe timene timakafikadi kwa anthu oyenera, motero kuti tidwalitsedi anthu ambiri m’pofunika kuti tikhalepo tochuluka kwadzaoneni.

Koma mavuto awo si okhaŵa ayi. Zigaŵengazo ziyenera kudziŵa kusunga tizilomboti kuti tisafe ndiponso kuti tisafooke potiyendetsa kuchokera kumene amatiŵeta kukafika kumene akufuna kuti atifalitse. Ndipo potsirizira ayenera kudziŵa mmene angafalitsire tizilomboti kuti tigwire ntchito yake bwino. Apa ndiye kutinso ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti tizilomboto akutifalitsa mokwanira bwino, mogwirizananso ndi kukula kwa deralo, komanso mwakuti penapaliponse tikhalepo kuti anthu ambiri adwale. Anthu am’kagulu kenakake ka ku United States koidziŵa bwino kwambiri ntchito yofufuza zida za tizilombo zinawatengera zaka zopitirira khumi kuti apeze njira yodalirika yofalitsira tizilombo topereka matenda pankhondo. Tizilombo tikangoponyedwa m’mlengalenga, tingathe kufa chifukwa cha dzuŵa ndiponso mmene kunja kukuzizirira kapena kutenthera. Motero kuti anthu agwiritsire ntchito tizilombo timeneti, ayenera kudziŵa bwinobwino mmene timakhalira tikakhala m’mlengalenga.

Mukaganizira kuvuta kwa chintchito chimenechi, n’zosadabwitsa kuona kuti zigaŵenga zayesapo kwa nthaŵi zochepa chabe kugwiritsira ntchito tizilombo topereka matenda. Ndiponso ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri amene anadwala nato tizilomboto. Posachedwapa, makalata okhala ndi tizilombo  ta matenda a anthrax anapha anthu asanu ku United States. Izi n’zovutitsa maganizo, komatu anthuŵa ngochepa tikawayerekezera ndi anthu amene akanafa ndi kabomba kakang’ono kapena ngakhale kamfuti kam’manja. Ofufuza anaŵerengetsera kuti kuyambira m’chaka cha 1975, nthaŵi 96 mwa 100 zilizonse pamene zigaŵenga padziko lonse zinkafalitsa mankhwala akupha kapena tizilombo todwalitsa, anthu amene ankafa kapena kuvulala sankaposa anthu atatu.

Pozindikira kuvuta kofalitsa tizilombo takuti tingadwalitsedi anthu, bungwe loona nkhani zachitetezo lotchedwa British American Security Information Council linati: “Ngakhale kuti maboma akuopsezedwa kwambiri kuti zigaŵenga zingathe kugwiritsira ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha ndiponso za tizilombo topereka matenda, akatswiri ambiri amene akutsatira bwino nkhaniyi amaona kuti ngakhale kuti n’zotheka kuti pangabuke miliri yosakaza anthu ambiri, n’zokayikitsa kwambiri kuti miliriyi ingabukedi.” Koma ngakhale kuti n’zokayikitsa kuti zoterezi zingachitikedi, zitangoti zachitika anthu angaone malodza osasimbika.

Nkhani Yofoola

Kwinakonseku timangokamba nkhani yolimbikitsa yakuti: M’povuta kupeza njira yokonzera tizilomboti ndiponso sizinachitikepo n’kale lonse kuti anthu ambirimbiri apululuke chifukwa cha matenda ochita kufalitsidwa mwadala. Komano mwachidule tingati nkhani yofoola n’njakuti: Zochitika zam’mbuyo sizingatisonyeze mwatchutchutchu zimene zingadzachitike m’tsogolo. Ngakhale kuti m’mbuyomu zigaŵenga zakanika kusakaza anthu m’njira imeneyi, n’kutheka kuti m’tsogolomu zingadzakwanitse kutero.

Anthu akuda nkhaŵa. Zigaŵenga zambiri zikuoneka kuti mitima ili dyokodyoko kufuna kupulula anthu. Magulu a zigaŵenga ayamba kudziŵa njira zamakono komanso ena ali ndi ndalama ndiponso akatswiri aluso, mofanana ndi mayiko enaake.

Zikuoneka kuti akatswiri ozitsata bwino nkhanizi sakuda nkhaŵa kuti mwina maboma a mayiko enaake angapatse magulu a zigaŵenga zida zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda. Katswiri wina anati: “Maboma, ngakhale atakhala ankhanza bwanji, ofuna kutchuka bwanji, ndiponso osamva za ena bwanji, sangafune kupereka zida zotere ku magulu a zigaŵenga amene mabomawo sangathe kuwalamulira pazochita zawo zonse. Mabomawo zingawakomere kugwiritsira ntchito okha zida zimenezi pamayambiriro pa nkhondo, koma kwenikweni mabomaŵa angagwiritsire ntchito zidazi powopseza adani awo osati pankhondo yeniyeni ayi.” Chimene chikudetsa nkhaŵa akatswiri n’chakuti asayansi odziŵa bwino ntchito yawo angathe kulembedwa ntchito ndi magulu a zigaŵenga powanyengerera ndi malipiro ankhaninkhani.

Kuchita Kulenga Dala Matenda

Chinanso chimene chikudetsa nkhaŵa n’chakuti sayansi yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo ikutsogola. Panopo asayansi anadziŵa kale kusintha chibadwa cha tizilombo todwalitsa timene tilipo panopa kuti tikhale toopsa kwambiri koma tosavuta kutigwiritsira ntchito. Iwo angathe kusintha tizilombo timene sitidwalitsa anthu kuti tiyambe kupanga poizoni. Angathenso kusintha tizilomboto kuti tisamadziŵike akamatifufuza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zimene zilipo panopa. Chinanso n’chakuti tizilomboti angathe kutikonza mwakuti tisamamve mankhwala ndiponso akatemera wamba. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi amene anachoka m’dziko limene kale linali Soviet Union  anati anakonzapo tizilombo toyambitsa mliri wofalitsidwa ndi makoswe tosamva mitundu 16 ya mankhwala a matenda otere.

M’tsogolo muno sayansi yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo ndiponso sayansi yosintha chibadwa cha zamoyo ikapitiriza kutsogola ndiye kuti njira zokonzera tizilomboti zichuluka. Asayansi angathe kusintha chibadwa cha tizilombo tinatake mmene akufunira n’cholinga chotikonzanso bwino, kuti tikhale toopsa kwambiri, topirira kwambiri, tosavuta kuŵeta ndiponso totha kufalitsidwa mosavuta. Angathe kutikonza kuti azitha kudziŵa bwinobwino mmene tingasakazire ndiponso kuti azitha kutipangitsa kuti tisakaze mmene iwowo akufunira. Angathe kukonza tizilomboti kuti tife tikaberekana nthaŵi mwakutimwakuti ndipo motero tingaphe anthuwo kenaka n’kungozimiririka.

Zida zina zoopsa zopha mwachibisira zingathenso  kudzapangidwa m’tsogolo muno. Mwachitsanzo angathe kudzapanga zida zongolimbana ndi mphamvu yathupi basi, kutanthauza kuti m’malo mom’patsa munthu matenda enaake, zidazi zingafooketse thupi la munthuyo kuti athe kugwidwa ndi matenda ambirimbiri mosavuta. Ngati kachilombo kangati ka Edzi kameneka katatulukira, ndani angadziŵe ngati kali kachilengedwe kapena ngati kali kochita kusinthidwa chibadwa ndi asayansi a gulu la adani?

Kutsogola kwa zasayansi kwasintha maganizo a anthu ankhondo. Msilikali wina wa ku America wa nkhondo yapamadzi analemba kuti: “Anthu okonza zida angoyamba chabe kuona zimene angathe kuchita ndi sayansi yamakonoyi yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo. Munthu umaima mutu ukamaganizira kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene anthu adzatulukire m’tsogolomu kuposa zimene atulukira kale m’mbuyomu.

[Bokosi patsamba 26]

Kodi Nkhondo ya Zida Zofalitsa Tizilombo Topereka Matenda Njotani?

Mawu akuti “nkhondo ya zida zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda” amatanthauza kufalitsa mwadala matenda kwa anthu, zinyama, kapena mbewu. Matendaŵa amayamba tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso tikafalitsidwa pa zinthuzo. Tizilombo timeneti timaberekana (tina timapanga poizoni), ndipo kenaka zizindikiro za matendawo zimadzayamba kuonekera. Zida zina zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda zimapundula anthu zinanso zimawapha kumene. Ndipo zina angathe kuziika m’mbewu kuti zife.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 28, 29]

Zinthu Zofunika Kudziŵa Zokhudza Zida Zofalitsa Matenda

Anthrax: Matendaŵa n’ngopatsirana ndipo amayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya. Matendaŵa akangomuyamba kumene munthu, amakhala ngati chimfine. Kenaka pakapita masiku angapo, munthuyo amayamba kubanika kwambiri ndipo thupi lake limazizira modetsa nkhaŵa. Nthaŵi zambiri matendaŵa akadza motere amatha kupha munthu.

Anthu angathe kudziteteza kuti tizilombo ta matendaŵa tisawadwalitse pomwa mankhwala opha mabakiteriya. Ndi bwino kwambiri kulandira chithandizo mwamsanga chifukwa akachedwa n’zokayikitsa kuti munthuyo angachire.

Zoti anthu n’kupatsirana matendaŵa sizichitika kaŵirikaŵiri ndipo mwina sizingachitike n’komwe.

M’zaka zoyambira m’ma 1950, mayiko angapo anayamba kupanga zida za matenda a anthrax, kuphatikizapo dziko la United States ndiponso dziko limene linkatchedwa kuti Soviet Union. Mayiko okonza zida zofalitsa tizilombo topereka matenda analipo 10 mu 1989 ndipo anawonjezeka n’kukwana 17 mu 1995. Sizikudziŵika bwinobwino kuti ndi mayiko angati pamenepa amene akukonza zida za matenda a anthrax. Boma la United States litafufuza nkhani ya zidazi linaona kuti atati apopere tizilombo ta anthrax tolemera makilogalamu 100 mumzinda waukulu pangaoneke zoopsa zangati zimene zingaoneke ataponya bomba.

Botulism: Nthendayi imaumitsa minofu ndipo imayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya kamene kamapanga poizoni. Zizindikiro za matendaŵa amene amafalitsidwa kudzera m’chakudya n’zakuti wodwalayo amakhala ngati akuona zinthu ziŵiri kapena saona bwinobwino, zikope zimam’lemera, salankhula momveka, amavutika pomeza, ndiponso amatha malovu mkamwa. Minofu yake imafooka kungoyambira m’mapeŵamu n’kumapita m’munsi. Munthu akauma minofu imene imathandiza popuma angathe kufa. Matendaŵa siopatsirana.

Munthu akalandira mwamsanga mankhwala osungunula poizoni wa matendaŵa, matendaŵa amatha kufooka ndipo munthuyo angathe kuchira.

Poizoni wa matendaŵa ndi chida chimene amachikonda kwambiri pa nkhondo yogwiritsira ntchito tizilombo chifukwa chakuti ngwakupha kwambiri komanso ngosavuta kupanga ndiponso kunyamula. Chinanso n’chakuti, anthu amene ali ndi matendaŵa amafunika kuwasamalira kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Mayiko angapo akuwakayikira kuti akupanga zida za poizoni wa matendaŵa.

Mliri Wofalitsidwa ndi Makoswe: Aŵa ndi matenda osavuta kupatsirana amene amayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka bakiteriya. Matenda akuphaŵa akamuyamba munthu, munthuyo amamva kuphwanya m’thupi, mutu, kufooka, ndiponso amatsokomola. Kenaka tizilomboti timam’fooketseratu wodwalayo, zikatere ndiye kuti zamoyo palibe ngati sanalandire chithandizo mwamsanga.

Anthu amapatsirana matendaŵa kudzera m’malovu.

M’ma 1300, ku China matendaŵa anapha anthu pafupifupi 13 miliyoni ndipo ku Ulaya anapha anthu 20 miliyoni kapena mwina 30 miliyoni m’zaka zisanu zokha.

Cha m’ma 1950 ndi 1960, dziko la United States ndiponso dziko limene linkatchedwa Soviet Union linapanga njira zofalitsira mliriwu. Akuti zikuoneka kuti asayansi ambirimbiri anali kalikiliki kuti apeze njira yogwiritsira ntchito mliriwu ngati chida.

Nthomba: Aŵa ndi matenda osachedwa kufalikira popatsirana amene amayambitsidwa ndi kachilombo ka vairasi. Poyamba munthu amatentha thupi kwambiri, amakhala wotopa, amamva mutu, ndiponso msana. Kenaka amatuluka tizilonda towawa tamafinya. Munthu m’modzi pa atatu aliwonse amene amadwala matendaŵa amafa.

Matenda a nthomba anathetsedwa padziko lonse m’chaka cha 1977. Kupereka katemera wa nthomba kwa aliyense kunatha cha m’ma 1975. Zakuti panopo anthu amene panthaŵiyi anali atalandira kale katemerayu sangadwalebe matendaŵa n’zosatsimikizika. Matendaŵa alibe mankhwala otsimikizika.

Anthu amapatsirana matendaŵa kudzera m’malovu. Angafalikirenso kwa ena kudzera m’zofunda zimene zili ndi tizilombo ta matendaŵa.

Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1980, dziko la Soviet Union linakhazikitsa ntchito imene inayenda bwino yopanga tizilombo tochuluka kwambiri ta nthomba n’kutikonza mwakuti tingathe kuyenda m’mabomba ouluka n’kukafika m’mayiko akutsidya lina lanyanja zam’chere. Anayesetsanso kukonza tizilombo ta nthomba toopsa kwambiri ndiponso tosavuta kupatsirana.

[Chithunzi]

Kachilombo ka anthrax

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zachokera ku: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Studies.

Munthu wodwala matenda a anthrax: CDC, Atlanta, Ga.; kachilombo ka anthrax: ©Dr. Gary Gaugler, Photo Researchers; kachilombo ka botulism: CDC/Mwachilolezo cha Larry Stauffer, Oregon State Public Health Laboratory

Kachilombo ka mliri wa makoswe: Copyright Dennis Kunkel Microscopy, Inc.; kachilombo ka nthomba: ©Meckes, Gelderblom, Eye of Science, Photo Researchers; munthu wodwala nthomba: CDC/NIP/Barbara Rice

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Posachedwapa, makalata okhala ndi tizilombo ta matenda a anthrax anachititsa mantha anthu ambiri

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Axel Seidemann

[Chithunzi patsamba 27]

Mabomba aŵa a mankhwala akupha kapena a tizilombo topereka matenda anawawononga nkhondo ya ku Gulf itatha

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/MOD