Edzi Yafala mu Africa

“Tikulimbana ndi matenda amene akupha anthu mosaneneka.”

MAWU ameneŵa ananena ndi a Stephen Lewis amene ndi nthumwi yapadera ya bungwe la United Nations yoona za kachilombo ka HIV ndi matenda a Edzi mu Africa, ndipo anthu ambiri ali ndi nkhaŵa yomweyi poona kuti matenda a Edzi afika poipa kwambiri kum’mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara kuno.

Pali zinthu zingapo zimene zimachititsa kuti kachilombo ka HIV kafale. Ndiyeno Edzi nayonso yawonjezera mavuto ena amene analipo kale. Nthaŵi zambiri zinthu zotsatirazi n’zimene zimayambitsa mavuto amene ali m’madera ena a mu Africa ndiponso madera ena padziko lonse amene Edzi yafalako kwambiri.

 Khalidwe. Kachilombo ka HIV kamafalitsidwa makamaka pogonana, motero khalidwe losadziletsa ndi limene likufalitsa matendaŵa. Komabe anthu ambiri amaona kuti sizingatheke kulimbikitsa anthu osakwatira kuti adzisunge. Francois Dufour analemba m’nyuzipepala ya The Star ya ku Johannesburg, South Africa kuti, “Kungouza achinyamata kuti azidzisunga sikungathandize ayi. Tsiku lililonse amaona zinthu zodzutsa chilakolako chogonana zowasonyeza mmene ayenera kumaonekera komanso mmene ayenera kuchitira zinthu.”

Zimene ananenazi zikugwirizana ndithu ndi zimene achinyamata amachita. Mwachitsanzo m’dziko lina anapeza kuti wachinyamata m’modzi pa achinyamata atatu aliwonse a zaka za pakati pa 12 ndi 17 anachitapo zachiwerewere.

Kugwiririra akazi akuti kwasanduka vuto lalikulu kwambiri ku South Africa. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa Citizen ya ku Johannesburg inanena kuti, “kwafala kwambiri mwakuti kwaposa vuto lililonse lokhudza zaumoyo wa azimayi m’dziko lino, ndiponso kwayamba kukhudzanso kwambiri ana.” M’nkhani yomweyi ananenanso mfundo yakuti: “Kugwiririra ana kwachuluka kwambiri masiku ano . . . Zikuoneka kuti anthu akuchita zimenezi chifukwa cha kachikhulupiriro kakuti munthu wa kachilombo ka HIV amachira akagwiririra mtsikana amene sanagonepo ndi mwamuna.”

Matenda opatsirana pogonana. M’derali muli anthu ambiri odwala matenda ameneŵa. Magazini ya zachipatala yotchedwa  South African Medical Journal inati: “Munthu akakhala ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana m’posavuta kuti atenge kachilombo koyambitsa matendaŵa kamtundu wotchedwa HIV-1.”

Umphaŵi. Mayiko ambiri a mu Africa akulimbana ndi umphaŵi, ndipotu matenda a Edzi amafala kwambiri pakakhala umphaŵi. M’mayiko osauka mulibe zinthu zofunika pamoyo zimene zili zosavuta kupeza m’mayiko olemera. Anthu ambiri alibe magetsi ndiponso madzi abwino akumwa. M’madera akumidzi misewu njosalongosoka ndipo mwinanso mulibiretu misewu. Anthu ambiri a m’madera a kumidzi amadwala matenda opereŵera chakudya m’thupi, ndipo zipatala n’zosoŵa.

Matenda a Edzi amasokonezanso malonda ndiponso zintchito. M’makampani a migodi ntchito ikubwerera m’mbuyo chifukwa antchito awo ambiri akutenga matendaŵa. Moti makampani ena ayamba kuganiza zoti ayambe kugwiritsira ntchito makina pochita ntchito zinazake poti anthu antchito ayamba kuchepa. Akuti pamgodi wina m’chaka cha 2000, anthu odwala Edzi anaŵirikiza kamodzi, ndipo pafupifupi anthu 26 pa 100 aliwonse ogwira ntchito pamgodiwo anatenga kachilombo ka matendaŵa.

Chinthu chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri pa matenda a Edzi ndicho kuchuluka kwa ana amene amadzakhala amasiye. Pamwamba pa imfa ya makolo awowo ndiponso mavuto a zachuma, ana ameneŵa amachitanso manyazi ndi matendaŵa. Achibale awo kapena achinansi nthaŵi zambiri amakhala osauka moti sangathe kuwasamalira kapena mwina safuna kutero. Ana ambiri amasiye samaliza sukulu. Ena amayamba kuchita uhule n’kumawonjezera kufalitsa matendaŵa. Mayiko angapo akhazikitsa mabungwe aboma kapena odziimira paokha kuti athandize ana amasiyeŵa.

Kusadziŵa. Anthu ambiri amene ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV sadziŵa kuti ali nako. Ambiri safuna n’komwe kukayezedwa chifukwa choopa kuti akapezedwa ndi matendaŵa anthu adzayamba kuwasankha. Chikalata chimene bungwe la UNAIDS linafalitsa chinati: “Anthu amene ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV kapena amene akuganiziridwa kuti ali nako, amatha kuwakana akapita kuchipatala, kuwakana akafuna kuloŵa nyumba ndiponso ntchito, anzawo amawathaŵa, makampani a inshuwalansi amawakana, ndiponso maboma ena amawakaniza kuloŵa m’dziko lawo.” Ena mpaka aphedwapo atadziŵidwa kuti ali ndi kachilomboka.

Miyambo. M’miyambo yambiri ya ku Africa, akazi nthaŵi zambiri alibe mphamvu zoti angaletse amuna awo kuchita zibwenzi kapenanso kukana kugona nawo ngakhalenso kukambirana nawo zoti m’banjamo azigwiritsira ntchito njira zina zothandiza kupeŵera matendaŵa. Zikhulupiriro zambiri zimasonyeza kusadziŵa bwino matenda a Edzi. Mwachitsanzo, ena amangoti zimenezi n’zamuwanthu ndiyeno amapita kwa asing’anga kukafuna mankhwala.

 Kuchepa kwa zipatala. Zipatala n’zochepa kale ndiye zinthu zachita kunyanya n’kubwera kwa Edziku. Zipatala zina zikuluzikulu ziŵiri zinanena kuti odwala oposa theka la odwala onse ogonera m’zipatalazo ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV. Dokotala wamkulu wa pachipatala china cha ku KwaZulu-Natal anati zipinda zawo zonse za odwala n’zodzaza kale koma m’chipinda chilichonse anawonjezeramonso odwala ena 40. Nthaŵi zina pabedi limodzi pamagona odwala aŵiri, ndipo munthu wina wachitatu amagona pansi pawo! Inatero magazini ya South African Medical Journal.

Inde zinthu zafika poipa ku Africa kuno komatu zikuoneka kuti ziposa pamenepa. A Peter Piot a m’bungwe la UNAIDS anati: “Mliri umenewu wangoyamba kumene.”

N’zosachita kufunsa kuti m’mayiko ena anthu akuyesetsa kulimbana ndi matendaŵa. Ndipo kwa nthaŵi yoyamba mu June 2001 Gulu Loyang’anira Ntchito za Bungwe la United Nations linapanga msonkhano wapadera wokambirana za kachilombo ka HIV ndi matenda a Edzi. Kodi zimene anthu akuyesa kuchita ziphula kanthu? Kodi mliri wopulula anthu wa Edzi udzagonjetsedwa liti?

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 5]

NKHANI YA MANKHWALA A EDZI OTCHEDWA NEVIRAPINE INAVUTA KU SOUTH AFRICA

Kodi mankhwala a nevirapine ngotani? Wolemba nkhani wina dzina lake Nicole Itano anati, aŵa ndi “mankhwala oletsa kuchulukana kwa tizilombo ta mavairasi amene atawayesa anapeza kuti angathe kuthandiza kwambiri kuti [mayi] asapatsire mwana wake matenda a Edzi.” Kampani ina yopanga mankhwala ya ku Germany inadzipereka kuti izipatsa dziko la South Africa mankhwalaŵa kwaulere kwa zaka zisanu. Komabe mpaka pofika mwezi wa August chaka cha 2001, boma la dzikoli linali lisanavomerebe kuti likufuna kumalandira mankhwalaŵa. Kodi vuto linali chiyani?

Dziko la South Africa ndi limene lili ndi anthu ochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse a kachilombo ka HIV pakuti angotsala pang’ono kufika 5 miliyoni. Mu February 2002, magazini ya The Economist ya ku London inanena kuti mtsogoleri wa dziko la South Africa a Thabo Mbeki “amakayikira zimene anthu ambiri amavomereza zakuti kachilombo ka HIV kamayambitsa matenda a Edzi” ndipo “amakayikira ngati mankhwala ochepetsa mphamvu ya Edziŵa sangawonongetse ndalama zambiri, osawononga thupi ndiponso ngati ali othandizadi. Mtsogoleriyu sanaletse mankhwalaŵa ayi, koma madokotala a ku South Africa anawauza kuti asamawagwiritse ntchito.” Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zili zodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri? Chifukwa chakuti ku South Africa kumabadwa ana masauzande ambirimbiri okhala n’kachilomboka chaka n’chaka ndipo azimayi apakati 25 pa 100 aliwonse ali ndi kachilomboka.

Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana pankhani imeneyi, boma analidulira chisamani kuti alikakamize kuti liyambe kugaŵira mankhwalaŵa. Khoti la ku South Africa loona za malamulo oyendetsera dzikolo linagamula nkhaniyi mu April 2002. M’nyuzipepala ya The Washington Post, Ravi Nessman analemba kuti khotili linati, “boma liyenera kupereka mankhwalaŵa m’zipatala zonse zimene zingathe kuwagwiritsa ntchito bwino.” Inde n’zoona kuti dziko la South Africa linkapereka mankhwalaŵa m’malo 18 osiyanasiyana pofuna kuwayesa, komano chigamulo chimenechi akuti chinachitititsa azimayi onse apakati okhala ndi kachilomboka kuti apeze polimbira mtima.

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 6]

KACHILOMBO KACHINYENGO KOSOKONEZA MPHAMVU ZOTETEZA THUPI

Tatiyeni tioneko pang’ono chabe mmene kamakhalira kachilombo kakang’ono kwambiri kotchedwa HIV. Wasayansi wina anati: “Kwa zaka zambiri ndakhala ndikuona tizilombo tamavairasi tosiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito makina oonera tinthu tosaoneka ndi maso paokha, koma kachilombo aka kokha kamandidabwitsabe chifukwa n’kakang’ono koma n’kodabwitsa kwambiri moti n’kovuta kukafotokoza.”

Tizilombo totchedwa mavairasi n’tating’ono potiyerekezera ndi tizilombo totchedwa mabakiteriya. Komano tizilombo ta bakiteriya n’tating’ono kwambiri potiyerekezera ndi maselo a m’thupi lamunthu omwe n’tinthu tating’ono kwambiri timene anaumbira thupili. Buku lina linati, kachilombo ka HIV n’kakang’ono kwambiri moti “tizilombo totere 230 miliyoni tingathe kukwana pa kadontho kamene kali pamapeto pa mawu amene mukuŵerengaŵa.” Kachilombo ka vairasi sikatha kuberekana pokhapokha kakaloŵa m’selo ya chinthu chinachake chamoyo n’kuilanda mphamvu seloyo.

Kachilombo ka HIV kakaloŵa m’thupi la munthu, kamayamba kulimbana ndi mphamvu zoteteza thupilo. * Mphamvuzi zimapangidwa m’kati mwa mafupa ndipo zimakhala mkati mwa maselo amitundu iŵiri, mtundu wotchedwa T ndi wotchedwa B. Maselo ena oteteza amaphwasula maselo ofuna kuwononga thupi.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo amtundu wa T imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyananso. Maselo ena amtunduwu omwe amawatcha kuti othandizira ndi amene amagwira ntchito yaikulu polimbana ndi adani a thupi. Maselo othandiziraŵa amathandiza kuona ngati m’thupi mwaloŵa adani ndipo amauza thupi kuti lipange maselo ena amene amalimbana ndi adaniwo mpaka kuwagonjetsa. Kachilombo ka HIV makamaka kamalimbana ndi maselo othandiziraŵa. Ndiye pali mtundu wina wa maselo a mtundu wa T amene amaphwasula maselo a m’thupi amene aloŵedwa matenda. Maselo amtundu wa B ndi amene amatulutsa mphamvu zoteteza thupi ku matenda.

Kamanyenga Maselo a M’thupi

Kachilombo ka HIV kali m’gulu la tizilombo tavairasi timene timangobisala m’thupi kwa nthaŵi yaitali tisanayambe kuonetsa zizindikiro zamatenda.

Kachilombo ka HIV kakangoloŵa m’selo ya thupi, kamatha kuisokoneza seloyo kuti izichita zinthu zokapindulitsa ikoko. Kamaisokoneza seloyo kuti iyambe kukachulukitsa kachilomboko. Koma kasanatero kamayamba kaye kaipusitsa seloyo kuti izikaona ngati selo inzake. Kamatero posintha maonekedwe ake kuti kanyenge seloyo. Mapeto ake seloyo imafa, koma itapanga tizilombo tambirimbiri ta HIV. Tizilombo tatsopanoti timakaloŵa m’maselo ena.

Maselo amtundu wa T othandiza aja akapunguka kwambiri m’thupi, tizilombo tina timatengerapo mwayi woloŵa m’thupilo popanda kuopa chilichonse. Motero thupilo limatha kugwidwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Zikatero m’pamene amati munthuyo ali ndi Edzi. Ndiye kuti kachilombo ka HIV kaonongeratu mphamvu zoteteza thupi.

Apa tangonena mwachidule chabe, chifukwatu pali zinthu zambiri zokhudza chitetezo cha thupi ndiponso kachilomboka zimene ofufuza sakudziŵabe.

Pazaka pafupifupi makumi aŵiri zapitazi akatswiri ofufuza za mankhwala padziko lonse akhala akulimbana ndi kachilomboka mwamtima bii ndipo kawaonongetsa ndalama zambiri. Motero pali zambiri zimene adziŵa zokhudza kachilombo ka HIV. Zaka zingapo zapitazo dokotala wina wa opaleshoni dzina lake Dr. Sherwin B. Nuland anati: “Zimene ofufuza . . . apeza zokhudza kachilombo kowononga chitetezo cha thupika ndiponso njira zimene atulukira zolimbana ndi kachilomboka n’zodabwitsa kwambiri.”

Komabe, mliri woopsa wa Edzi ukupitiriza kupulula anthu mochititsa mantha.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi]

Kachilombo ka HIV kamaloŵerera m’maselo oteteza thupi n’kuwasokoneza kuti ayambe kuchulukitsa kachilomboko

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

CDC, Atlanta, Ga.

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

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