Galimoto, Zamakedzana ndi Zamakono

YAMBANI

Galimoto, Zamakedzana ndi Zamakono

KUYAMBIRA kale kwambiri, anthu akhala akuganizapo kwambiri pa za kayendedwe. Poyamba, ankadalira zinyama kuti ayende maulendo. Komabe pankafunika njira zina zabwinopo. Chinthu chomwe chinathandiza kwambiri kuti izi zitheke anali magudumu, omwe anachititsa kuti ayambe kukonza ngolo ndi zikuku zokokedwa ndi akavalo. Komabe m’zaka za m’ma 1800 anthu anayamba kupanga zinthu zotsogola zomwe sankaziganizirako n’kale lonse, ndipo zinthu zinasinthiratu pankhani ya kayendedwe.

Injini Zamphamvuko

Chakumapeto kwa m’ma 1850, Nikolaus August Otto wa ku Germany anapanga injini yoyendera petulo yomwe m’kupita kwa nthaŵi inaloŵa m’malo mwa injini za malasha ndiponso za magetsi. Carl Benz ndi Gottlieb Daimler a ku Germany ndiwo anayamba kupanga galimoto ku Ulaya. M’chaka cha 1885, Benz anayendetsa galimoto ya mawiro atatu ya injini yoyendera mafuta yomwe m’masiku amenewo ndiyo inali yamphamvu ndithu. Kuyambira m’chaka cha 1872, Daimler anakhala akupanga injini za mpweya wa gasi koma osati za galimoto. Patatha zaka zoposa khumi, iye mogwirizana ndi Wilhelm Maybach anapanga injini yokhala ndi kabuleta yomwe inathandiza kuti injiniyo iziyendera petulo.

Patapita nthaŵi pang’ono, Daimler ndi Maybach anapanga injini ina yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa yoyamba ija. Kenako, anapanga injini yachiŵiri, yomwe anaimangirira panjinga n’kuiyendetsa koyamba pa November 10, 1885. M’chaka cha 1926 makampani a Daimler ndi Benz anaphatikizana n’kupanga kampani imodzi, n’kumagulitsa zinthu zawo pogwiritsira ntchito dzina lakuti Mercedes-Benz. * Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti anthu aŵiriŵa sanaonanepo n’kamodzi komwe.

M’chaka cha 1890 Afalansa aŵiri, Emile Levassor ndi René Panhard, anapanga galimoto ya mawiro anayi yomwe injini yake anaiika chapakati pa galimotoyo. Chaka chotsatira iwo anaika injiniyo kutsogolo kwa galimotoyo, komwe inkatetezeka ku fumbi ndiponso matope m’misewu ya fumbi.

Kuwanditsa Galimoto

Galimoto zoyambirira zinali zokwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu ambiri sankatha kugula. Koma zinthu zinasintha m’chaka cha 1908 pamene Henry Ford anayambitsa fakitale yopanga galimoto za mtundu wa Model T. Galimoto za mtunduwu zinasinthiratu malonda onse a galimoto. Zinali zotsika mtengo, zogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ndiponso zosavuta kusamalira. Ngakhale anthu osapata kwenikweni ankakwanitsa kuzigula. * Malinga ndi zimene linanena buku lonena za galimoto lakuti Great Cars of the 20th Century, akuti galimoto za mtundu wa Model T “ndi zimene zinathandiza kuti anthu a ku America, kenako anthu a padziko lonse, azitha kupeza galimoto.”

Tsopano papita zaka pafupifupi 100 ndipo anthu ambiri akuona galimoto kukhala chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa moyo osati monga chinthu chongosangalatsa moyo. Ndipotu, kafukufuku wina yemwe anamulemba m’nyuzipepala ya ku London ya Independent anasonyeza kuti nthaŵi zina anthu amayenda pagalimoto ngakhale pa kamtunda kosakwana n’komwe kilomita imodzi.

Galimoto za masiku ano n’zotsogola kwambiri motero zimathamanga kwambiri komanso munthu ukakweramo umakhala wotetezeka. Inde, m’mayiko angapo kufa pangozi kwacheperako m’zaka zingapo zapitazi. Kwa anthu ena maonekedwe a galimoto alibe ntchito koma kuti munthu azikhala wotetezeka akaikwera. Mwachitsanzo, kukonza bwino malo ena ndi ena a galimoto kwathandiza kuti panthaŵi yangozi malo ena a galimoto azipindika mosavuta ndipo malo a dalaivala ndi anthu ena m’galimotomo amakhala olimba kuti awateteze. Mabuleki osagwira kamodzin’kamodzi amathandiza kuti galimoto isachite ngozi m’misewu yoterera. Malamba omanga patatu amateteza pachifuwa komanso chiuno, pamene machubu omwe amafwamphuka pakamachitika ngozi angathandize kuti mutu usamenye chiwongolero kapena kumenya kutsogolo kwa galimoto. *

Inde, ngakhale zili choncho kuyendetsa bwino n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa zonsezo. Nyuzipepala ya El Economista, ya mu mzinda wa Mexico City inati: “Kukonza galimoto zoti ziziwateteza kwambiri anthu sikungapindule chilichonse ngati sitiyendetsa moyenerera; ngakhale umisiri wapamwamba chotani wothandiza kuteteza munthu pangozi sungatipulumutse ngati tiswa malamulo achidziŵikire.”

Galimoto zina za masiku ano zimangokhala ngati nyumba imene. Zina zili ndi wailesi ya ma CD, wailesi yakanema, telefoni, ndiponso zipangizo zapadera zothandizira kuti munthu azitha kusintha kamvekedwe ka mawu a wailesi komanso katenthedwe ka m’galimotomo kutsogolo kapenanso kumbuyo. Palinso galimoto zina zomwe zili ndi kachipangizo kodziŵitsa munthu pamene ali, zomwe zikuthandiza madalaivala kupeza njira yachidule yopita komwe akufuna. Tizipangizo tina timadziŵitsa madalaivala mavuto a misewu. Inde, kwa anthu ambiri, kukhala ndi zipangizo zatsopano kwambiri ndiponso galimoto zongotuluka kumene kumasonyeza kuti ndiwe mpondamatiki, ndipo okonza galimoto pamodzi ndi otsatsa malonda akupezerapo mwayi pamenepo.

Monga mmene taoneramu, galimoto zasintha kwambiri kuchokera pamene zinayamba kupangidwa zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo. Tikamaziyendetsa mosamala, zingatithandize kwambiri pa nthaŵi ya ntchito kapena maulendo okasangalala.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

^ ndime 5 Emil Jellinek, amene anapereka ndalama zambiri zoyendetsera kampani ya Daimler, anaganiza zoti galimoto zatsopanozo azizitcha dzina la mwana wake wamkazi, Mercedes. Iye ankaopa kuti galimoto za dzina la Chijeremani lakuti Daimler sizingakayende malonda ku France.

^ ndime 8 Poyamba galimotozi ankazigulitsa pa mtengo wa madola 850 koma podzafika m’chaka cha 1924 galimoto yongopangidwa kumene ya mtundu wa Ford ankaigulitsa pa mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa madola 260 okha basi. Anapitiriza kupanga galimoto za mtundu wa Model T kwa zaka 19, ndipo m’zaka zimenezi anapanga galimoto zoposa 15 miliyoni.

^ ndime 10 Machubuŵa angakhale oopsa makamaka kwa ana ndiponso anthu achikulire afupiafupi ngati akugwiritsidwa ntchito monga chinthu chokhacho chothandizira kuti munthu asavulale kwambiri pangozi.

[Tchati/Zithunzi pamasamba 22-25]

Zaka taikazi ndi za nthaŵi yomwe galimoto za mtundu umenewu zinkapangidwa

1885 Benz Motor Car

Galimoto yoyamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse

1907-25 Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost

Yothamanga kwambiri,yamphamvu, yosapanga phokoso, yapamwamba, ndiponso yodalirika

1908-27 Ford Model T

Inachititsa kuti ayambe kupanga galimoto zambiri; galimoto zoposa 15,000,000 zinagulitsidwa

Kumbuyoko: Fakitale yopangira galimoto za mtundu wa Ford

1930-7 Cadillac V16 7.4-L

Galimoto yoyambirira padziko lonse ya injini yamphamvu kwambiri

1939 mpaka panopo Volkswagen Beetle

(Kamba kapena Kabenene) Anapanga galimoto zoposa 20,000,000. Beetle yamakono (m’munsi kumanzere) inatuluka m’chaka cha 1998

1941 mpaka panopo Jeep

Mwina ndiye galimoto yosasoŵa padziko lonse

1948-65 Porsche 356

Anatengera kapangidwe ka Volkswagen Beetle; galimotoyi ndi yomwe inatchukitsa Porsche

1952-7 Mercedes-Benz 300SL

Ankainena mwantchedzera kuti Gullwing chifukwa cha zitseko zake zokhala ngati mapiko, inali galimoto yoyamba yopanda tchasisi ndiponso ya injini yosagwiritsira ntchito kabuleta

1955-68 Citroën DS 19

Inali ndi chiwongolero chofeŵa, mabuleki opopa, magiya anayi ndiponso yosamveka mabampu

1959 mpaka panopo Mini

Galimoto yosiyana ndi zina zonse imeneyi komanso yotchuka inkachitanso bwino kwambiri m’mipikisano

1962-4 Ferrari 250 GTO

Inali ndi injini yamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo inkathamanga kwambiri pamipikisano

1970-3 Datsun 240

Galimoto yodalirika ndiponso yotsika mtengo yochitira mipikisano

1970 mpaka panopo Range Rover

Akuti ndiye galimoto yabwino kwambiri kuyendera m’misewu yoipa

1984–panopo Chrysler Minivan

Inathandiza kuti anthu ayambe kukonda kwambiri galimoto zing’onozing’ono zooneka ngati minibasi

Thrust SSC

Pa October 15, 1997, pamene chinkadutsa m’chipululu cha Black Rock, ku Nevada, ku U.S.A., chigalimoto cha ngati ndegechi chinkathamanga makilomita 1,228 pa ola

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Benz-Motorcar: DaimlerChrysler Classic; background: Brown Brothers; Model T: Courtesy of VIP Classics; Rolls-Royce: Photo courtesy of Rolls-Royce & Bentley Motor Cars

Jeep: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; black Beetle: Courtesy Vintage Motors of Sarasota; yellow Beetle: VW Volkswagen AG

Chrysler Minivan: Courtesy of DaimlerChrysler Corporation; Datsun: Nissan North America; Thrust SSC: AP Photo/Dusan Vranic

GALAMUKANI!