N’chifukwa Chiyani Ayambiranso?

PAFUPIFUPI zaka 40 zapitazo, anthu ankaganiza kuti matenda odziŵika bwino omwe amafalitsidwa ndi tizilombo, monga matenda a malungo, chikasu, ndiponso chingwangwa angotsala pang’ono kutheratu padziko lonse. Komano anadabwa kwambiri kuona matendaŵa atayambiranso.

N’chifukwa chiyani anayambiranso? Chifukwa chimodzi n’chakuti tizilombo tina totere ndiponso majeremusi amene timatenga anayamba kusamva mankhwala. Tizilombo ndiponso majeremusi amatha kuzoloŵera mankhwala paokha komano chawonjezera vutoli ndicho kukonda kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ndiponso kuwagwiritsira ntchito molakwika. Buku lina lonena za udzudzu, linati, “m’makomo ambiri osauka anthu akamalandira mankhwala n’kuona kuti ayamba kupezako bwino, amasunga mankhwala otsalawo kuti adzawagwiritsire ntchito akadzadwalanso.” Chifukwa choti anthuŵa amakhala asanachire kwenikweni, majeremusi amene sanafe ndi mankhwalawo amatha kuchulukana n’kuyamba kusamvanso mankhwala.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa zochitika za chilengedwe ndiponso zochita za anthu n’komwe makamaka kwachititsa kuti matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo ayambirenso. Chitsanzo chabwino pankhaniyi ndicho kusintha kwa nyengo ya padziko lonse. Asayansi ena akuona kuti poti dziko lonse layamba kutentherapo, tizilombo totenga matenda tifika m’madera amene panopa ali ozizirirapo. Ndipo zimenezi zikuoneka kuti zayamba kale kuchitika. Dr. Paul R. Epstein wa m’dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ndi zachilengedwe, pa koleji ya zachipatala ya Harvard anati: “Tizilombo ndiponso matenda amene tizilomboti timafalitsa (kuphatikizapo malungo ndi chingwangwa) masiku ano akuti tayamba kupezeka m’madera okwera a ku Africa, Asia, ndi Latin America.” Ku Costa Rica, matenda a chingwangwa afika chaposachedwapa kuseli kwa mapiri a m’dzikoli amene m’mbuyo monsemo ankachititsa kuti matendaŵa azingopezeka m’mphepete mwa nyanja ya Pacific, koma panopo matendaŵa afala m’dziko lonselo.

Komatu kutentha kumawonongetsa zinthu zambiri. M’madera ena kutentha kumachititsa kuti mitsinje idukeduke ndipo m’madera ena kumachititsa kuti kugwe chimvula ndiponso kuti madzi asefukire n’kumapezeka atadikha malo osiyanasiyana a kumtunda. Zinthu ziŵiri zonsezi zimachititsa kuti pakhale zithaphwi zimene udzudzu umaswanamo. Kutentha kumachititsanso kuti udzudzu uziswana pafupipafupi, motero umachulukana kwambiri ndipo nyengo yokhala ndi udzudzu wambiri imatalika. Kukamatentha m’pamene udzudzu umasangalala kwambiri. Kutenthako kumakafika mpaka m’mimba mwa udzudzuwo n’kuchititsa kuti majeremusi a m’mimbamo aswane kwambiri, motero m’posavuta kuti munthu atenge matenda akalumidwa kamodzi kokha ndi udzudzuwo. Komatu palinso zinthu zina zodetsa nkhaŵa.

Chitsanzo cha Mmene Matenda Amafalira

Kusintha kwa zochita za anthu kungachititsenso kuti matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo afale. Kuti timvetse zimenezi, m’pofunika kuti tione bwinobwino mbali imene tizilombo timachita pofalitsa matenda. Matenda ambiri safalitsidwa ndi tizilombo patokha koma tizilomboto timangokhala chinthu chimodzi chabe pa zinthu zingapo zimene zimathandiza kuti matendawo afale. Zinyama kapena mbalame zimatha kufalitsa matenda zikakhala ndi tizilombo pathupi pawo kapena zikakhala ndi majeremusi m’magazi mwawo. Nyamayo kapena mbalameyo ikapanda kufa ndi majeremusiŵa, imatha kumangosunga matendawo.

Chitsanzo ndi matenda enaake amene anadziŵidwa m’chaka cha 1975 otchedwa Lyme omwe angayambitse nyamakazi. Dzina la matendaŵa linachokera pa dzina la dera lina la mumzinda wa Connecticut ku United States lotchedwa Lyme chifukwa uku n’kumene anatulukira matendaŵa. Mwina majeremusi amene amayambitsa matendaŵa anafika kumeneku zaka 100 zapitazo atatengedwa ndi makoswe kapena ziŵeto zomwe zinali m’sitima za pamadzi zochokera ku Ulaya. Pali tinkhupakupa tina timene timati tikayamwa magazi a nyama yokhala ndi  matenda, majeremusi a matendawo amakhala m’mimba mwa tinkhupakupato kwa moyo wake wonse. Ndiye tinkhupakupa timeneti tikakaluma nyama ina kapena munthu, majeremusiŵa amatha kukaloŵa m’magazi mwake.

Kumpoto chakum’maŵa kwa dziko la United States matenda ameneŵa akhalako kuyambira kale. Mbeŵa zinazake zoyera m’mapazi n’zimene zimasunga matendaŵa kumeneko. Mbeŵazi zimakhalanso ndi nkhupakupa, makamaka nkhupakupa zomwe zidakali zazing’ono. Nkhupakupa zikakula zimakonda nyama zinazake zangati gwape ndipo nkhupakupazi zimayamwa magazi ake n’kumaberekana panyamazo. Nkhupakupa yaikazi ikakhuta magazi, imagwa pansi n’kuyamba kuikira mazira ndipo kenaka imaswa tinkhupakupa tina timenenso timadzachita zomwezomwezo.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Zina

Majeremusi akhala zaka zambiri ndi zinyama ndiponso tizilombo koma kwa zaka zonsezo sankadwalitsa anthu. Komano zinthu zina zikasintha matenda aang’ono amatha kufalikira n’kufika povutitsa kwambiri. Koma kodi chinasintha n’chiyani pa matenda amene amatha kuyambitsa nyamakaziŵa?

M’mbuyomo nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zinzake zinkathandiza kuti nkhupakupa tazitchula zija zisafike kwa anthu chifukwa zinkadya nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi nkhupakupazo. Anthu oyambirira kukhazikika ku United States kuchokera ku Ulaya atadula nkhalango n’cholinga chopanga minda, nyama zangati gwape zokhala ndi nkhupakupa zija zinachepa kwambiri ndipo nyama zomwe zinkadya nyamazi zinathaŵako. Koma cha m’ma 1850 minda yambiri inasiyidwa chifukwa anthu anayamba kukalima kumadera a chakumadzulo kwa dzikolo, motero mindayi inayamba kusandukanso nkhalango. Nyama zangati gwape zija zinabwererakonso koma zinyama zomwe zinkazigwira zija sizinabwerereko. Motero nyama zangati gwapezo zinachulukana kwadzaoneni, ndipo nkhupakupa nazo zinaswana.

Kenaka panthaŵi ina, nyama zangati gwapezi zinayamba kukhala ndi majeremusi a matenda otha kuyambitsa nyamakazi aja koma majeremusiŵa anakhala zaka zambiri asanafike povutitsa anthu. Ndiyeno anthu a mumzinda atayamba kumanga nyumba m’mphepete mwa nkhalangozi, ana ndiponso anthu aakulu ambiri anayamba kuloŵerera dera la nkhupakupazi. Motero anthu anayamba kukhala ndi nkhupakupazi n’kuyamba kutenga matendaŵa.

Matenda M’dziko Losinthasinthali

Zimene talongosolazi zikungosonyeza njira imodzi chabe imene matenda amayambira ndi kufalira ndiponso chitsanzo chimodzi chokha cha mmene zochita  za anthu zimabukitsira matendawo. Katswiri wina wa nkhani zachilengedwe, Eugene Linden analemba m’buku lake lakuti The Future in Plain Sight kuti: “Pafupifupi matenda onse akale amene ayamba kubwera mwamphamvu, ayambiranso chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.” Nazi zitsanzo zinanso zochepa chabe pa mfundo yomweyi: Masiku ano m’madera ambiri anthu amatha kuyenda mosavuta ndiponso mofulumira kwabasi motero majeremusi ndiponso tizilombo tokhala ndi majeremusiŵa timatha kufalikira padziko lonse. Kuwononga malo okhala zolengedwa zing’onozing’ono ngakhalenso zikuluzikulu kukuthetsa mitundu ina ya zolengedwa. Linden uja anati: “Chifukwa chakuti mpweya ndiponso madzi akuwonongedwa, mphamvu zoteteza matenda m’matupi a zinyama ndiponso a anthu zikufooka.” Ndiye anatchulaponso mawu a Dr. Epstein akuti: “Mfundo yaikulu apa njakuti zochita za anthu pa chilengedwe zikulepheretsa dzikoli kulimbana ndi matenda, motero zapereka mpata woti majeremusi achulukane.”

Kusamvana pa zandale kumayambitsa nkhondo zimene zimawononga chilengedwe komanso zinthu zina zofunika kuti anthu akhale ndi thanzi ndiponso chakudya. Kuphatikiza pa vuto limeneli magazini yotchedwa Biobulletin yomwe ndi magazini ya bungwe la American Museum of Natural History inati: “Othaŵa nkhondo, omwe amakhala opereŵedwa chakudya ndiponso ofooka, nthaŵi zambiri amakaponyedwa m’makampu okhala mopanikizana kwambiri ndiponso mwauve moti munthu angathe kudwala matenda osiyanasiyana.”

 Kusayenda bwino kwa zachuma kumachititsa anthu kusamukira kwina, mwina m’dziko lawo lomwelo kapena kunja, makamaka m’mizinda imene anthu amachita kukhala mopanikizana. Magazini ya Biobulletin ija inati: “Majeremusi amakonda malo amene anthu akukhala mopanikizana.” Anthu akayamba kuchuluka kwambiri mumzinda, “nthaŵi zambiri ntchito zothandiza pa zaumoyo, monga maphunziro a sukulu, a zakudya za magulu, ndiponso zolandiritsa katemera, sizingawakwanire anthu onsewo.” Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumawonjezeranso vuto la madzi, zimbudzi, ndiponso kotaya zinyalala, ndipo zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti mumzinda musamakhale mwaukhondo ndiponso kuti anthu paokha azikhala mwauve ndipo zikatere tizilombo tosiyanasiyana totenga matenda timachulukana. Komabe sikuti zinthu zachita kufika poti sizingasinthenso ayi ndipo nkhani yotsatirayi ifotokoza zimenezi.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 27]

“Pafupifupi matenda onse akale amene ayamba kubwera mwamphamvu, ayambiranso chifukwa cha zochita za anthu.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Majeremusi a ku Nile Aloŵerera ku America

Majeremusi amene amapezeka m’dera la kumadzulo kwa mtsinje wa Nile amene amafalitsidwa ndi udzudzu, anawatulukira mu 1937 ku Uganda ndipo kenaka anawapeza ku Middle East, Asia, Oceania, ndi ku Ulaya. Majeremusiŵa anali asanaonekepo m’chigawo cha kumadzulo kwa dziko lapansi lino mpaka mu 1999. Koma kuyambira nthaŵi imeneyo, anthu opitirira 3,000 apezeka ndi matenda oyambitsidwa ndi majeremusiŵa ku United States ndipo anthu opitirira 200 afa nawo kale.

Anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matendaŵa sadziŵa n’komwe kuti ali nawo, ngakhale kuti ena amayamba kumva kuphwanya m’thupi ngati kuti ali ndi chimfine. Koma anthu ochepa chabe ndi amene amadwala matenda akuluakulu monga kutupa ubongo ndiponso kukhala ndi matenda oumitsa khosi ndi msana. Pakadali pano palibe katemera aliyense kapena mankhwala alionse ochiritsa matenda obwera ndi majeremusiŵa. Bungwe loona za matenda la U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention linachenjeza kuti munthu angathenso kutenga matendaŵa akamuika chiwalo kapena magazi a munthu amene ali ndi matendawo. M’chaka cha 2002, bungwe lofalitsa nkhani la Reuters linati: “Pakali pano palibe njira iliyonse yoyezera magazi ngati ali ndi matenda obwera ndi majeremusi ameneŵa.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

CDC/James D. Gathany

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 24 and 25]

Kodi Mungadziteteze Bwanji? Nawa Malangizo Ena

Olemba Galamukani! anayankhula ndi anthu a m’madera osiyanasiyana momwe mwachuluka tizilombo ndiponso matenda omwe timafalitsa. Ankafuna kuti amve kwa anthuŵa malangizo ofunika kuti munthu apeŵe kudwala. Inunso mwina mungaone kuti malangizoŵa angakuthandizeni kwanuko.

Chachikulu ndi Ukhondo

▪ Panyumba panu pazikhala paukhondo

“Vundikirani chilichonse chimene muli zakudya. Chakudya chophika chizikhala chovundikira mpaka pamene muyambe kuchidya. Chakudya chikatayikira penapake muzikonzapo nthaŵi yomweyo. Mbale zisamagone zosatsuka ndiponso osamataya panja zakudya zotsala n’cholinga choti mudzazichotsa maŵa lake. Muzizivundikira kapena kuzikwirira, chifukwa chakuti tizilombo kapena makoswe amatuluka usiku pofunafuna chakudya. Chinanso chimathandiza kuti m’nyumba musamavute kusamalira ndiponso kukhala mopanda tizilombo ndicho kuthiramo simenti ngakhale pang’ono chabe.”—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

“M’nyumba musamasungemo zipatso ndiponso chinthu chilichonse chimene chimaitana tizilombo. Ziŵeto monga mbuzi, nkhumba, nkhuku zisamakhale m’nyumba ayi. Zimbudzi zapanja zizikhala zovundikira. Kwirirani mwamsanga paliponse pali ndowe kapena thiranipo laimu kuti zisaitane ntchentche. Ngakhale anthu oyandikana nanu atakhala kuti satero, inuyo mukamatero mungathebe kuchepetsa tizilombo komanso mungawapatse chitsanzo chabwino.”—Ochokera ku South America.

[Chithunzi]

Kusavundikira zakudya kapena zinyalala n’chimodzimodzi n’kuitana tizilombo kuti tidzadye nanu chakudya

▪ Muzidzisamala

“Sopo siwokwera mtengo kwenikweni, motero muzikonda kusamba m’manja kuchapa zovala, makamaka mukagwirana ndi anthu kapena mukagwira ziŵeto. Pewani kugwira nyama zakufa zokha. Musamakonde kugwira pakamwa, m’mphuno, ndiponso m’maso. Muzichapachapa zovala zanu ngakhale zitamaoneka ngati n’zoyera. Komano chenjerani ndi sopo wonunkhira kapena zinthu zina zotere chifukwa zimatha kuitana tizilombo.”—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

Mmene Mungapewere Tizilombo

▪ Musakhale ndi zinthu zimene udzudzu umaswanamo

Vundikirani migolo ya madzi ndiponso mabafa ochapira. Chotsani tizitini kapena zinthu zina zonse zimene zimasunga madzi. M’zitini za maluŵa musamakhale madzi. Udzudzu ungathe kuberekana m’madzi aliwonse odikha amene akhala masiku opitirira anayi.—Ochokera ku Southeast Asia.

▪ Samalani ndi Tizilombo

Muzisamala ikakwana nthaŵi imene tizilombo timakonda kudya ndiponso muzipewa malo amene timakonda. M’madera otentha dzuŵa limaloŵa msanga, motero anthu amachita zinthu zambiri kunja kutada, ndipo nthaŵi imeneyi ndi imene tizilombo tambiri timasangalala. Matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo akafala, m’posavuta kuwatenga mukamakhala ndiponso kugona panja.—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

[Chithunzi]

Kugona panja m’dera la udzudzu n’chimodzimodzi kuitana udzudzu kuti udzakudyeni

  Valani zovala zoti kachilombo kazisoŵa pokulumirani, makamaka mukakhala m’tchire. Pakani mankhwala othamangitsa tizilombo pa zovala zanu ndiponso pakhungu lanu, ndipo muzitsatira malangizo a mankhwalawo. Ngati munachokapo ndi ana anu fufuzani kuti muone ngati simunakatengeko nkhupakupa. Ziŵeto zanu monga agalu ndi amphaka zizikhala zosamalidwa bwino ndiponso zopanda tizilombo.—Ochokera ku North America.

Musamayandikirane kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ziŵeto, chifukwa tizilombo timatha kum’patsira munthu matenda a ziŵetozo.—Ochokera ku Central Asia.

Anthu onse m’banja mwanu azigona m’masikito oteteza udzudzu makamaka oviikidwa m’mankhwala othamangitsa tizilombo. M’mawindo muziikamo masefa, ndipo masefawo akabooka muziwakonza. Tsekani malenga, kapena kuti mipata yapakati pa denga ndi khoma, imene tizilombo tingaloŵeremo. Kuchita zinthu zotere zopeŵera tizilombo kungadye ndalama ndithu, koma ndalama zake n’zochepa poyerekeza ndi zimene mungawononge mwana akadwala kapena munthu woyang’anira banja lanu akalephera kugwira ntchito chifukwa chodwala.—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

[Chithunzi]

Masikito oteteza udzudzu amene aviikidwa m’mankhwala sawononga ndalama zambiri poyerekeza ndi ndalama zimene mungawononge mukadwala

Panyumba panu pasakhale malo amene tizilombo tingabisalepo. Makoma onse ndi masiling’i apakeni pulasitala, ndipo tsekani ming’alu ndiponso mabowo onse. Kudenga kwa nyumba ya udzu muzitsekako ndi chinsalu choti kachilombo sikangaloŵerepo. Chotsani zinthu zongowonjezera katundu m’nyumba monga zimapepala, kapena zovala kapena zithunzi zambirimbiri za pakhoma zimene tizilombo timabisalapo.—Ochokera ku South America.

Anthu ena amaona tizilombo ndiponso makoswe ngati alendo a m’nyumba mwawo. Uku n’kulakwa kwabasi! Zinthu zimenezi zisamapezeke m’nyumba ayi. Gwiritsirani ntchito mankhwala othamangitsa ndiponso ophera tizilombo koma motsatira malangizo ake. Gwiritsirani ntchito njira zina zophera ntchentche. Ganizirani zimene mungachite mwanzeru zanu panokha: Mzimayi wina anapanga kathumba kansalu, n’kuikamo mchenga, n’kumatsekera mpata wa pansi pa chitseko kuti tizilombo tisamaloŵerepo.—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

[Chithunzi]

Tizilombo tisamasanduke alendo a panyumba pathu ayi. Tithamangitseni!

▪ Njira zopewera kudwala

Muzidya zamagulu, kupuma mokwanira komanso kuchita zinthu zolimbitsa thupi kuti musamadwaledwale. Chepetsani zinthu zomwe zingamakusokonezeni maganizo.—Ochokera kuno ku Africa.

Apaulendo: Muzidziŵiratu ngati kumene mukupitako, panthaŵiyo kuli matenda enaake ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo. Nkhani zotere mungathe kuzipeza ku madipatimenti a zaumoyo ndiponso makompyuta aboma olumikizidwa pa Intaneti. Musananyamuke, mwerantuni mankhwala okutetezani ku matenda a m’dera lomwe mukupitalo.

Ngati Mukumva M’thupi

▪ Pezani chithandizo mwamsanga

Matenda ambiri savuta kuchiza akawapeza msanga.

▪ Chenjerani, madokotala amatha kulakwitsa poyeza matenda

Pitani kwa madokotala amene amadziŵa bwino za matenda ofala ndi tizilombo ndiponso matenda a kudera komwe munapita. Auzeni zinthu zonse zimene mukumva m’thupi mwanu ndiponso madera onse amene mwafikako, ngakhale amene munapitako kumbuyoku. Muzimwa mankhwala pokhapokha ngati akufunikiradi, ndipo muzimaliza kumwa mankhwalawo.

[Chithunzi]

Zizindikiro za matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo zimatha kufanana ndi za matenda ena. Muuzeni dokotala madera onse amene munafikako

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Globe: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Kodi Tizilombo Timafalitsa HIV?

Atafufuza kwa zaka zopitirira khumi, akatswiri a maphunziro a tizilombo ndiponso asayansi ya zachipatala sanapeze umboni ulionse wosonyeza kuti udzudzu kapenanso tizilombo tina tilitonse timafalitsa HIV, imene imayambitsa Edzi.

Mwachitsanzo, anapeza kuti mlomo wa udzudzu suli ngati jakisoni, yomwe imakhala ndi bowo limodzi lomwe magazi angaloŵere ndi kutulukirapo. Koma udzudzu uli ndi bowo limene umayamwira magazi ndiponso lina lotulutsira malovu. Thomas Damasso, yemwe ndi katswiri wa nkhani za HIV m’gulu lina loona zaumoyo wa anthu ku Mongu m’dziko la Zambia, anati zikatere chimachitika n’chakuti udzudzuwo umagaya magaziwo m’mimba mwake, n’kupheratu HIV yonse. M’timichimbiri ta tizilombo totere simupezeka HIV. Ndipo mosiyana ndi majeremusi a malungo, HIV siifika m’malovu a udzudzu.

Kuti munthu atenge HIV, akatswiri ena amati iyenera kukhalapo yambiri ndithu. Udzudzu ukamaluma munthu n’kusokonezedwa, kenaka nthaŵi yomweyo n’kukalumanso munthu wina, magazi onse amene angakhale atatsalira pamlomo wake sangakhale okwanira kuti munthu atenge HIV. Malingana ndi zimene odziŵa bwino nkhaniyi amanena, akuti ngakhale mutatenga udzudzu woti wakhutiratu magazi omwe ali ndi HIV n’kuuphulitsira pachilonda, simungatenge HIV.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

CDC/James D. Gathany

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Nkhupakupa (kumanjaku kuli chithunzi chake titaikulitsa) imafalitsa matenda enaake omwe angayambitse nyamakazi

Kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja: yaikazi yaikulu, yaimuna yaikulu, ndi kamwana, zonse n’zazikulu momwe mukuoneramu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

All ticks: CDC

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Kusefukira kwa madzi, uve, ndiponso kusamuka kwa anthu kumapangitsanso kuti matenda ofalitsidwa ndi tizilombo achulukane

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

FOTO UNACIONES (from U.S. Army)