Kodi Ziwawazi Zachulukiranji Chonchi?

MITUNDU yonse ya chiwawa njoipa. Koma ziwawa zosadziŵika mutu wake n’zovuta kuzimvetsa. Ofufuza amangoti kakasi popeza kuti nthaŵi zambiri ziwawa zoterezi zimachitidwa popanda cholinga chenicheni. Chifukwa cha mawailesi ndi manyuzipepala amene m’zaka zaposachedwapa ayamba kuthandiza anthu kumva zambiri, ziwawa zoopsa zoterezi zikachitika anthu ambirimbiri akumadziŵa pakanthaŵi kochepa chabe. Chikalata chimene chinalembedwa ndi bungwe loona zaumoyo padziko lonse la World Health Organization chinanena kuti “padziko lonse, m’mayiko, ndiponso m’madera ambiri mumachitika chiwawa.”

Ngakhale m’madera amene zaka za kumbuyoku ankaonedwa kuti zoterezi sizinkachitikachitika, chaposachedwapa mwakhala mukuchitika ziwawa zopanda pake. Mwachitsanzo ku Japan kunakhala nthaŵi yaitali kusakumvekamveka nkhani zokhudza chiwawa chophana. Komano m’mwezi wa June mu 2001, mwamuna wina mumzinda wa Ikeda anatenga chimpeni chodulira nyama m’butchala n’kuyamba kubaya ndi kutema ana asukulu pasukulu ina kumeneko. M’mphindi 15 zokha anapha ana 8 ndi kuvulaza enanso 15. Poganizira zimenezi ndi nkhani zinanso zochokera ku Japan, monga zoti achinyamata akumapha anthu omwe sakuwadziŵa n’komwe popanda chifukwa chenicheni, si zochita kukayikitsanso kwa wina aliyense kuti zinthu zasintha.

Ngakhale m’mayiko m’mene mwakhala mukuchitika ziwawa zochuluka, anthu akumaipidwa kwambiri ndi ziwawa zopanda mutu wake. Zimenezi zinaoneka kuti zilidi choncho pamene zigaŵenga zinachitira chiwembu Likulu la Zamalonda Padziko Lonse mumzinda wa New York pa September 11, 2001. Dokotala wa zamaganizo, Gerard Bailes ananena kuti: “Dziko lonse linadabwa kwambiri ndi chiwembucho n’kuyamba kuona kuti ano si malo oti munthu n’kuneneratu kuti maŵa kugwa zotani.”

Kodi Amachitiranji Zimenezi?

Palibe chinthu chimodzi chokha chimene chimapangitsa anthu kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza chiwawa chopanda pakechi. Chimene chimapangitsa kuti anthu alephere kumvetsa ziwawa zina zimene zimachitidwa, n’chifukwa chakuti zimakhala zilibe mutu wake weniweni. Mwachitsanzo, n’zovuta kumvetsa kuti n’chiyani chimachititsa munthu kupita kwa wina yemwe sakum’dziŵa n’komwe n’kufikira kungom’baya kuti afe kapena kuti munthu angoyamba kuwombera wina aliyense wosalakwa n’komwe.

Anthu ena amati kwa anthufe chiwawa  n’chobadwa nacho. Enanso amati n’kulakwa kunena kuti anthu sangapeŵe kuchita ziwawa zosadziŵika mutu wake.—Onani kabokosi kakuti “Kodi Anthufe Tinalengedwa Achiwawa?”

Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimapangitsa anthu kuti azikonda kuchita ziwawa zopanda mutu wake. Chikalata chimene sukulu ya apolisi ofufuza milandu ku America ya FBI Academy inatulutsa chinafika ponena kuti: “Anthu amene amakhala ndi milandu yakupha anzawo sakhala amaganizo olongosoka bwinobwino.” Akuluakulu ena sangagwirizane ndi mawu amenewo. Komabe ambiri amaona kuti penapake mawuwo ngoona ndithu. Anthu amene amachita chiwawa chotere penapake maganizo awo sakhala olongosoka bwinobwino. Maganizo awo amakhala kuti asokonezeka ndi chinachake n’kufika pomachita zinthu zovuta kumvetsazo. Kodi ndi zinthu zotani zimene zingapangitse kuti anthu azichita zoterozo? Tiyeni tione zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene akatswiri anenapo kuti zingam’pangitse munthu kutero.

Kusokonekera kwa Mabanja

Olemba Galamukani! anafunsa mneneri wa bungwe la boma lofufuza milandu la ku Philippines, a Marianito Panganiban kuti adziŵe za moyo wa anthu amene amachita ziwawa zoopsa kwambiri. Mneneriyu anayankha kuti: “Anthuwo amakhala ochokera m’mabanja amene anasudzulana. Amakhala osoŵa chisamaliro ndi chikondi. Amakhala opulukira chifukwa choti sakhala ndi owalangiza motero amangosokonekera.” Ofufuza ambiri amati ambiri amene amachita ziwawa zoopsa kwambiri amakhala oti anachokera m’mabanja osayenda bwino kwenikweni ndiponso ongokhalira kuchita ndewu.

Bungwe loona za milandu ya chiwawa choopsa la The U.S. National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime linatulutsa chikalata chothandiza kuzindikira achinyamata amene angathe kuchita chiwawa choopsa pasukulu. Zinthu zimene bungweli linalemba zokhudza kubanja kwawo ndi izi: kusakhalitsana bwino kwa kholo ndi mwana wake, kukhala ndi makolo amene sazindikira kuti ana awo ali ndi vuto, kusoŵeka kwa chikondi m’mabanjamo, makolo amene amasasatitsa kapena kulekerera ana awo, ndiponso ana amene amakonda kuchita zinthu zachiphamaso ndipo motero amabisira makolo awo zina n’zina zimene amachita.

Panopo ana ambiri akuvutika chifukwa chokhala ndi makolo osudzulana. Ena ali ndi makolo amene sapeza mpata woti n’kuchezako nawo. Ana ambirimbiri akula popanda kulangizidwa bwinobwino m’banja mwawo. Akatswiri ena amaona kuti moyo woterewu ukhoza kuchititsa ana kuti asamagwirizane ndi anzawo, motero akhoza kumachitira anthu ena zinthu zachiwawa ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amatero m’maso muli gwaa.

Timagulu Tatsankho Ndiponso Tazipembedzo

Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti timagulu tina tatsankho kapena tazipembedzo ndito takhala tikulimbikitsa  kwambiri kuti anthu achite ziwawa zina. Ku Indiana, m’dziko la America, mnyamata wina wakuda yemwe anali ndi zaka 19 ankangodziyendera popita kwawo akuchokera kusitolo. Patangodutsa mphindi zoŵerengeka, iye anapezeka ali kwala m’mbali mwamsewu chipolopolo chili m’mutu mwake. Iye anachita kuwomberedwa mwadala ndi mnyamata wina. Vuto lake linali chiyani? Wakuphayo ankangofuna kuti aloŵe nawo m’kagulu kamene kamaona kuti azungu ndiwo anthuanthu ndipo azungu a m’kaguluka amafunika kupha kaye munthu wakuda kuti am’dinde chidindo cha ukonde wa kangaude chosonyeza kuti ndi amunamuna.

Timagulu tazipembedzo n’timene tinachititsa chiwembu choopsa chogwiritsira ntchito mpweya wapoizoni chimene chinachitika m’sitima zoyenda pansi panthaka ku Tokyo mu 1995; kuti anthu ambirimbiri adziphe ku Jonestown, m’dziko la Guyana; ndiponso kuti anthu 69 omwe anali m’kagulu kachipembedzo kotchedwa Order of the Solar Temple afe m’mayiko a Switzerland, Canada, ndi France. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene timagulu tina totere tawonongera maganizo a anthu. Atsogoleri oyankhula mokopa achititsa anthu kuchita zinthu zosayenera n’komwe powapusitsa kuti adzapeza phindu linalake.

Zachiwawa Zimene Anthu Amaonerera

Ena akuti zinanso zimene zingalimbikitse khalidwe loopsali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimene anthu amaonera. Akuti kumangoonerera zachiwawa pa TV, m’mafilimu, pavidiyo, ndiponso pa Intaneti ndiko kukupundula anthu ndi kuwalimbikitsa kuchita ziwawa zoopsa. Mtsogoleri wa bungwe loona za matenda a misala lotchedwa American Psychiatric Association, Dr. Daniel Borenstein anati: “Atafufuza kwa zaka zoposa 30 panapezeka maumboni oposa 1,000 osonyeza kuti ana ena amatha kutengera khalidwe lachiwawa limene amaonera m’ma TV, m’mafilimu ndi m’mavidiyo.” Pamaso pa komiti ina ya kunyumba ya malamulo ku America, Dr. Borenstein anatsimikiza kuti: “Sitikukayikira kuti kukonda kuonerera zinthu zachiwawa m’njira ina iliyonseyo kumawononga anthu.”—Onani kabokosi kakuti “Zimene Dokotala Ananena Zokhudza Maseŵera Achiwawa a Pakompyuta.”

Nthaŵi zambiri pamakhala zochitika zenizeni zotsimikizira mfundo imeneyi. Zija zimene tatchula m’nkhani yapitayi zokhudza munthu amene anapha anthu aŵiri thima lili zii, pamene anthuŵa ankayang’ana dzuŵa likutuluka ali m’mphepete mwa nyanja, omuzenga mlandu anathirira umboni kuti iye anachita zimenezo  chifukwa choonerera kambirimbiri filimu yoonetsa zachiwawa. Pankhani ya ana aŵiri aja amene anapha anthu 15 ndi mfuti pasukulu ina, akuti anawo ankakhala maola ambirimbiri tsiku lililonse akuseŵera maseŵera achiwawa a pakompyuta. Komanso nthaŵi zambiri ankaonera mafilimu olimbikitsa zinthu zachiwawa ndi kuphana.

Mankhwala Ozunguza Bongo

Ku United States, anthu ophedwa ndi achinyamata anachuluka moŵirikiza katatu m’zaka 8. Kodi akuluakulu akuti china chinachititsa zimenezo n’chiyani? Akuti ndi timagulu ta achinyamata oloŵerera, makamaka amene amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ozunguza bongo. Pa anthu opitirira 500 amene anaphedwa chaposachedwapa ku Los Angeles, ku California, “apolisi ananena kuti anthu oposa 375 anaphedwa ndi timagulu ta achinyamata oloŵerera.”

M’chikalata cha sukulu ya FBI Acadamy analembamo kuti: “Pa milandu yokhudza kuphana pakumapezeka kuti vuto lalikulu kwambiri likumakhala mankhwala ozunguza bongo.” Anthu ena amene asokonezeka ndi mankhwalaŵa amapha anthu. Enanso pozembetsa katangale wa mankhwalaŵa amachita zinthu zachiwawa. Ndithudi, mankhwala ozunguza bongo amachititsa anthu zinthu zachiwawa zoopsa.

Kupezeka Mosavuta kwa Zida Zoopsa

M’nkhani yapitayi tafotokoza kuti munthu wina wokhala ndi mfuti anapha anthu 35 ku Tasmania, m’dziko la Australia, ali yekha. Iye anavulaza anthu enanso 19. Munthuyu anali ndi zida zoopsa zoyenera kukhala ndi asilikali. Zimenezi zinachititsa anthu ambiri kunena kuti kupezeka mosavuta kwa zida zotere n’kumene kukuchititsanso kuti pakhale ziwawa zambiri zoopsa.

Nkhani ina imasonyeza kuti mu 1995, anthu ophedwa ndi mfuti ku Japan analiko 32 basi, ndipo ambiri anali zigaŵenga zochita kuphedwa ndi zigaŵenga zinzawo. Koma ku United States anthu otere analiko oposa 15,000. N’chifukwa chiyani pali kusiyana kumeneku? Anthu ena amati, china n’chifukwa chakuti ku Japan kuli malamulo okhwima oti anthu asamapezeke ndi mfuti.

Kuchulukidwa Mavuto

Anthu ena akamva zochitika zauchinyamazi akhoza kungoti, ‘Munthu wochita zimenezo ndi  wamisala!’ Komano sikuti anthu onse amene amachita ziwawa zoterezi amakhala osokonekera mutu. Koma kungoti ambiri amakhala oti zinthu zikuwavuta m’moyo. Akatswiri amati chibadwa cha ena chimatha kuwapangitsa zoopsa. Zina mwa zinthuzo ndi izi: kusoŵa nzeru ndiponso kulephera kugwirizana ndi ena; kusokonezeka maganizo chifukwa chochitidwa chipongwe kapena kugwiriridwa; kukhala munthu wosachezeka; kudana ndi anthu enaake, monga akazi; kusadzimvera chisoni ukamachita zinthu zolakwika; ndiponso kufunitsitsa kupezerera anthu ena.

Kwa anthu ena vuto lililonse limene angakumane nalo, limatha kuwakulira moti saganizanso bwino ndipo zimenezi zikhoza kuwachititsa zinthu zoopsa. Chitsanzo pankhaniyi ndi nesi wina amene ankafuna kwambiri kuti anthu azimutama. Iye anabaya jakisoni wochepetsa ululu ana aang’ono kwambiri ndipo anawo anasiya kupuma chifukwa cha jakisoniyo. Ndiyeno kumtima kwake kunayera pamene anthu ankam’tama poona kuti akukwanitsa kuchiza anawo. Tsoka ilo, sanathe kuthandiza ana onsewo kuti ayambirenso kupuma. Mapeto ake anamuimba mlandu wakupha.

Malingana ndi mfundo zimene tatchulazi n’zoonekeratu kuti pali zinthu zambirimbiri zimene zimapangitsa anthu kuchita ziwawa zoopsa. Komatu nkhani yathuyi titati tingoisiyira pomwepa osaonanso chinthu china chofunika kwambiri, ndiye kuti ithera m’malere.

Zimene Baibulo Limanena

Baibulo limatithandiza kumvetsa zimene zikuchitika panopa ndiponso chifukwa chake anthu akuchita zinthu zoopsa chonchi. Molondola, limafotokoza khalidwe la anthu limene lafala panopo. Mwachitsanzo, pa 2 Timoteo 3:3, 4 timapezapo mawu akuti anthu adzakhala “opanda chikondi chachibadwidwe” ndiponso kuti adzakhala “osakhoza kudziletsa, aukali, osakonda abwino,” komanso “aliuma.” M’buku lina la m’Baibulo, Yesu ananena kuti: “Chikondano cha anthu aunyinji chidzazirala.”—Mateyu 24:12.

Baibulo limati: “Masiku otsiriza zidzafika nthaŵi zoŵaŵitsa.” (2 Timoteo 3:1) Inde, zimene tikuona ndi umboni wakuti tili kumapeto kwa nthaŵi ino yapansi pano. Makhalidwe, pamodzi ndi maganizo a anthu akuipiraipira. Monga tinene kuti posachedwapa zinthu zisintha? Baibulo likuyankha kuti: “Anthu oipa ndi onyenga, adzaipa chiipire.”—2 Timoteo 3:13.

Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anthufe tinalengedwa kuti tizingokhalira kuchita ziwawa? Tiyeni tione bwinobwino funso limeneli m’nkhani yathu yotsatira.

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

KODI ANTHUFE TINALENGEDWA ACHIWAWA?

Anthu ena amati anthufe pobadwa timakhala tili kale ndi maganizo achiwawa kapena akupha munthu. Anthu amene amagwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti zamoyo zimachita kusanduka amalimbikira kunena kuti anthufe tinasanduka kuchokera ku zinyama zakutchire ndipo tinangotengera khalidwe lauchinyama. Mfundo zoterezi zimangolimbikitsa maganizo oti anthufe tinalengedwa mwakuti tizingokhalira kuchita ziwawa choncho sizingatheke kuti tisiye zimenezi.

Komano umboni wochuluka ukusonyeza kuti zimenezo n’zabodza. Mfundo zimene tatchulazi sizisonyeza bwinobwino kuti n’chifukwa chiyani anthu a zikhalidwe zina amachita ziwawa kaŵirikaŵiri. Komanso ziwawazo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi zimene anthu a zikhalidwe zina amachita. Sizisonyeza kuti n’chifukwa chiyani anthu a zikhalidwe zina amangoona ngati kuchita chiwawa kulibe vuto lililonse, pamene ena samveka kaŵirikaŵiri ndi nkhani zachiwawa, mwinanso osawamvera n’komwe kuti aphanako. Dokotala wina wodziŵa kuthandiza anthu amene akuvutika maganizo, Erich Fromm ananena mfundo yosonyeza kuti n’kulakwa kunena kuti anthufe tinatengera khalidwe lachiwawa kuchokera ku zinyama zangati anyani, ponena kuti ngakhale kuti zina mwa zinyamazi zimachita zachiwawa pofuna zinthu zinazake kapena pofuna kudziteteza, ndi anthu tokhafe amene timaphana mwachisawawa pofuna kungodzisangalatsa basi.

Pulofesa James Alan Fox ndi Pulofesa Jack Levin analemba m’buku lawo lonena zophana lakuti The Will to Kill—Making Sense of Senseless Murder, kuti: “Anthu ena amakonda zachiwawa kuposa ena, koma amakhalabe ndi ufulu wochita zimene akufuna. Ngakhale kuti munthu angaganize zopha munthu chifukwa cha maganizo osiyanasiyana a m’mutu mwake ndiponso ochokera kwina, iyeyo amachita kufuna kuti atero, motero amakhalabe wamlandu.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

ZIMENE DOKOTALA ANANENA ZOKHUDZA MASEŴERA ACHIWAWA A PAKOMPYUTA

Mtsogoleri wakale wa bungwe la zachipatala la American Medical Association, Dr. Richard F. Corlin, anayankhula kwa gulu la anthu amene amaliza maphunziro a zaudokotala ku Philadelphia, m’boma la Pennsylvania, m’dziko la America. Poyankhulapo iye anatchulako za maseŵera a pakompyuta amene amalimbikitsa chiwawa. Pa maseŵera ena otere, woseŵerayo amalandira mamalikisi akam’patsa bala munthu wam’maseŵerawo, ndipo malikisiwo amachulukirapo akakwanitsa kumuwombera penapake, komano akamuwombera m’mutu, ndiye amachita kum’patsa mamalikisi ochuluka. Munthu wa m’maseŵerawo amachucha magazi, ndipo ubongo umangokhuthukiratu.

Dr. Corlin anafotokoza kuti ana aang’ono saloledwa kuyendetsa galimoto, kumwa mowa, ndiponso kusuta fodya. Kenaka anati: “Koma timawalola kuti aphunzire kuwomba mfuti asanakhwime n’komwe pamchombo ndiponso nzeru zawo zisanafike n’komwe poti n’kugwiritsira ntchito zida zoopsa zimene amaseŵera nazozo. . . . Kuyambira ana athu adakali aang’ono kwambiri tiyenera kuwaphunzitsa kuti chiwawa n’choopsa, palibe nthaŵi ina iliyonse, ngakhale kamodzi kokha, kamene chimakhala chosaopsa.”

N’zodandaulitsa kuti mmalo moti ana aziphunzitsidwa kuti chiwawa chili ndi zotsatira zake zoipa, nthaŵi zambiri anawo ndiwo amene amafera za eni pa ziwawa zoopsa. Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti tsiku lililonse ku United States, ana khumi amamwalira chifukwa chowomberedwa ndi mfuti. Dr. Corlin anati: “Pa ana amene amafa chifukwa cha zida zoopsa, ku United States n’kumene kumaposa mayiko ena onse padziko lonse.” Ndiye kodi anamaliza ndi mawu otani? Anati: “Chiwawa chogwiritsira ntchito mfuti chavuta kwambiri m’dziko muno. Palibe angatsutse zimenezi.”

[Bokosi patsamba 9]

ZINA ZIMENE ZIMAPANGITSA KUTI PAKHALE ZIWAWA ZOOPSA

Akatswiri ambiri amaona kuti zinthu izi zimatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale ziwawa zopanda pake:

Kusokonekera kwa mabanja

Timagulu tatsankho, timagulu toukira tankhanza

Timagulu toopsa tachipembedzo

Zosangalatsa zosonyeza zachiwawa

Kukhala pamalo a chiwawa

Mankhwala ozunguza bongo

Kuchulukidwa mavuto

Kupezeka mosavuta kwa zida zoopsa

Mavuto ena a m’maganizo

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Malo amodzi pa asanu amene anaponyeredwa mabomba mumzinda wa Quezon City, ku Philippines, anthu 12 n’kufa, ena oposa 80 n’kuvulala

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Aaron Favila pa December 30, 2000

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Pa sukulu ya sekondale ya Columbine High School, ku Colorado, m’dziko la America, ana asukulu aŵiri anapha mphunzitsi, ana asukulu anzawo 12, kenaka n’kudziphanso okha

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Jefferson County Sheriff’s Department pa April 20, 1999

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Pa malo ena achisangalalo ku Bali, m’dziko la Indonesia, anatchera bomba m’galimoto n’kupha anthu 182, ena 132 n’kuvulala

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Maldonado Roberto/GAMMA pa October 12, 2002