“Musaiwale Ambulera!”

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU BRITAIN

ANTHU ambiri ku Britain amanyamula ambulera pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Sizidziŵika kwenikweni kuti tsiku limenelo mvula siigwa. Ndiye tikamachoka pakhomo timakumbutsana kuti “Musaiwale ambulera!” Komano tikatenga ambulerayo timatha kuiiŵala m’basi kapena m’sitima kapenanso m’sitolo. Inde, ambulera timatha kuiona ngati n’chinthu chosadandaulitsa popeza tikhoza kugulanso ina nthaŵi ina iliyonse. Komatu poyamba ambulera siinkaonedwa ngati chinthu wamba.

Kalelo Inali Yapadera Kwambiri

Sikuti maambulera oyambirira ankawapangira mvula ayi. Anali osonyezera udindo ndi ulemu woyenera kupatsidwa kwa anthu apadera. Ziboliboli ndiponso zojambulajambula zakale kwambiri za ku Asuri, Igupto, Peresiya, ndiponso ku India zimasonyeza akapolo atafunditsa olamulira maambulera kuti asapse ndi dzuŵa. Ku Asuri, mfumu yokha ndiyo inkayenera kukhala ndi ambulera.

M’nthaŵi yonse yakale ambulera inali chinthu chosonyezera ulamuliro wa munthu, makamaka ku Asia. Wolamulira ankatchuka kwambiri malinga n’kuchuluka kwa maambulera amene ali nawo, ndipo chitsanzo ndi mfumu ya ku Burma yomwe ankaitcha Mfumu ya Maambulera 24. Nthaŵi zina kuchuluka kwa madenga a ambulerayo n’kumene kunali kofunika kwambiri. Ambulera ya mfumu yaikulu ya ku China inali ndi madenga anayi, ndipo maambulera a mafumu a ku Siam anali a madenga 7 kapena 9. Mpaka pano, mayiko ena a ku Asia ndiponso ku Africa amaonabe ambulera kuti n’chinthu chosonyezera ulamuliro.

Maambulera a Zachipembedzo

Kalelo ambulera itayamba kupezeka, inayamba kumagwiranso ntchito pa zachipembedzo. Aigupto akale ankaganiza kuti mulungu wamkazi wotchedwa Nut amaphimba dziko lonse lapansi ndi thupi lake, ngati kuti walifunditsa ndi ambulera. Choncho anthu ankayenda atafundira “timadenga” tawo tonyamulika kuti mulunguyo awateteze. Ku India ndiponso ku China, anthu ankakhulupirira kuti ambulera yotsegula inkaimira mmene thambo limaonekera kuchokera kumalekezero ena adziko mpaka kumalekezero enanso. Abuda oyambirira ankaigwiritsira ntchito monga chizindikiro cha Buda, ndipo m’zipilala zawo zochita kuŵaka munali maambulera okhaokha. Nawonso Ahindu amaona ambulera kuti n’chinthu chapadera.

Maambulera anayamba kupezeka ku Greece m’chaka cha 500 B.C.E., ndipo nthaŵi imeneyo ankawanyamula pamapwando achipembedzo atafunditsa milungu yachimuna ndi yachikazi yomwe. Akazi a ku Atene ankakhala ndi antchito awo owafunditsa chotchinjiriza dzuŵa, koma amuna ochepa okha ndiwo ankagwiritsira ntchito chinthu choterechi. Zimenezi zinafalikira kuchokera ku Greece mpaka ku Roma.

Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinayamba kumakhalanso ndi maambulera kuwonjezera pa zinthu zomwe ankakhala nazo pa mwambo wawo wa tchalitchi. Papa anayamba kumafunda ambulera ya silika yamizeremizere yofiira ndi yachikasu, koma makadinala ndi mabishopu ankafunda yofiirira kapena yobiriŵira. Mpaka tikunena pano, m’matchalitchi ena akuluakulu a Aroma muli mpando wa papa umene uli ndi ambulera yaikulu pamwamba pake, ndipo ambulerayo ndi yamitundu yogwirizana ndi papa. Kadinala amene amatsogolera tchalitchi chonsecho nthaŵi imene papa wamwalira podikirira kuti asankhenso papa wina, nayenso amakhala ndi ambulera yosonyeza ulemu wake panthaŵi imeneyo.

Kuchoka Potchinjirizira Dzuŵa Kufika Potchinjirizira Mvula

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano pali maambulera a dzuŵa ndi a mvula, kalelo ambulera siinkagwiritsiridwa ntchito pamvula. Mawu akuti ambulera ndi a Chingelezi ochokera kumawu a Chilatini akuti umbra, kutanthauza kuti “mthunzi” kapena kuti “chithunzithunzi.” Anthu a ku China kapenanso azimayi a ku Roma, kalelo ndiwo amene anayamba kumapaka mafuta ndi phula pa maambulera awo apepala pofuna kudzitchinjirizira mvula. Komano zogwiritsira ntchito ambulera potchinjirizira dzuŵa kapena mvula zinayamba zalekeka ku Ulaya konse mpaka pamene anthu a ku Italy kenaka a ku France anayambiranso kutero cha m’ma 1500.

Podzafika cha m’ma 1700, n’kuti azimayi a ku Britain akuyamba kuyenda ndi maambulera, ngakhale kuti amuna ankakanabe kutero chifukwa chakuti ankawaona ngati n’zinthu zachabechabe zoyenera akazi okha. Amuna amene ankakhala nawo anali eniake nyumba zomwera khofi basi, chifukwa ankazindikira kufunika kokhala ndi ambulera ili chire kuchitira kuti kunja kukaipa azithandiza odzawagula malonda awowo pokakwera magaleta awo. Nawonso atsogoleri a matchalitchi anaona kuti maambulera ndi ofunika kwambiri kukhala nawo patchalitchi akamatsogolera mwambo wamaliro kunja kuli mvula.

Munthu amene anasinthitsa zinthu ku England pankhani ya maambulera anali Jonas Hanway, yemwe anali munthu wokonda kuona mayiko akunja komanso wokonda kuthandiza anthu. Akuti iyeyu ndiye amene anali mwamuna woyamba kulimba mtima kumayenda ndi ambulera anthu onse akumuona ku London. Iyeyu ataona amuna a kumayiko akunja komwe ankapita akufunda maambulera, analimba mtima ngakhale kuti madalaivala akamuona ankapsa naye mtima n’kuponda dala madzi amatope kuti amukapize. Anthu anakhala akumuona Hanway kwa zaka 30 akuyenda ambulera yake ili m’manja, ndipo panthaŵi imene anamwalira m’chaka cha 1786, n’kuti anthu aamuna ndi akazi omwe akumayenda ndi maambulera popanda vuto lililonse.

M’masiku amenewo kuti munthu afunde ambulera ya mvula chinali chintchito. Maambulera otere anali  akuluakulu, olemera, ndiponso osapangidwa bwino. Zinsalu zawo zopaka mafuta ankazikunga ndi nsungwi kapena mafupa a nyama zikuluzikulu za m’madzi, zomwenso ankapangira ndodo zogwirira. Zimenezi zinkapangitsa kuti maambuleraŵa akanyowa azivuta kwambiri kutsegula, komanso ankadontha. Komabe, maambulerawo ankangotchukiratchukirabe, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anali otchipa kusiyana n’kuchita hayala galeta kukagwa mvula. Anthu opanga maambulera ndiponso masitolo ogulitsira maambulerawo anachuluka, ndipo anthu aluso anayamba kusintha mapangidwe ake kuti azikhala abwinopo. Cha m’katikati mwa m’ma 1800, Samuel Fox anayamba kupanga maambulera ena abwino, ndipo anali ndi zitsulo zolimba koma zili zopepuka. Nsalu zopepuka monga zopangidwa ndi silika, thonje, ndiponso zina zopakidwa phula zinaloŵa m’malo nsalu zakale zomwe zinali zokhuthala kwambiri. Apa m’pamene panayambira maambulera amakono.

Anayamba Kuloŵa M’fasho

Ambulera inayamba kutchuka kwambiri monga chinthu chonyaditsa chokhala ndi mkazi wotsogola, ku England. Posonyeza kusintha kwa mafashoni, maambulera amene akaziŵa ankanyamula anayamba kupangidwa akuluakulu ambirimbiri ndipo anali amitundu yosiyanasiyana yowala kwambiri ali ansalu yasilika. Kaŵirikaŵiri mzimayi ankatenga ambulera yofanana ndi zovala zimene wavala ndipo ankaikongoletsa ndi zilezi, tinsalu tolendeŵera, maliboni, tinsalu tomanga nkhululira, mwinanso ndi nthenga. Ndipotu m’zaka zoyambirira za m’ma 1900, panalibe mzimayi wabwinobwino, wofuna kusamala khungu lake losalala, yemwe ankatha kuyenda popanda ambulera yake yadzuŵa.

Cha m’ma 1920, akazi anayamba kusirira maonekedwe a khungu loŵauka ndi dzuŵa, choncho ambulera yonyada nayoyi inayamba kusoŵa. Tsopano inafika nthaŵi yomwe amuna ankati akamayenda mumzinda ankavala zipeŵa zofanana, ambulera yawo yakuda yotsekedwa bwino ili m’manjamu akunyada nayo ngati ndodo yoyendera.

Nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse itatha, umisiri wamakono unapangitsa kuti maambulera opangidwa mwamakono aziyenda malonda, monga aja otheka kuwapindapinda komanso osaloŵa madzi a nayiloni, poliyesita, ndiponso okhala ndi moikamo mwake mwapulasitiki. Makampani ena ochepa alipobe amene amamalizitsa kupanga pamanja maambulera awo okwera mtengo. Koma masiku ano, mafakitale akupanga maambulera otchipa ambirimbiri amitundu yonse ndiponso osiyanasiyana kukula kwake, kungoyambira ofunda anthu aŵiri ndiponso ofunda anthu angapo amene akhala mozungulira tebulo mpaka aang’ono kwambiri otheka kuwapinda n’kuika m’kachikwama.

Ngakhale kuti poyamba ambulera inkaonedwa monga yongonyada nayo ndiponso yosonyeza udindo wa munthu, panopa ndi chinthu choti wina aliyense angakhale nacho, ndipo ili m’gulu la zinthu zimene zimatitayika mosavuta. Kwina kulikonse padzikoli, ambulera ndi chinthu chothandiza kwambiri potchinjirizira dzuŵa kapena mvula, ndipo chifukwa cha kumva kaŵirikaŵiri za mavuto obwera ndi kukhalitsa padzuŵa, ambulera yaloŵanso m’fasho m’mayiko ena. Ndiyetu mwina nanunso mukamachoka pakhomo lero, mumva wina akuti: “Musaiwale Ambulera!”

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Kugula ndi Kusamalira Ambulera

Sankhani zomwe mungafune, kaya kukhala ndi ambulera yosavuta kunyamula kapena ambulera yolimba. Ambulera yotchipa yotheka kuipindapinda n’kuiika m’chikwama mosavuta imakhala ndi mawaya ochepa koma siichedwa kuthyoka kunja kukakhala mphepo yamphamvu. Ambulera yosatheka kuipindapinda imatha kukhala yokwererako mtengo, koma nthaŵi zambiri imalimba nayo mphepo yamphamvu ndipo siiwonongeka msanga. Kunenadi zoona, ambulera yabwino ndithu ikhoza kukhala kwa zaka zambiri. Kaya mungasankhe ambulera yamtundu wanji, isamaleni kuti isachite nkhungu kapena dzimbiri pomaisiya ili yotsegula kuti iumiretu musanafike poitsekanso. Mukamaisunga m’choikamo chake izikhala yoyera ndiponso yopanda fumbi.

 [Zithunzi patsamba 17]

Wantchito atafunditsa mfumu ya ku Asuri

Mkazi wa ku Greece kalelo atanyamula ambulera

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zithunzi: The Complete Encyclopedia of Illustration/J. G. Heck

[Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Ambulera yadzuŵa, pafupifupi mu 1900

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Culver Pictures