N’chifukwa Chiyani Zithunzi Zolaula Zatenga Malo?

ZITHUNZI zosonyeza anthu akugonana, zomwe cholinga chake n’kupatsa anthu chilakolako chogonana, zinayamba kukonzedwa zaka masauzande angapo. Koma kwa nthaŵi yaitali zithunzi zolaula zinali zovuta kukonza ndipo pachifukwa chimenechi zinali kupezeka makamaka ndi anthu olemera komanso olamulira. Koma izi zinasintha anthu atapeza njira yosindikizira zinthu zambiri nthaŵi imodzi, ndiponso atatulukira njira yojambulira zithunzi ndi kamera, ndi kukonza mafilimu a kanema. Tsopano zithunzi zolaula zinayamba kutchipa moti anthu opanda ndalama zambiri anali kukhala nazo.

Zinthu zinapitirira kusintha kwambiri pamene anthu anapanga makina otepera makaseti a vidiyo. Mosiyana ndi mafilimu a kanema komanso zithunzi zojambula ndi makamera akale, makaseti a vidiyo anali osavuta kusunga, osavuta kutepa, ndiponso osavuta kupereka kwa anthu. Analinso oti anthu akhoza kumaonera ali okha kunyumba kwawo. Masiku ano zithunzi zolaula n’zosavuta kwambiri kuzipeza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma TV ndi Intaneti. Munthu wokonda zithunzizi amene amaopa kuti anthu omudziŵa amuona mu sitolo yogulitsa mavidiyo akugula makaseti osonyeza anthu akugonana, tsopano akhoza “kukhala m’nyumba mwake ndi kuitanitsa vidiyo yolaulayo mwa kutsegula TV yake,” anatero Dennis McAlpine, yemwe amaona mmene kufalitsa nkhani kukuyendera. Malingana ndi zimene ananena McAlpine, kuonerera ma TV mosavuta kumeneku ndikonso kwachititsa kuti “anthu ambiri azikonda zithunzizi.”

Zolaula Zangokhala Ngati Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Anthu ambiri akusiyana maganizo pankhani ya zolaula chifukwa chakuti tsopano zangokhala ngati ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Wolemba nkhani wina, dzina lake Germaine Greer, anati: “Panopa ndi zoti zikukhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe chathu kuposa mmene akuchitira magule, zisudzo, nyimbo ndi zosemasema kuziphatikiza pamodzi.” Maganizo a anthu masiku ano pa zolaula angaonekere ndi zovala ‘zokhala ngati za mahule’ zimene anthu otchuka ambiri amavala, komanso mu mavidiyo a nyimbo amene akuwonjezerabe kusonyeza za kugonana, ndiponso ndi otsatsa malonda omwe tsopano akugwiritsira ntchito “zithunzi zotenga mtima.” McAlpine anati: “Anthu akungosekerera zilizonse zimene  akupatsidwa. . . . Zimenezi zikuchititsa kuti zonsezi zizioneka zabwino.” Chotsatira chake ndi chakuti “anthu saoneka kuti amadandaula nazo n’komwe . . . Amaoneka kuti alibe nazo ntchito,” anadandaula motero wolemba nkhani wina dzina lake Andrea Dworkin.

Zimene Zikuchititsa Kuti Pakhale Zithunzizi

Roger Young, ofesala wa apolisi ofufuza milandu a FBI yemwe anapuma pa ntchito, ananena mawu ofanana ndi a Dworkin wolemba nkhani uja potchula kuti anthu ambiri “saona kuopsa kwake kwa zolaula ndiponso mavuto amene zimabweretsa.” Ena amatengeka ndi anthu amene saona vuto ndi zithunzi zolaula, omwe amati palibe umboni wakuti zithunzizi zimachititsa anthu kuchita zoipa. Wolemba nkhani wina dzina lake F. M. Christensen anati: “Zithunzi zolaula zimangosonyeza zinthu zoyerekezera chabe, komatu anthu odana ndi zithunzizi amavutika kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi.” Koma ngati zinthu zoyerekezera sizikhudza moyo wa anthu, nanga bwanji amazigwiritsira ntchito potsatsa malonda? N’chifukwa chiyani makampani amawononga ndalama zambirimbiri kukonza malonda oti alengeze pawailesi kapena pa TV, pa mavidiyo, ndi m’manyuzipepala ngati sakhudza moyo wa anthu?

Mfundo ndi yakuti, mofanana ndi kulengeza malonda m’njira ina iliyonse yomwe imakopa anthu ambiri, cholinga chachikulu cha zithunzi zolaula ndi kuchititsa anthu kukhala ndi chilakolako chimene analibe. “Anthu amangofuna kupezerapo ndalama pa zithunzi zolaula,” analemba motero ofufuza ena, Steven Hill ndi Nina Silver. “Ndipo m’dziko ili loti malonda angoti mbwee, anthu amaona kuti angathe kupeza ndalama pa chinthu chilichonse, makamaka poonetsa akazi ali maliseche ndiponso anthu akugonana.” Greer anayerekezera zithunzi zolaula ndi zakudya zophikaphika zomwe munthu sangachedwe kuzoloŵera kumangogula n’kumadya, zakudya zake zosapatsa thanzi koma zongosakanizako zokometsera basi. Iye anati: “Kugonana komwe amaonetsa pa mavidiyo ndi ma TV si kugonana kwenikweni . . . Akamalengeza malonda a zakudya amanenerera zakudya zongoyerekezera ndipo otsatsa kugonana nawonso amanenerera kugonana kongoyerekezera.”

 Madokotala ena amati zithunzi zolaula zingachititse munthu kukhala ndi vuto lokonda kwambiri kuzionerera lomwe ndi lovuta zedi kulithetsa kuposa vuto lokonda kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kuthandiza munthu wokonda mankhwala osokoneza bongo nthaŵi zambiri kumayamba ndi kumuletsa mwapang’onopang’ono kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawo pofuna kuti omwe anamwa kalewo azichoka m’thupi lake. Koma kukonda kuonerera zolaula “kumachititsa munthu kuona zithunzithunzi m’maganizo ake zomwe zimakhomerezeka zolimba mu ubongo wake,” anafotokoza choncho Dr. Mary Anne Layden wa pa Yunivesite ya Pennsylvania. N’chifukwa chake anthu amatha kukumbukira bwino lomwe zithunzi zolaula zimene anaziona kalekale. Iye anati: “Pa zinthu zonse zimene zimaloŵerera kwambiri munthu, zithunzizi ndi zoyamba kupezeka kuti n’zovuta kuzichotseratu m’mutu mwake.” Koma kodi zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti n’kosatheka kuti munthu asiye kulamuliridwa ndi zithunzizi? Ndiponso, kodi zithunzi zolaula zimawononga chiyani kwenikweni?

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

Zithunzi Zolaula pa Intaneti

▪ Pafupifupi zithunzi zolaula 75 pa 100 zilizonse pa Intaneti zimachokera ku United States, ndipo pafupifupi 15 zimachokera ku Ulaya.

▪ Ena amati mlungu uliwonse pafupifupi anthu 70 miliyoni amatsegula malo a zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti. Mwa anthu ameneŵa, pafupifupi 20 miliyoni ndi a ku Canada ndi ku United States.

▪ Kafukufuku wina anaonetsa kuti posachedwapa m’mwezi umodzi wokha, ku Germany kunali anthu ambiri zedi oona zithunzi zolaula pa makompyuta kuposa mayiko onse a ku Ulaya, ndipo pambuyo pake panali Great Britain, France, Italy, ndi Spain.

▪ Ku Germany, anthu amene amaona zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti amakhala akuchita zimenezo kwa mphindi 70 mwezi uliwonse.

▪ Mwa anthu a ku Ulaya amene amaona zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti, omwe ali ndi zaka zopitirira 50 ndi amene amakhala nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri akuona zithunzi zotere.

▪ Malinga ndi zimene inanena magazini inayake, anthu 70 mwa 100 alionse omwe amatsegula zithunzi zolaula pa Intaneti amachita zimenezi masana.

▪ Ena amati malo 100,000 pa Intaneti ali ndi zithunzi zolaula za ana.

▪ Pafupifupi zithunzi zolaula za ana 80 pa 100 zilizonse zomwe amachitira malonda pa Intaneti zimachokera ku Japan.

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Zithunzi zolaula zikupezeka mosavuta m’njira zambiri