St. Petersburg “Zenela” la Russia Loonerapo Ulaya

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU RUSSIA

“Umandidolola, iwe luso la Peter!/Mapangidwe ako ambambande amandithetsa nkhongono;/Nawo mtsinje wa Neva umangoyenda uli phe/Pakati pa makoma ake a miyala.”—ANALEMBA MOTERO ALEKSANDR SERGEYEVICH PUSHKIN.

NDAKATULO yotchuka ya Pushkin, yonena za mzinda wa St. Petersburg, yomwe tailembako pang’onoyi, imasimba za munthu amene anakhazikitsa mzindawu ndiponso za malo amene anaumangapo cha kumpoto, kumene mtsinje wa Neva umathira m’nyanja yamchere ya Baltic. Koma mwina mungafunse kuti, ‘Kodi mzinda wodziŵika padziko lonse ngati umenewu unapezeka motani ku chigawo cha lowe cha kumpoto chimenechi?’

Pofika kumapeto kwa m’ma 1600, dziko la Russia linkalephera kutukuka chifukwa linalibe njira yofikira kunyanja yamchere. Peter Wamkulu, mfumu yachinyamata ya ku Russia, ankafunitsitsa kwambiri kuti dziko la Russia likhale ndi mzinda wa m’mphepete mwanyanja yamchere woti ukhale ngati “zenera loonerapo Ulaya.” Chakum’mwera, sakanatha kufika ku nyanja yamchere ya Black Sea chifukwa kunali ufumu wa Ottoman. Motero Peter anaganiza zopita kumpoto kumene dziko la Sweden linali kulamulira dera la mphepete mwa nyanja yamchere yotchedwa Baltic.

Mu August 1700, Peter anayamba nkhondo ndi dziko la Sweden kuti akwaniritse zofuna zake. Ngakhale kuti poyamba nkhondo yakeyi siinaphule kanthu, iye sanasiyire pompo. Pofika mu November 1702, Peter anali atathamangitsa gulu la asilikali a ku Sweden lomwe linali pa nyanja ya Ladoga. Nyanjayi njaikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya konse, ndipo munatuluka mtsinje wa Neva womwe unakathira m’nyanja yamchere ya Baltic pa mtunda wa makilomita 60. Asilikali a ku Sweden anali pa malo otetezeka bwino pa kachilumba kenakake pafupi ndi kumene mtsinje wa Neva umachokera m’nyanja ya Ladoga. Peter analanda asilikaliŵa kachilumba kotetezeka bwinoka n’kukatcha kuti Shlissel’burg.

Kenaka asilikali a ku Sweden analimba nazo pa chigawo china chotetezeka bwino chotchedwa Nienshants, chakufupi ndi kumene mtsinje wa Neva umathira m’nyanja ya  Baltic. M’May 1703 asilikaliŵa anagonjetsedwa. Izi zinachititsa anthu a ku Russia kuyamba kulamulira chigawo chonsecho. Nthaŵi yomweyo, Peter anayamba kumanga malo achitetezo kufupi ndi chilumba cha Zayachy poteteza matsiriro a mtsinje wa Neva m’nyanja yamchere. Motero pa May 16, 1703, zomwe ndi zaka pafupifupi 300 zapitazo, Peter Wamkulu anaika mwala wa maziko a malo achitetezo amene masiku ano akutchedwa kuti Peter-Paul Fortress. Ili ndilo deti lovomerezeka la kukhazikitsidwa kwa mzinda wa St. Petersburg, womwe unapatsidwa dzinali kuchokera pa dzina la mtumwi Petro amene mfumuyi inkakhulupirira kuti ndi munthu woyera amene amaiteteza.

Kuusandutsa Likulu la Dziko

Mosiyana ndi malikulu ambiri a mayiko, kuchokera pachiyambi mapulani ndiponso kamangidwe ka mzinda wa St. Petersburg kanali koganizira kuti udzakhale likulu lochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Peter anapitiriza kumanga mzindawu womwe uli kumpoto kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi mofanana ndi mzinda wa Anchorage, wa ku Alaska. Ankatenga mitengo ku dera la ku nyanja ya Ladoga ndiponso ku Novgorod. Njira imodzi imene Peter ankapezera miyala inali yokhazikitsa lamulo lakuti munthu aliyense wa ku Russia akabweretsa katundu wake ku St. Petersburg ayeneranso kubweretsa mlingo woyenererana wa miyala. Komanso Peter analetsa kumanga nyumba za miyala. Poyamba anangoletsa ku Moscow kokha koma kenaka analetsa mu ufumu wake wonse. Motero anthu aluso la zomangamanga anasoŵa ntchito n’kumapita ku St. Petersburg.

Buku lakuti The Great Soviet Encyclopedia linati anthu anamanga mzindawu “mofulumira kwambiri mosagwirizana ndi nthaŵi yakaleyo.” Posakhalitsa kunayamba kuoneka ngalande, mizati, misewu, nyumba, matchalitchi, zipatala, ndi maofesi a boma. M’chaka chimene anakhazikitsa mzindawu, anayamba kumanga malo okonzerapo sitima zam’madzi omwe anawatcha kuti Admiralty, amene anadzasanduka likulu la sitima zam’madzi za asilikali a ku Russia.

Pofika mu 1710, anayamba kumanga nyumba yachifumu yotchedwa Summer Palace yoti mfumu zizikhalako  m’nyengo yachilimwe. Mu 1712, likulu la Russia, pamodzi ndi maofesi a boma ambiri, analisamutsa ku Moscow kupita ku St. Petersburg. Mu mzindawu, nyumba yoyamba yaikulu kwambiri ya miyala yokhayokha, yomwe idakalipo mpaka lero, anaimaliza m’chaka cha 1714. Anaimanga kuti muzikhala Aleksandr Menshikov, bwanamkubwa woyamba wa mzindawu. M’chaka chomwecho, anayambanso kumanga tchalitchi cha Peter-Paul Cathedral chomwe chinali m’kati mwa malo achitetezo a dzina lomweli. Nsanja yake yaitali kwambiri njotchuka kwabasi. Anamanganso nyumba ina yaikulu ya Winter Palace m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Neva ndipo anaigumulapo nthaŵi zingapo n’kumaimanganso. Kenaka nyumbayi anaimanga ya zipinda pafupifupi 1,100, ndipo idakalipo mpaka pano. Panopa ndiyo chimake cha mzindawu ndipo muli malo otchuka osungiramo zinthu zamakedzana a Hermitage.

Zaka khumi zoyambirira chikhazikitsireni mzindawu zinali zachitukuko kwambiri. Akuti podzafika mu 1714 mumzindawu munali nyumba pafupifupi 34,500! Anapitirizabe kumanga nyumba zachifumu ndiponso nyumba zina zazikulu. Nyumba zambiri mumzindawu zimaonetsa kuti chipembedzo chinali ndi mphamvu kwabasi m’mbiri ya dziko la Russia.

Mwachitsanzo, pali tchalitchi chachikulu chotchedwa Kazan Cathedral, chimene anachimanga mozungulira ndithu ndipo chili ndi mizati kumaso kwake. Kukongola kwa nyumbayi, yomwe ili m’mphepete mwa msewu wotchedwa Nevsky Prospekt womwe ndi msewu waukulu kwambiri mu mzindawu, kunapangitsa kuti msewuwu ukhale m’gulu la misewu yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse. Kenaka anamanga tchalitchi cha St. Isaac’s Cathedral. M’nthaka ya lowe ya pamalopo anakumbiramo mizati 24,000 yoti igwire makoma a nyumbayi, ndipo panapita golide wokwana makilogalamu 100 pokongoletsa kudenga kwake.

N’zochititsanso chidwi kuganiza za mmene anamangira madera ena ozungulira mzinda wa St. Petersburg. Ntchito yomanga nyumba yachifumu yotchedwa Great Palace, yomwe munkakhala Peter, anaiyamba mu 1714 ku Peterhof, kumene tsopano amakutcha kuti Petrodvorets. Apa n’kuti kwinaku akumanga chinyumba chachikulu chachifumu, chotchedwa Catherine Palace, cha  mkazi wake wa Peter ndipo anachimanga ku tauni ya pafupi ndi mzindawu yotchedwa Tsarskoe Selo, yomwe masiku ano amaitcha kuti Pushkin. Kumamaliziro kwa zaka za m’ma 1700, anamanganso nyumba zina ziŵiri zachifumu zazikulu kwambiri m’madera aŵiri a kunja kwa mzindawu a Pavlovsk ndi Gatchina, omwe ali m’chigawo cha kummwera.

Mzinda watsopanowu unakongolanso kwambiri ndi milatho yambirimbiri yomwe inamangidwa pa mitsinje ndi ngalande zake zambirizo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, nthaŵi zambiri mzinda wa St. Petersburg umatchedwa kuti mzinda wa “Venice wa Kumpoto.” Anthu olemba mapulani ochokera ku France, Germany, ndi ku Italy anagwirira ntchito pamodzi ndi aluso anzawo a ku Russia pomanga mzinda umenewu womwe buku la The Encyclopædia Britannica linautcha kuti “ndi umodzi mwa mizinda yochititsa kaso ndiponso yosangalatsa kwambiri ku Ulaya konse.”

Wakhalapobe Ngakhale Kuti Unakumana ndi Mavuto

Adani a Peter sanazindikire kuti anthu a ku Russia adzateteza mwakhama kwambiri zenera lawo loonerapo Ulayali. Buku lakuti Peter the Great—His Life and World linalongosola kuti: “Kungochokera pa tsiku limene Peter Wamkulu anaponda matsiriro a mtsinje wa Neva, malo ndiponso mzinda umene unakhazikitsidwa kumeneko sizinachokepo m’manja mwa anthu a ku Russia.”

Inde, monga mmene buku talitchula pamwambali limanenera “kwa zaka mazanamazana m’mbuyo monsemu, ngwazi zonse zankhondo, zimene zinaloŵapo m’dziko la Russia ndi asilikali awo ankhaninkhani, monga Charles 12, Napoleon, ndi Hitler, zinalephera kulandiratu doko la Peter la panyanja ya Baltic, ngakhale kuti ankhondo a Nazi anazingapo mzindawu kwa masiku 900 pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse.” Mzindawu utazingidwa kwanthaŵi yaitaliyi, munafa anthu pafupifupi wani miliyoni. Ambiri anafa n’chisanu ndiponso njala m’nyengo yozizira ya chaka cha 1941 ndi 1942, pamene kunazizira madigiri ochepa ndi 40 digiri kuti akwane 0 digiri. Kukazizira choncho madigiri Seshazi ndi madigiri Farenihaiti amakhala chimodzimodzi.

Mu 1914, pamene nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayamba, dzina la mzindawu analisintha n’kukhala Petrograd. Mtsogoleri woyamba wa mayiko ogwirizana a Soviet Union, a Vladimir Lenin, atafa mu 1924, mzindawu anautcha kuti Leningrad. Kenaka mu 1991, mayiko a Soviet Union atapatukana, mzindawu anaupatsa dzina lake la poyamba lija lakuti St. Petersburg.

Zinthu Zabwino za Mumzindawu Zimene Zakhudza Dziko Lonse

Mu 1724, kutangotsala chaka chimodzi kuti Peter amwalire ali ndi zaka 52, mumzindawu anakhazikitsamo sukulu yapamwamba ya zasayansi yotchedwa Russian Academy of Sciences potsatira zimene Peter analamula, ndipo mu 1757 anakhazikitsamonso sukulu yapamwamba ya zaluso yotchedwa Academy of Arts. Akatswiri a ku Russia aluso la zojambulajambula a m’ma 1800, Karl Bryullov ndi Ilya Repin, anaphunzira pa sukuluyi ndipo kenako anatchuka padziko lonse.

 Mu 1819, anakhazikitsa yunivesite ya boma mumzindawu yotchedwa St. Petersburg State University ndipo pambuyo pake anadzakhazikitsa sukulu zina zambiri za maphunziro apamwamba. Cha kumapeto kwa m’ma 1800, munthu wina wokhala ku St. Petersburg, amene analandirapo mphotho yotchuka ya Nobel Prize chifukwa cha ukatswiri wake pa sayansi ku Russia, wotchedwa Ivan Pavlov anatulukira kuti nyama ndiponso anthu amatha kuphunzira kugwirizanitsa zinthu zosayenderana ngati atazoloŵera kuona zinthuzo zikuchitika moyenderana. Ndipo mumzinda womwewu ndi mmene katswiri wina wasayansi, Dmitry Mendeleyev, analembera mndandanda wa ma elementi, umene ku Russia umatchedwa kuti mndandanda wa Mendeleyev.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a m’mzindawu chinachititsanso chidwi mayiko akunja. Mu 1738 anakhazikitsamo sukulu ya maphunziro apamwamba a zovinavina, imene pamapeto pake inadzakhala Mariinsky Ballet yomwe ndi yotchuka padziko lonse. Posakhalitsa mumzindawu anamangamo nyumba zambiri zoviniramo ndi kuchitiramo zisudzo. Anthu otchuka opeka nyimbo anayamba kukhala ku St. Petersburg, kuphatikizapo Pyotr Ilich Tchaikovsky. Iyeyu ngodziŵika ndi nyimbo zake zosaguga monga Sleeping Beauty, Swan Lake, ndi The Nutcracker komanso nyimbo yake yotchuka kwambiri yotchedwa 1812 Overture.

Mumzinda wa St. Petersburg munkakhalanso olemba ndakatulo ndiponso olemba mabuku ambiri otchuka a ku Russia. Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin adakali mnyamata anakhala munthu amene anthu ambiri amaona kuti anali “wolemba ndakatulo woposa wina aliyense [ku Russia] ndiponso amene anayambitsa luso la masiku ano la kalembedwe ka mabuku ku Russia.” Ku Russia, Pushkin ali ngati Shakespeare pankhani ya zolembalemba, ndipo zolemba zake, kuphatikizapo ndakatulo yake yonena za mzinda umene anakhazikikamo, yomwe ili pamayambiriro a nkhani ino, anazimasulira m’zilankhulo zonse zikuluzikulu. Kuwonjezera pa iyeyu palinso Dostoyevski, amene buku la The Encyclopædia Britannica limati “nthaŵi zambiri amaikidwa m’gulu la anthu olemba mabuku aluso kwambiri amene anakhalako.”

Motero, tinganene kuti chilichonse chimene mzinda wa St. Petersburg unalandira utangoyamba kumene, chochokera ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, unachibweza n’kuwonjezapo zambirimbiri. Kwa zaka zonsezi anthu ake achita zambiri zothandiza pa chikhalidwe cha anthu a padziko lonse.

Nthaŵi Yokumbukira

Kungoyambira pa May 24 mpaka pa June 1, chaka chino, alendo zikwizikwi odzaona mzinda wa St. Petersburg anachita nawo chikondwerero chokumbukira kuti mzindawu watha zaka 300. Pamene ankasangalala pa chikondwerero chimene anachikonzekera kwambiricho, anthu ambiri ankaganizira za kukongola kwa mzindawu ndiponso mbiri yake yochititsa chidwi.

Zinangochitika kuti mlungu umodzi wokha chikondwererochi chisanachitike, anthu zikwi zambiri anafika mu mzinda wa St. Petersburg pa mwambo wopatulira nyumba zimene anawonjezera pa nthambi ya Mboni za Yehova ku Russia, yomwe ili m’dera la kunja kwa mzindawu. Tsiku lotsatira kupatulirako, anthu 9,817 anasonkhana mu bwalo la maseŵera la Kirov mumzinda wa St. Petersburg kuti akamve mfundo zikuluzikulu zimene zinakambidwa pa mwambo wopatulirawo komanso malipoti ena olimbikitsa onena za ntchito ya Mboni za Yehova m’mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Simungakwanitse Kuona Zonse Mumzindawu

Anthu odzaona zinthu mumzinda wa St. Petersburg nthaŵi zambiri amaona kuti muli zinthu zochuluka kwambiri moti sadziŵa n’komwe poyambira. Umu ndi mmene munthu amamvera akafika ku Hermitage. Akuti munthu atati athe mphindi imodzi poyang’ana chinthu chilichonse chimene chili m’zipinda mazanamazana zooneramo zinthu kumeneko, angatenge zaka kuti amalize kuona zinthuzo.

Anthu ena amaona kuti chimodzi mwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri mumzindawu ndicho gule wa ballet. Mwachitsanzo, mu holo yotchuka ya Mariinsky Theater, munthu angathe kukhala m’magetsi ochititsa kaso, makoma ogometsa ali nyezinyezi, opakidwa golidi wolemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 400, n’kumaonerera anthu ovina guleyu amene mwina ali m’gulu la anthu odziŵa bwino kwambiri guleyu padziko lonse.

Ngakhale mutamangoyenda chabe mumzindawu, womwe uli ndi anthu pafupifupi faifi miliyoni, mungathe kuona nyumba zochititsa kaso kwambiri zimene zili m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Neva. Ndipo kungokwera sitima zoyenda m’njanje zapansi za m’mzindawu, zomwe zili m’gulu la njanje zapansi zozama kwambiri padziko lonse, kungakulawitseni chikhalidwe cha anthu ake. Anthu opitirira thu miliyoni patsiku amakwera sitima zimenezi ndipo zimadutsa m’masiteshoni opitirira 50 amene ali pa mtunda wokwana makilomita 98. Ena mwa masiteshoniŵa ali m’gulu la masiteshoni okongola kwambiri padziko lonse. Mu 1955, pomwe anatsegulira njanjezi, magazini ya The New York Times inati masiteshoniwo ali ngati “nyumba zachifumu za makono zokhala pansi panthaka.”

Inde, munthu sangalephere kuutayira kamtengo mzinda wa St. Petersburg chifukwa cha mmene unamangidwira ndi mmene unatukukira komanso chifukwa cha mbiri yake yosatha ya kukongola, anthu ake aluso, chikhalidwe, maphunziro, ndi nyimbo. Anthu odzaona mzindawu, kaya akhale okonda zinthu zotani, mwina sangalephere kuvomerezana ndi mawu a buku lina onena kuti mzinda wa St. Petersburg “uli m’gulu la mizinda yokongola kwambiri ku Ulaya.”

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Peter Wamkulu, amene anakhazikitsa mzindawu

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Malo achitetezo otchedwa Peter-Paul Fortress pamodzi ndi tchalitchi chake, maziko a mzinda wa St. Petersburg anaikidwa pamenepa

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Nyumba yotchedwa Winter Palace ya m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Neva, ndipo panopo ndi mmene muli malo osungiramo zinthu zakale otchedwa Hermitage (cha kudzanjadzanjako mukuona mkati mwake)

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The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg

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Nyumba yachifumu yotchedwa Great Palace

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Mzinda wa St. Petersburg amautcha kuti mzinda wa Venice wa Kumpoto

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Holo yodziŵika padziko lonse yotchedwa Mariinsky Theater

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Steve Raymer/National Geographic Image Collection

Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Natasha Razina

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Masiteshoni a sitima zoyenda pansi panthaka a mumzinda wa St. Petersburg anawatchulapo kuti “nyumba zachifumu za pansi panthaka”

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Chithunzi cha pamwambacho: Edward Slater/Index Stock Photography; chithunzi chili pakatipo ndi zizindikiro: The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg