Kodi Chikuchititsa Mavuto A Zaulimi N’chiyani?

“Ogwira ntchito ku bungwe la Farm Stress Line anaphunzitsidwa bwino kuti azikuthandizani ulimi ukakuikani pampanipani. Ife kuno ndife alimi ndipo ena anali alimi kalelo, monga mmene inunso mulili, moti timadziŵa bwino mavuto amene mabanja akumidzi amakumana nawo. Tingalinganize kuti mulankhulane ndi anthu amene angakuthandizeni. . . . Mafoni onse amene mungaimbe amakhala achinsinsi.”—Mawuŵa achokera m’nkhani ya pa Intaneti yolembedwa ndi boma la Canada.

AKATSWIRI a zachipatala ambiri tsopano akunena kuti kukhala pampanipani ndi vuto lalikulu zedi pantchito ya ulimi. Pofuna kuthandiza alimi, madokotala ena a zamaganizo akungoona za mmene ulimi umaikira anthu pampanipani, ndipo akukhazikitsa timagulu tothandizana pa vutoli komanso mabungwe omwe alimiwo akhoza kuimbirako mafoni.

Mkazi wina wotchedwa Jane yemwe mwamuna wake anali mlimi amapezeka nawo pa gulu linalake lomwe limalandira malangizo Lachinayi madzulo. Jane anafotokoza kuti: “Ndabwera chifukwa chakuti mwamuna wanga anadzipha. Iye nthaŵi zonse ankaganiza zolima famu ya banja lathu, ndipo ndikuganiza kuti palibenso china chimene ankafuna kuchita koma kulima famuyo basi.”

Anthu ambiri aona kuti pali alimi ochuluka kuposa n’kale lonse omwe akufunafuna thandizo chifukwa cha mpanipani  waulimi. Koma kodi n’chiyani chikuchititsa mavuto amene alimi ambiri akukumana nawo?

Mavuto a Zachilengedwe ndi Matenda

Nkhani ya pa Intaneti yolembedwa ndi boma tatchula poyamba ija inati: “Mmene ntchito yaulimi ilili, sizingatheke kuti inuyo mulamulire mbali yaikulu ya zinthu zimene zimakhudza moyo wa mlimi tsiku ndi tsiku. Simungalamulire zinthu monga nyengo, mitengo ya zinthu kumsika, chiwongola dzanja, ndi kuwonongeka kwa zipangizo zogwirira ntchito. Ngakhalenso kusankha pa zinthu ziŵiri, monga kusankha mbewu yoti ulime kaya kusankha kugulitsa munda kapena kuubwereketsa pangongole, kungakuike pampanipani chifukwa zotsatira zake zingakhale zabwino kapena zokhumudwitsa.” Ndiye pa zimenezi pakawonjezeka mantha akuti kugwa chilala choopsa kapena matenda kaya kuopa kuluza famu, munthu angakhale pampanipani wosaneneka.

Mwachitsanzo, chilala chingakhale ngati mpeni wansengwa. Mlimi wina dzina lake Howard Paulsen anasimba kuti chilala cha mu 2001, chomwe chinali chimodzi mwa zilala zikuluzikulu kwambiri m’mbiri ya dziko la Canada, chinawononga mbewu zake komanso ziŵeto zake. Anafunika kuchita kugula zakudya za ziŵeto chifukwa kunalibe udzu woti zizidya kayanso mbewu zoti akanatha kukolola. Iye anati: “Ndawononga kale ndalama zokwana madola 10,000 kugulira zakudya za ziŵeto, ndipo zakudya zimene ndikuzipatsa panopa ndi zimene zimafunika kudya m’nyengo yachisanu. Ukangoyamba kudyetsera ziŵeto m’njira yotereyi, sizikupatsa phindu lililonse.” M’madera ena, madzi osefukira awononga mafamu ambiri, aseseratu mbewu zonse.

Ku Britain chigodola cha ng’ombe chimene chinafala kwambiri mu 2001 chinali chabe vuto lomalizira mwa mavuto otsatizanatsatizana amene alimi kumeneko anakumana nawo, omwe ena a iwo anali matenda a misala ya ng’ombe ndi chigodola cha nkhumba. Matendaŵa, limodzi ndi mantha amene amadzetsa mwa anthu, sangowonongetsa chuma chokha. Magazini yotchedwa Agence France-Presse inati: “Taona anthu olimba mtima akumidzi, osati anthu amene amalira n’zilizonse, akusisima poonerera avetenale ochoka ku boma akuunjika ziŵeto zophedwa zimene akhala akuŵeta pamoyo wawo wonse kuti azitenthe.” Chigodola chitafalikira, apolisi anafika polanda mfuti alimi amene anali kuoneka kuti akhoza kudzipha. Mabungwe olangiza anthu anali kulandira mafoni ambirimbiri ochokera kwa alimi omwe anali ndi nkhaŵa.

Kusakhazikika kwa Chuma

Kayendedwe ka chuma nako kakhala kakusintha kwambiri. Pachikuto chakumbuyo cha buku lakuti Broken Heartland pali mawu akuti: “Kuchoka mu 1940 kufika m’katikati mwa ma 1980, ndalama zowonongedwa paulimi m’dera limene dziko la America limadalira kwambiri pankhaniyi zinawonjezeka maulendo atatu, kugula katundu wa pa famu kunawonjezeka maulendo anayi, chiwongola dzanja pobweza ngongole chinawonjezeka maulendo khumi, phindu limene alimi amapeza linatsika ndi 10 peresenti, chiŵerengero cha alimi chinatsika ndi anthu aŵiri pa anthu atatu alionse, ndipo pafupifupi m’dera laulimi lililonse munachepa anthu, malonda sanali kuyenda bwino, komanso chuma chinali chosakhazikika.”

N’chifukwa chiyani phindu limene alimi amapeza silikugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zimene akuwononga? Masiku ano, pamene anthu padziko lonse akungokhala ngati ali m’dera limodzi, alimi akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mmene malonda akuyendera m’misika ya mayiko osiyanasiyana. Motero alimi amapikisana ndi olima chakudya ena omwe atalikirana nawo makilomita zikwi zambirimbiri. N’zoona kuti kugulitsa zinthu kunja kwatsegulanso misika yatsopano kwa alimi, komatu malonda m’misika imeneyi akhoza kukhala osadalirika zedi. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1998 alimi ambiri a chimanga ndi nkhumba ku Canada analephera kubweza ngongole chifukwa makasitomala awo ku Asia anali ndi mavuto a zachuma.

Kuchepa kwa Anthu

Pulofesa Mike Jacobsen wa pa yunivesite ya Iowa, yemwe amaona nkhani za kumidzi, anati mavuto aulimi ndi mavutonso a madera akumidzi. Iye anati: “M’madera ameneŵa anthu amakonda ana, ndi mwaukhondo, ndipo anthu amafuna kupeza banja n’kumalera  ana awo. Masukulu ake ndi abwino. Kulibe zachiwawa. Ndicho chithunzi chimene timakhala nacho, si choncho? Komatu chuma cha m’madera ameneŵa chimadalira kwambiri zomwe akolole m’minda ya mabanja ozungulira deralo.” Chotsatira chake n’chakuti mavuto a zaulimi amaonekeranso ndi kutsekedwa kwa zipatala za m’midzi, masukulu, malesitiranti, masitolo, ndi matchalitchi ku midziko. Masiku ano zikutha zoti anthu azikhala m’dera limodzi, komatu ichi n’chinthu chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri pa moyo waulimi.

Ndiyetu n’zosadabwitsa kuti magazini ya Newsweek inati pafupifupi anthu 16 mwa 100 alionse amene amakhala kumidzi ku America sapeza ndalama zokwanira pamoyo wawo. Geoffrey Lawrence, mu lipoti lake lakuti “Mavuto a Kumidzi ku Australia,” analemba kuti ku Australia “anthu ambiri kumidzi ali paulova, amagwira ntchito zaganyu ndiponso ndi aumphaŵi kuposa anthu a m’tauni.” Kusakhazikika kwa zachuma kwakakamiza mabanja ambiri, makamaka mabanja achinyamata, kusamukira m’tauni. Sheila, yemwe ali ndi famu limodzi ndi banja lake, anafunsa kuti: “Kodi izi zingakhalebe choncho mpaka liti tisanafike poti palibe aliyense wofuna kulima?”

Chifukwa chakuti achinyamata ambiri akukakhala m’tauni, anthu amene akupezeka m’midzi yochuluka tsopano ndi akuluakulu okhaokha. M’midzi imeneyi mukusoŵa achinyamata ogwira ntchito mwamphamvu komanso kuposa pamenepo, mukusoŵa anthu oti azithandiza nkhalambazi, ndipotu nthaŵi zambiri thandizoli limasoŵa pamene likufunika kwambiri. N’zomveka kuti kusintha kwa zinthu kofulumira kumeneku kukusokoneza ndi kuchititsa mantha okalamba ambiri.

Motero tingaone kuti mavuto a zaulimi ndi owononga komanso amakhudza anthu ochuluka. Amakhudza tonsefe. Ngakhale n’choncho, pali chifukwa chabwino chokhulupirira kuti mavuto a zaulimi adzatha, monga momwe tionere m’nkhani yotsatirayi.

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Masiku ano, pamene anthu padziko lonse akungokhala ngati ali m’dera limodzi, alimi akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mmene malonda akuyendera m’misika ya mayiko osiyanasiyana

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Kodi izi zingakhalebe choncho mpaka liti tisanafike poti palibe aliyense wofuna kulima?”

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

ULIMI WOSAGWIRITSA NTCHITO MANKHWALA

Anthu ochulukirachulukira akukonda zakudya zolimidwa mosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Pafupifupi anthu 15 akuwonjezeka chaka ndi chaka pa anthu 100 alionse amene amagula zakudya zoterezi ku Canada.

Kodi zakudya zolimidwa mosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi zakudya zotani? Lipoti la Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi, Chakudya ndi Chitukuko cha Kumidzi ku Alberta linanena kuti izi ndi “zakudya zimene polima sathira mankhwala alionse, koma kalimidwe kake kamakhala kothandiza nthaka kukhala yachonde, kamalola zamoyo zina kuti zisafe, kamakhala kosavutitsa kwambiri ziŵeto komanso amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosawononga chilengedwe.”

Alimi amene amachita ulimi woterewu amati zakudya zimenezi zimasiyana ndi zakudya zimene zimalimidwa m’mafamu akuluakulu. Katharine Vansittart analemba m’magazini yotchedwa Canadian Geographic kuti: “Pa mafamu akuluakulu pamakhala chizoloŵezi cholima mbewu imodzi yokha, imene imabereka kwambiri chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito mashini komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi feteleza wochuluka zedi. Kuwonjezera pa mfundo yakuti ena mwa mankhwalawo amatha kutsalira m’zakudya, zakudyazo zimakhala ndi mavitamini ochepa akazikolola zisanakhwime, zomwe sizingapeŵedwe ngati afunika kuzitumiza ku misika yakutali. Komanso pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zokololazo zikafika zili bwinobwino kumene akufuna, amazithira gasi, mafuta kapena mankhwala ena oti zisawole.”

Kodi amene amagula zakudya zolimidwa mosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndani? Lipoti la ku Alberta lija linati ogula ake “akuyambira pa achinyamata amene amaganizira kwambiri za thanzi lawo, n’kufika pa amayi odera nkhaŵa mabanja awo, mpaka pa anthu okalamba. . . . Si anthu okhawo amene amaumirira kwambiri mfundo zawo.”

Komatu si anthu onse amene amakhutira kuti zakudyazi n’zabwino. Magazini ya Canadian Geographic inati: “Chifukwa chakuti zakudyazi kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zokwera mtengo, ena amakayikira ngati n’zofunikadi popanda kuti asayansi atsimikizire kaye ubwino wake. Ena zimawakayikitsa n’zoti pakhale magulu aŵiri a zakudya amene anthu osauka sangakwanitse kupeza.” Pa mawuŵa, anthu amene amalimbikitsa kudya zakudya zoterezi amati munthu aliyense angathe kumapeza zakudyazi ngakhale atakhala wosauka, mwa kusintha zimene anthu amadya, kusintha kagulitsidwe ka zakudyazi, ndiponso kusintha njira yozitumizira kumene zikufunika. Poona maganizo osiyanasiyana amene anthu ali nawo ndiponso zimene asayansi apeza, n’zokayikitsa kuti anthu asiya posachedwa kutsutsana pankhaniyi.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 8]

MANKHWALA OPHERA TIZILOMBO AKUTHETSA ALIMI NZERU

M’madera ena a dzikoli, tizilombo pamodzi ndi matenda a zomera zawononga mpaka magawo atatu mwa anayi a mbewu. Zikatere chidule n’kungolima mbewu zambiri. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa Globe and Mail inati: “Alimi a ku Canada ayesetsa kuti akhale patsogolo pa mpikisanowu mwa kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoti azikolola zambiri kuti azikhala ndi zogulitsa zochuluka.” Komatu Terence McRae yemwe amagwira ntchito ku bungwe loona zachilengedwe ku Canada anachenjeza kuti: “Zinthu zambiri zimene akusinthazi zawonjezera vuto lakuti ulimi uziwononga zachilengedwe.”

Nanga bwanji zogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo? Izinso zikuthetsa nzeru alimi, chifukwa anthu akutsutsanabe; ena amati mankhwalaŵa akuthandiza, pamene ena akuti akhoza kuwononga thanzi la anthu. Bungwe loona zaumoyo padziko lonse la World Health Organization linavomereza kuti kufikira pano zonse sizikudziŵika zokhudza poizoni amene angakhale m’mankhwalaŵa ndi kuipa kwake konse. Kuwononga kwa mankhwalaŵa kungawonjezeke pamene zamoyo ziwadyera ku zakudya zawo. Nyama zimadya udzu ndi zomera zina zothiridwa mankhwalaŵa. Kenako anthu amadya nyamazo.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Chithunzi cha USDA chojambulidwa ndi Doug Wilson