Kulankhulana kwa Zachilengedwe

“Popanda kulankhulana, nyama kapena munthu aliyense angamakhale ngati kuti alipo yekhayekha.”—Linatero buku la The Language of Animals.

M’NKHALANGO, m’tchire, ngakhalenso m’kamunda ka pakhomo panu, mumatha kukhala tinyama tosaŵerengeka tomwe nthaŵi zonse timakhala tikulankhulana. Buku lonena za kulankhulana kwa nyama la The Language of Animals linati: “Nyama zimalankhula ndi chilichonse pa thupi lawo, zimatero pogwedeza mbali zinazake za thupilo kapena poima m’njira inayake; potulutsa ndiponso kumva fungo losamveka kwambiri—ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina fungoli limanunkha ndithu monga la kanyimbi akachita mantha; polira m’njira zosiyanasiyana, poimba nyimbo; potulutsa kapena kumva nyesi; poonetsa kuwala kwa phethiphethi; posintha mtundu; pokhala ngati zikuvina; ngakhalenso pomenyetsa miyendo pansi ndi kuchita mgugu poyenda.” Koma kodi zizindikiro zonsezi zimatanthauza chiyani makamaka?

Asayansi amatulukira chinsinsi cha mmene nyama zimalankhulirana poonetsetsa zochitika za nyamazo mosamala. Mwachitsanzo iwo anapeza kuti nkhuku ya kabwata ikaona kanyama kogwira nkhuku, monga mwiri, nkhukuyo imachenjeza zinzake polira kuti kuku, kuku, kuku. Koma ikaona kabaŵi, nkhukuyi imalira mosadukiza komanso mokuwa kwambiri. Zinzakezo zimathaŵa nthaŵi yomweyo mogwirizana ndi kaliridweko, kutanthauza kuti nkhukuzi zimamvana. Mitundu ina ya mbalame nayonso imasiyanitsa kaliridwe mogwirizana ndi zimene zikuchitika.

Buku lakuti Songs, Roars, and Rituals linati: “Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri yodziŵira mmene nyama zimalankhulirana ndiyo kujambula chizindikiro chimene zimapatsana chomwe mukufuna kudziŵa tanthauzo lake, ndipo pambuyo pake n’kuona kuti nyamazo zikumatani nthaŵi iliyonse zikamva kapena kuona chizindikiro mwajambulacho.” Nkhuku tazitchula zija ataziyesa m’njira imeneyi zinachita mogwirizana ndi zimene zimachita nthaŵi zonse zikakhala kwazokha. Njira imeneyi imagwiranso ntchito ngakhale kwa akangaude. Ofufuza anafuna kudziŵa kuti n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti akangaude aakazi amtundu wa buwe kapena kuti duŵiruŵi azikopeka ndi abuwe aamuna omwe akafuna kukopa akaziwo amaimitsa miyendo yawo yacheya yakutsogolo n’kumaigwedeza. Motero ofufuzaŵa anajambula buwe wamwamuna pavidiyo kenaka n’kufufuta cheya cha m’miyendo yake mu vidiyomo. Ndiye buwe wamkazi uja atamuonetsa buwe wamwamuna wa pa vidiyoyo, sanachite naye chidwinso mwamunayo. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chiyani? Zimatanthauza kuti buwe wamkazi amakopeka ndi buwe wamwamuna amene amagwedeza miyendo yacheya basi!

Kulankhulana ndi Fungo

Nyama zambiri zimalankhulana potulutsa fungo lamphamvu kwambiri m’thupi mwawo, kapena mumkodzo ngakhalenso m’ndowe zawo. Fungo limasonyeza malo a nyama zinazake, kuphatikizapo agalu ndi amphaka, monga mmene mpanda ndiponso chikwangwani zimasonyezera nyumba ya munthu. Ngakhale kuti malire ake saoneka, kulemberera malo kumeneku kumathandiza kwambiri kuti nyama za mtundu umodzi zisamakhale moyandikirana kwambiri.

Koma fungo limeneli sikuti n’longodulira malire a malo okha ayi. Fungoli lili ngati zikwangwani  za chidziŵitso zimene nyama zina zingathe “kuŵerengapo” zinthu mwachidwi kwambiri. Buku lakuti How Animals Communicate linati, fungo lodulira malire “n’kutheka kuti limasonyezanso zinthu zina zokhudza nyamayo monga msinkhu wake, kuti ndi yaimuna kapena yaikazi, mphamvu zake komanso zimene ingathe kuchita, [ndiponso] zokhudza nkhani ya kubereka . . . Fungo la nyamayo limasonyeza zonse zofunika kuti nyama zina ziidziŵe.” M’pake kuti nkhani ya fungo nyama zina siziitenga mwamaseŵera ndipo mfundo imeneyi amaidziŵa bwino anthu ambiri amene amayang’anira malo osungiramo nyama zakutchire. Anthuŵa anapeza kuti akatsuka malo amene nyamazo zimagona, nthaŵi yomweyo nyama zambiri zimaikamonso fungo losonyeza kuti ndi malo awo. Inde buku talitchula pamwambapolo linati “nyama imasauka mtima kwambiri ikakhala popanda fungo lake moti zimenezi zingathe kuichititsa zinthu zodabwitsa mwinanso kuilepheretsa kubereka kumene.”

Nato tizilombo timagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri fungo. Mwachitsanzo, fungo lochenjezana ndilo limene limachititsa kuti chigulu cha tizilombo chisamuke n’kuulukira kwina ndiponso kuti tizilombo tivutitse zamoyo zina. Fungo loitanirana limaitana tizilombo kuti tipite pamene pali chakudya kapena kuti tipite pamalo oyenera kumangapo chisa. Palinso fungo lokopera tizilombo tatimuna kapena tatikazi ndipo pali tizilombo tina timene timatha kumva fungo lotereli, lingachepe bwanji. Mwachitsanzo agulugufe enaake aamuna amakhala ndi tinyanga tiŵiri tomwe timaoneka ngati timasamba tinatake tanthete. Tinyangati timatha kumva fungo lililonse la gulugufe wamkazi ngakhale litachepa maka! Fungolo likawonjeza pang’ono, gulugufeyu amayamba kufunafuna kumene kuli wamkaziyo. Komatu sikuti ndi nyama zokha zimene zimalankhulana potulutsa fungo m’matupi mwawo.

Zomera Nazo “Zimalankhulana”

Kodi mumadziŵa kuti zomera zingathe kulankhulana ngakhalenso kulankhula ndi nyama zinazake? Magazini yotchedwa Discover inati ofufuza ku Netherlands anapeza kuti mtundu winawake wa nyemba ukagwidwa ndi akangaude, umatulutsa kafungo kamene kamaitana akangaude ena amene amadya akangaude owonongawo. Chimanga, fodya, ndiponso thonje nazo zimati zikagwidwa ndi mbozi zimatulutsa fungo limene limaitana mavu, omwe ndi mdani woopsa wa mbozi. Wofufuza wina anati: “Apatu si kuti zomerazi zimangonena kuti, ‘Inde, ndikupwetekeka kuno,’ koma zimatchulanso amene akuzipwetekayo. Zinthu zake n’zovuta kumvetsa ndipo n’zodabwitsa kwambiri.”

N’zodabwitsanso kwambiri mukaganizira za kulankhulana kwa pakati pa zomera zokhazokha. Malingana ndi magazini ya Discover, ofufuza “anapeza kuti mitengo ya msondodzi, poplar, alder, ndiponso birch, imalankhulitsana yokhayokha ndipo anapezanso kuti mbewu za balere zimamvetsera zonena za mbewu zinzawo za balere. Pa mtundu uliwonse wa zomerazi, zomera zimene zinali kuvutika, mwina chifukwa cha mbozi, kugwidwa matenda monga a kadaola, kapenanso akangaude, . . . zinayamba kutulutsa fungo limene likuoneka kuti linachenjeza zinzake zoyandikana nazo kuti zisamale.” Ngakhale zomera za mitundu ina zimatsatira machenjezo otere.

Chomera chikamawonongeka kapena chikachenjezedwa chimakonzekera kudziteteza. Chimatero mwina potulutsa poizoni wa kupha  tizilombo kapena mankhwala amene amachepetsa kapena kulepheretsa tizilomboto kudya chomeracho. M’tsogolo muno n’kutheka kuti kafukufuku wochititsa chidwi ameneyu adzathandiza kutulukira zinthu zina zodabwitsa kwambiri ndipo mwina zina zingadzathe kupindulitsa anthu pa ulimi.

Kulankhulana Mothwanima

Katswiri wina wa zachilengedwe, Susan Tweit analemba mawu otsatiraŵa m’nkhani ina yonena za ziphaniphani: “Dera la m’tauni limene ndimakhala linakongola mochititsa kaso chifukwa ziphaniphani zinali waliwali m’mlengalenga pamodzi ndi nyenyezi.” Tweit anati ziphaniphanizi, zomwe zili m’gulu limodzi ndi nsensenya, zimalankhulana mwa kuthwanima, komwe “kungangokhala kochenjezana mwinanso ngakhale kovomerezana kumene potomerana.” Kuwala kwake kumakhala kobiriŵira, kwachikasu, kapena kwa ngati lalanje. Chifukwa chakuti ziphaniphani zazikazi siziulukauluka, nthaŵi zambiri kuwala timaona kuja kumakhala kwa zazimuna.—Onani bokosi lakuti “Getsi Losatentha la Chiphaniphani.”

Mtundu uliwonse pa mitundu 1,900 ya ziphaniphani, zomwe zimatchedwanso kuti ng’ambing’ambi, uli ndi kuthwanima kwakekwake. Ina imathwanima katatu, kenako pakapita mwina sekondi imodzi n’kuthwanimanso katatu, pamene ina imathwanima kangapo kwa nthaŵi yosiyanasiyana. Chiphaniphani chachimuna chikamafuna mkazi, chimauluka chikuthwanima mosonyeza kuti chikufunafuna mkazi. Magazini ya Audubon inati: “Chachikazi chimazindikira tanthauzo la kuthwanimako, moti chimayankha kuti ‘Ndili panopo’ pothwanima m’njira yogwirizana ndi mtundu wa ziphaniphanizo.” Zikatero chachimuna chija chimadziŵa kuti zayenda ndiye chimapita pali mkaziyo.

Mbalame Zimaimba Mwambambande

M’buku lake lotchedwa The Life of Birds, David Attenborough anati: “Tikanena za kuimba kwanthaŵi yaitali, kuimba nyimbo zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta, palibe nyama iliyonse imene imaimba mofanana ndi mbalame.” Mbalame siziimbira kukhosi ayi koma zimaimbira m’kati mwa chifuwa, cha kufupi ndi kumene kholingo imagaŵikirana poloŵa m’mapapo.

Mbalame zimadziŵa nyimbo mwachibadwa komanso mbali ina zimachita kuphunzira kwa makolo awo. Motero kamvekedwe ka mawu a mbalame kamatha kusintha malingana ndi dera limene zikukhala. Buku la The Life of Birds linati: “Mbalame zamtundu wa mthengu anapita nazo ku Australia m’ma 1800 kuti zizikasangalatsa anthu osamukira kumeneku kuchoka ku Ulaya powaimbira tinyimbo towakumbutsa kwawo, koma panopo zimaimba nyimbo modziŵikiratu kuti ndi mithengu ya ku Australia.” Mbalame zazimuna za mtundu wa lyrebird, zomwe akuti zimaimba mwaluso ladzaoneni komanso motenga mtima kwambiri, zimachita kuphunzira nyimbo zake zambiri pomvetsera kuimba kwa mbalame zina. Ndipo mbalamezi zimadziŵa kwambiri kuyeserera zinthu moti zimatha kubera kulira kwina kulikonse, ngakhale kulira kwa zida zoimbira nyimbo, kukuwa kwa agalu, kwa ma alamu ochenjeza pakabwera akuba, kulira kwa nkhwangwa ikamatema mtengo, ngakhale kulira kwa kamera ikamajambula! Zonsezitu imachita pofuna kugometsa yaikazi.

Agogomole, mbalame zimene zimadalira milomo yawo pokumba pamene pali chakudya, ndi akatswiri odziŵa kugogoda zida zoimbira. Mbalamezi zimapatsana zizindikiro, pogogoda ndi milomo zinthu monga zitsa kapena nthambi zamphako m’kati. Attenborough anati: “Zina zimatha kupeza zida zina zatsopano zosangalatsa . . . , monga malata kapena  paipi yachitsulo.” Mbalame zimathanso kulankhulana poonetsana zinthu ndipo nthaŵi zinazake zimatero kwinakunso zikuyimba nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo zingathe kulankhulana poonetsana nthenga zawo zokongola.

Pouza anzake za malire a malo ake, mbalame yaimuna yotchedwa palm cockatoo ya ku Australia imagundika kugogoda zinthu, kulira, kuyenda mokhala ngati ikuguba, ndiponso kuonetsa nthenga zake. Imadula kanthambi n’kukagwira ndi zipalapaso zake, kenaka n’kumakamenyetsa pa chitsa. Imatero kwinaku itatambasula mapiko ake, n’kumadzikupiza, kucheukacheuka, n’kumalira mokweza kwambiri. Si mmene zimasangalatsira mukamaonerera!

Mpakatu nyama zina zimazindikira tanthauzo la kulira kwina kwa mbalame. Mwachitsanzo pali kambalame kenakake kamene kamalondola kumene kuli uchi. Kambalameka kamapezeka kwambiri ku Africa ndipo kamatha kulondolera kanyama kodya uchi kotchedwa chiuli kumene kuli njuchi. Kambalameka kakafika pamtengopo kapena chapafupi, kamalira m’njira inayake ponena kuti “Uchi uja uli chapompano!” Zikatero chiuli uja amapeza mtengowo, n’kuyamba kufula uchiwo n’kumadya.

Kulankhulana M’madzi

Atatulukira zipangizo zomvera zinthu pansi pa madzi, ofufuza adabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa phokoso lochokera m’nyanja. Phokosoli limatha kukhala lapansipansi kapenanso lokweza kwambiri ndipo limamveka kwambiri zedi moti sitima za asilikali zoyenda pansi pa madzi zimapezerapo mwayi pa phokosoli kuti phokoso la sitimazo lisamveke. Koma sikuti nsomba zimangopanga chiphokoso chosatsatirika bwinobwino. M’buku lake lakuti Secret Languages  of the Sea, katswiri wasayansi ya zamoyo za m’madzi Robert Burgess ananena kuti: “Nsomba ina ingamveke ngati ‘yadzuma, yatetera, ndi kuwuwa,’ kenako n’kubwereza zomwezi m’njira yomweyo, inzake ingachite phokoso lamphamvu lapansipansi lalifupi komanso n’kumveka ngati yawombetsa mano, kenako n’kumveka ngati ikukwecha chinachake.”

Nsomba zilibe kukhosi kokhala ndi mitsempha yotulutsa mawu, nangano zimalira bwanji? Burgess anati nsomba zina zimalira pogwiritsira ntchito minofu “kuwomba timatumba todzaza ndi mpweya togundikizana ndi minofuyo” mpaka kufika pomveka ngati ng’oma. Nsomba zina zimamenyetsa mano pamodzi kapena kutsegula ndi kutseka malakwi, kapena kuti makha, ake m’njira inayake yapadera kapena yomveka ngati kuwomba m’manja. Kodi phokosoli limakhala lopanda tanthauzo lililonse? Ayi ndithu. Burgess anati, monga nyama za kumtunda, nsomba nazo zimachita phokoso linalake pofuna “kukopa zazikazi kapena zazimuna, pofuna njira, podziteteza kwa adani, ndiponso pongolankhulana kapena poopseza.”

Komanso nsomba zimamva kwambiri. Ndipotu nsomba za mitundu yambiri zili ndi makutu a m’kati mwa thupi lawo ndiponso zili ndi mzere wa maselo m’mphepete mwa thupi lawo, omwe zimamvera mphamvu ya chinthu chilichonse chimene chikukhudza thupilo. Maselo ameneŵa amazithandiza kumva mmene akuyendera mafunde opangidwa ndi phokoso lililonse m’madzimo.

Akadaulo a Kulankhula Padziko Lapansi

Noam Chomsky, pulofesa wa maphunziro a zilankhulo anati: “Tikamaphunzira zilankhulo za anthu timazindikira kuti chilankhulo n’chimene tingati chimasiyanitsadi anthu ndi zamoyo zina zonse, timazindikira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudza maganizo zimene momwe tikudziŵira panopo, ndi anthu okha amene ali nazo.” Barbara Lust, yemwe ndi pulofesa wa maphunziro a zilankhulo komanso moyo wa anthu anati: “Ana a zaka zitatu zokha amakhala atadziŵa kale mosaphonyetsa zinthu zambiri zovuta zedi kumvetsa zokhudza tsatanetsatane wa chilankhulo, mwakuti palibe mfundo iliyonse yonena za kuphunzira zinthu imene ingathandize kumvetsetsa mmene ana amadziŵira zimenezi.”

Komatu Baibulo limanena mfundo yomveka yofotokoza zodabwitsazi. Limanena kuti imeneyi ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mlengi, Yehova Mulungu, amene anapanga anthu “m’chifanizo”  chake. (Genesis 1:27) Koma kodi timasonyeza bwanji makhalidwe a Mulungu pankhani ya kulankhula?

Chitsanzo ndicho kutchula zinthu mayina. Pulofesa wa maphunziro a kulankhulana, Frank Dance, analemba kuti ndi anthu okha “pa zamoyo zonse, amene amatha kutcha zinthu mayina.” Malemba amasonyeza kuti ichi n’chikhalidwe cha Mulungu. Pamayambiriro penipeni pa nkhani ya chilengedwe, Baibulo limatiuza kuti Mulungu anatcha “kuyerako Usana, ndi mdimawo anautcha Usiku.” (Genesis 1:5) Lemba la Yesaya 40:26 limati nyenyezi iliyonse Mulungu anaitcha dzina ndipotu kuchita zimenezi si chinthu chamaseŵera ayi!

Mulungu atalenga Adamu, imodzi mwa ntchito zimene anayambirira kum’patsa inali yotcha nyama mayina. Ndithu ntchito imeneyi iyenera kuti inam’chititsa Adamu kukhala ndi chidwi chachikulu komanso kuganiza mozama! Pambuyo pake, Adamu anadzapatsa dzina mkazi wake Hava. Ndiye Havayo anadzapatsa dzina mwana wawo woyamba Kaini. (Genesis 2:19, 20; 3:20; 4:1) Kuchokera pamenepo, anthu akhala akutcha mayina zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndipo akhala akutero makamaka kuti azimvana mosavuta. Tingamavutiketu kumvana popanda mayina.

Kuphatikiza pa luso ndiponso chikhumbo chawo chotcha zinthu mayina, anthu ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana la kulankhula, ndipo sikuti luso lililonse limafuna kutchula mawu. Ndithudi tingati palibe malire aliwonse a zinthu zimene tingathe kuuzana ndi anthu anzathu. Tingathe kuuzana zinthu zovuta kwambiri kumvetsa ngakhalenso zinthu zokhudza chikondi chathu chochokera pansi pamtima. Komatu monga mmene muonere m’nkhani yotsatirayi, pali mtundu umodzi wa kulankhulana umene umaposa kulankhulana kwina konseku.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

GETSI LOSATENTHA LA CHIPHANIPHANI

Mphamvu zambiri za getsi lenileni zimawonongeka chifukwa chakuti limatentha. Komatu getsi la chiphaniphani, lomwe limayaka chifukwa cha zimene zimachitika m’thupi mwake silitentha ayi. Motero salakwa kulitcha kuti getsi losatentha. Zimene zimachititsa kuti getsili liyake zimachitikira m’maselo enaake apadera ndipo minyewa ndiyo imatsegula ndi kutseka maseloŵa.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

John M. Burnley/Bruce Coleman Inc.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

MFUNDO ZIMENE ZINGAKUTHANDIZENI KULANKHULANA BWINO NDI ENA

1. Muzimvetsera mwachidwi ena akamalankhula ndipo mukamacheza anzanu asamangomvera inu nokhanokha. Ngati mutatchula mawu enaake molakwika kapena ngati mutalankhula Chicheŵa chinachake chothyoka anthu angathe kukumvetsani, koma anthu sangakukondeni ngati mumafuna kuti azingomvera inuyo. Baibulo limati munthu ayenera kukhala “wotchera khutu, wodekha polankhula.”—Yakobo 1:19.

2. Muzichita chidwi ndi zimene zikuchitika kunja kuno komanso zinthu zokukhudzani inuyo. Muziŵerenga nkhani zosiyanasiyana koma ndi bwino kusamala. Mukamauza ena zimene mwaphunzira, muziwauza mosadzitukumula koma modzichepetsa.—Salmo 5:5; Miyambo 11:2.

3. Phunzirani mawu ena atsopano koma mawu ake azikhala ofunikadi osati ongodzionetsera. Anthu anatama Yesu kuti: “Nthaŵi yonse palibe munthu analankhula chotero.” (Yohane 7:46) Komatu ngakhale “anthu osaphunzira” ndiponso anthu wamba ankatha kumva mawu a Yesu mosavuta.—Machitidwe 4:13.

4. Yankhulani momveka bwino, ndipo tchulani mawu molondola. Koma peŵani kulankhula komveka ngati simukufuna n’komwe kulakwitsa mawu alionse kapena kulankhula m’njira yofuna kugometsa ena. Tikamalankhula momveka bwino ndiponso tikamapeŵa kuvumata kapenanso kudula mawu, ndiye kuti tikulankhula modzilemekeza ndiponso moganizira anthu amene tikulankhula nawowo.—1 Akorinto 14:7-9.

5. Zindikirani kuti luso lanu lolankhula ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu. Zimenezi zingakulimbikitseni kuti luso limeneli musalione mopepuka.—Yakobo 1:17.

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Agulugufe a mtundu uwu ali ndi tinyanga tomva zinthu kwambiri

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy Phil Pellitteri

[Chithunzi pamasamba 22, 23]

Gogomole

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Mbalame ya bird of paradise

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Michael S. Yamashita/CORBIS

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Mbalame ya palm cockatoo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Roland Seitre