Kodi Kudana ndi Misonkho Kukuwonjezeka?

“Ngakhale n’takhetsa thukuta motani, zimene ndimapeza amangondilanda.” —Unatero mwambi wachibabulo, wa m’ma 2300 B.C.E.

“M’dziko lapansili, palibe chotsimikizika kupatulapo imfa ndi misonkho.”—Anatero yemwe anali pulezidenti wa dziko la United States, a Benjamin Franklin, mu 1789.

REUBEN amagwira ntchito yogulitsa zinthu pakampani ina. Chaka chilichonse, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a ndalama zonse zimene amapeza movutikira zimathera kukhoma misonkho. Iye anadandaula kuti: “Sindiona kumene ndalama zonsezi zimapita. Boma lachepetsa ndalama zimene limagwiritsa ntchito pa zinthu zambirimbiri zofunika, moti panopo ndi zinthu zochepa chabe zomwe boma limatichitira.”

Komabe, mufunika kukhoma misonkho pa moyo wanu, kaya mumaikonda kapena ayi. Wolemba wina dzina lake Charles Adams anati: “Maboma akhala akukhometsa anthu misonkho m’njira zambirimbiri kuyambira pamene moyo wotukuka unayamba.” Nthaŵi zambiri anthu akhala akudana ndi misonkho ndipo nthaŵi zina misonkho yachititsa anthu kuukira. Anthu akale a ku Britain anamenyana ndi Aroma n’kumanena kuti: “Zikanakhala bwino mukanatipha kusiyana ndi kutikhometsa misonkho!” Kale ku France, chifukwa china chimene chinachititsa kuti anthu aukire boma, mpaka kudula mitu ya anthu okhometsa misonkho pakuukirapo chinali kudana ndi msonkho umene boma linaika pa mchere. Kuukira chifukwa chodana ndi misonkho kunachititsanso kuti dziko la United States limenyane ndi dziko la England pofuna kuti likhale ndi ufulu wodzilamulira.

N’zosadabwitsa kuti mpaka pano anthu akudanabe ndi misonkho. Akatswiri a nkhaniyi amati m’mayiko osauka kayendetsedwe ka misonkho nthaŵi zambiri kamakhala “kosagwira bwino ntchito” ndiponso “kopanda chilungamo.” Wofufuza wina anati, pali dziko linalake losauka kwambiri ku Africa kuno lomwe linali ndi “misonkho yopitirira 300 imene inali yosatheka kuiyendetsa bwinobwino ngakhale atakhala ndi anthu odziŵa bwino ntchito zamisonkho. Mwina palibe njira zoyenera zokhometsera misonkhoyo ndiponso kuona mmene ndalama zake zikuyendera kapena njirazo sazitsatira, . . . motero ena amatengerapo mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo mosayenera.” Lipoti la bungwe lofalitsa nkhani la BBC News linati m’dziko lina la ku Asia, “akuluakulu aboma anakhazikitsa misonkho yambiri . . . yosagwirizana ndi malamulo, kuyambira pa kukhometsa msonkho munthu akadzala nthochi mpaka kufika pokhometsa msonkho munthu akapha nkhumba. Anachita zimenezi pofuna kuwonjezera ndalama za boma zoyendetsera madera awo kapena pofuna kungopindira ndalamazo m’matumba mwawo.”

Kusiyana pakati pa anthu osauka ndi olemera kumachititsa kuti anthu azidana ndi misonkho. Magazini ya bungwe la United Nations yochedwa Africa Recovery inati: “Kusiyana kwakukulu kwambiri pakati pa mayiko olemera ndi osauka n’kwakuti maboma a mayiko olemera amapereka ndalama zothandiza pa ulimi pamene maboma a mayiko osauka amakhometsa msonkho alimi awo. . . . Zimene bungwe la World Bank linapeza litafufuza zikuonetsa kuti ndalama zimene dziko la United States limapereka pothandiza pa ulimi zimachititsa kuti pachaka alimi a ku West Africa alephere kupeza ndalama zokwana madola 250 [miliyoni] pogulitsa thonje lawo.” Motero alimi a m’mayiko osauka angamadane ndi zimene boma lawo limachita powakhometsa misonkho pa ndalama zawo zomwe n’zochepa kale. Mlimi wina wa m’dziko la ku Asia anati: “Nthaŵi iliyonse [akuluakulu aboma] ankati akabwera m’dera lathu tinkadziŵa kuti sanabwerere nkhani ina koma kuitanitsa ndalama basi.”

 Mofanana ndi zimenezi, posachedwapa alimi ku South Africa anasonyeza kudana ndi misonkho boma lawo litakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti alimi azikhomera msonkho minda yawo. Alimiwo ananena kuti nkhaniyo aipititsa kukhoti. Munthu wina woimira alimiŵa anati msonkhowu “uchititsa kuti alimi azilephera kupereka ngongole zawo ndipo uchititsa anthu ogwira ntchito m’mafamu kukhala paulova.” Nthaŵi zina ngakhale masiku ano, kudana ndi misonkho kumayambitsa ziwawa. Nkhani ina yofalitsidwa ndi bungwe la BBC News inati: “Alimi aŵiri [achimwenye] anaphedwa chaka chatha apolisi ataukira mudzi wina umene alimi anali kuchita zionetsero posagwirizana ndi kukwera kwa misonkho.”

Komatu si anthu osauka okha amene amadana ndi misonkho. Atafufuza ku South Africa anapeza kuti anthu ambiri olemera amene amakhoma misonkho “safuna kukhoma misonkho yowonjezera, ngakhale zitakhala kuti kusakhoma kwawo misonkhoyo kuchititsa kuti boma lilephere kukonza zinthu zina zofunika kwa iwowo.” Anthu otchuka kwambiri pa za nyimbo, mafilimu, maseŵera, ndiponso ndale akhala akumveka kwambiri m’nkhani zofalitsidwa chifukwa chozemba misonkho. Buku lakuti The Decline (and Fall?) of the Income Tax linati: “N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti akuluakulu athu a boma, mapulezidenti athu, alephera kukhala zitsanzo zabwino kwa nzika wamba pankhani yomvera malamulo a misonkho.”

Mwina inunso mumaona kuti misonkho yakwera kwambiri, ikuyendetsedwa mopanda chilungamo, ndiponso ndi yoboola m’thumba. Motero, kodi muyenera kuona bwanji nkhani yokhoma misonkho? Kodi misonkho ndi yofunikadi? Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani kayendetsedwe ka misonkho nthaŵi zonse kamakhala kovuta kwambiri kumvetsa komanso kamaoneka kuti n’kopanda chilungamo? Nkhani zotsatirazi ziyankha mafunso ameneŵa.

[Chithunzi patsamba 4]

M’mayiko osauka nthaŵi zina anthu osauka amalipira ndalama zochuluka kwambiri za misonkho pamene sanayenera kutero

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Godo-Foto