Kodi Zatiyendera Bwanji Pankhani Yoteteza Chilengedwe?

ANTHU ena akamva za mayina ngati Chernobyl, Bhopal, Valdez, ndi Three Mile Island mwachionekere amakumbukira za masoka owononga chilengedwe amene anachitika m’madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansili. Lililonse la masoka amenewo linatikumbutsa kuti dziko lapansi likuwonongedwa.

Mabungwe ndi anthu osiyanasiyana aperekapo machenjezo. Ena achita zinthu zosiyanasiyana pofuna kuti anthu amvetse maganizo awo. Mzimayi wachingelezi yemwe anali woyang’anira nyumba yoŵerengeramo ndi kubwereketsa mabuku anadzimangirira ku chithalakitala chachikulu pofuna kuletsa kumanga msewu wodutsa ku malo kumene kuli zinthu zachilengedwe zosachedwa kuwonongeka. Azimayi aŵiri achiaborijini ku Australia anatsogolera kampeni yoletsa kukumba miyala ya mtundu wa uranium mkati mwa malo achilengedwe otetezedwa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ntchito yokumba miyalayo inalekeka. Ngakhale kuti anthu amene amayesetsa kuletsa kuwononga chilengedweŵa amakhala ndi zolinga zabwino, si nthaŵi zonse pamene anthu ena amagwirizana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, woyendetsa sitima zapamadzi za asilikali  mu ulamuliro wa dziko la Soviet ankada nkhaŵa ndi kuchucha kwa poizoni amene anali mkati mwa sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya zimene zinamira panyanja. Atalemba nkhani yosonyeza kumene sitima zimenezi zinali, anamumanga.

Mabungwe osiyanasiyana nawonso akhala akuchenjeza anthu za kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Mabungwe ameneŵa ndi monga bungwe la United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, United Nations Environment Programme; ndi Greenpeace. Anthu ena amanena za mavuto a zachilengedwe akakhala kuti akukhudza ntchito yawo. Ena ntchito yawo yaikulu pamoyo wawo ndi youza anthu nkhani zokhudza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Bungwe la Greenpeace limadziŵika chifukwa chotumiza anthu ogwira ntchito zake ku malo kumene kwabuka nkhani zimene zachititsa kuti anthu asiyane maganizo pankhani zachilengedwe. Bungweli limauzanso anthu nkhani ngati zokhudza kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera imene yatsala pang’ono kutha, ndi kuopsa kwa nyama ndi zomera zimene zasinthidwa chibadwa chake.

Anthu ena oteteza chilengedwe akuti “amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo zimene ena sakugwirizana nazo n’cholinga chovumbulutsa mavuto a zachilengedwe a padziko lonse.” Choncho, amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu ngati kudzimangirira ku geti la fakitale yopanga matabwa pofuna kuletsa kuwononga nkhalango zakalekale. Gulu lina la anthu oteteza chilengedwe linatsutsa dziko lina litaswa pangano la nthaŵi imene sanayenera kupha anamgumi. Linachita zimenezi mwa kupita ku maofesi oimira dziko limeneli kwawoko atavala zinthu zokhala ngati maso aakuluakulu pofuna kuliuza dzikolo kuti zilizonse zimene likuchita akuziyang’anitsitsa.

Pali nkhani zambiri zokhudza chilengedwe zimene munthu angafune kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana akhala akuchenjeza kambirimbiri za kuopsa kowononga madzi. Komabe, zinthu sizili bwino. Anthu okwana wani biliyoni alibe madzi abwino akumwa. Magazini ya Time inati “anthu 3.4 miliyoni chaka chilichonse amamwalira chifukwa cha matenda amene anthu amatenga kudzera m’madzi.” Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi vuto linanso lofanana ndi limenelo. Lipoti la mu The State of World Population 2001 linati “mpweya wowonongeka umapha anthu pafupifupi 2.7 miliyoni mpaka 3 miliyoni chaka chilichonse.” Lipotilo linapitiriza kuti “anthu opitirira 1.1 biliyoni amadwala chifukwa cha mpweya wapanja wowonongeka.” Pofuna kupereka chitsanzo cha zimenezi, lipotilo linati “kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumayambitsa matenda okhudzana ndi kupuma mwa mwana m’modzi pa ana khumi alionse amene amadwala matendaŵa ku Ulaya.” Indedi, ngakhale kuti anthu akhala akuchenjeza ndi kuchitapo kanthu, mavuto okhudzana ndi zinthu zimenezi, zomwe n’zofunika kwambiri pamoyo, akungoipiraipirabe.

Kwa anthu ambiri, zimene zikuchitikazi n’zosemphana ndi zimene munthu angayembekezere. Masiku ano anthu akudziŵa zinthu zambiri zokhudza chilengedwe kuposa kale. Anthu ndi mabungwe ambiri kuposa kale lonse akufunitsitsa dziko lathuli litayeretsedwa. Maboma akhazikitsa madipatimenti oti athetse mavuto ameneŵa. Masiku ano tili ndi zida ndi luso lalikulu kuposa kale lonse limene lingatithandize kuthana ndi mavuto. Komabe, zinthu sizikuoneka kuti zikusintha. Chifukwa chiyani?

Kupita Patsogolo N’kochepa, Pamene Zobwezera M’mbuyo Zikuchuluka

Cholinga cha kutukuka kwa mafakitale chinali choti kupangitse miyoyo yathu kukhala yabwinopo. M’njira zina kwachita zimenezi. Komabe, “kutukuka” komweku ndi kumene kukuwonjezera mavuto a zachilengedwe padziko lapansi. Timasangalala ndi zida zamakono komanso kupita patsogolo kumene kwachitika chifukwa cha mafakitale, koma kupanga zinthu zimenezi ndi kuzigwiritsa ntchito n’kumenenso nthaŵi zambiri kwachititsa kuti malo ena m’dziko lathu lapansili awonongeke.

Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi magalimoto. Magalimoto achititsa kuti anthu aziyenda mwamsanga komanso mosavutikira. Ndi anthu ochepa amene angafune kuti zinthu zibwerere n’kukhalanso ngati mmene zinalili panthaŵi imene anthu ankakwera ngolo zokokedwa ndi mahatchi. Komabe, kayendedwe kamakono kabweretsa mavuto ambiri. Limodzi mwa mavuto ameneŵa ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. Anthu akhala akusintha mipweya ya mumlengalenga chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zamakono  zimene zimatulutsa mipweya yambirimbiri. Mipweya imeneyi akuti ndi imene yachititsa kusokonekera kwa mpweya wa mlengalenga umene umachititsa kuti padziko lapansi pazifunda bwino, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti padziko lapansi pazitentha. M’zaka 100 zapitazi kutentha kunawonjezeka. Bungwe la U.S. Environmental Protection Agency linati “zaka 10 zotentha kwambiri za m’ma 1900 zinali pakati pa 1985 ndi 1999.” Asayansi ena akukhulupirira kuti m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, kutentha kwa padziko lonse kudzawonjezeka ndi madigiri seshasi 1.4 mpaka 5.8.

Kutentha akuti kudzachititsanso mavuto ena. Chipale chofewa cha ku Chigawo Chakumpoto Chadziko Lapansili chayamba kuchepa. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2002, chipale chofewa choundana chimene chinatenga malo okwana masikweya kilomita 3,250 ku nyanja ya Antarctica chinasungunuka. Madzi a m’nyanja zazikulu zamchere akhoza kuwonjezeka kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino. Popeza munthu mmodzi mwa anthu atatu alionse apadziko lapansi amakhala pafupi ndi nyanja zamchere, zimenezi zingadzachititse kuti nyumba ndi minda yawo ziwonongeke. Zingadzabweretsenso mavuto ambiri ku mizinda ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti kutentha kwa dziko kudzachititsa kuti mvula izigwa kwambiri, zimene zidzachititse kuti nyengo yoipa ichuluke. Anthu ena akuganiza kuti mvula yamkuntho yoipa kwambiri imene inapha anthu 90 ndi kuwononga mitengo yokwana 270 miliyoni ku France m’chaka cha 1999 zinangosonyeza mavuto amene akubwera kutsogoloku. Anthu ena ochita kafukufuku akuganiza kuti kusintha kwa nyengo kudzachititsa kuti matenda ngati malungo, matenda ofanana ndi malungo otchedwa chingwangwa, ndi kolera, afalikire.

Chitsanzo cha galimoto chija chikusonyeza mmene zotsatirapo za luso la zaumisiri zilili zovuta kuzimvetsa bwinobwino. Zida zatsopano zimene n’zothandiza kwa anthu zikhoza kubweretsa mavuto ena osiyanasiyana amene amakhudza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Zimene linanena lipoti la Human Development Report 2001 n’zoona kwambiri. Lipotilo linati: “Kupita patsogolo kulikonse pa luso la zaumisiri kumabweretsa zinthu zimene zingakhale zothandiza komanso zowononga, ndipo zina mwa zimenezi n’zovuta kuzioneratu zisanachitike.”

Nthaŵi zambiri anthu amayembekezera kuti luso la zaumisiri libweretsa njira zothetsera mavuto a zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, anthu oteteza chilengedwe kwa nthaŵi yaitali akhala akuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Pamene anthu anayamba kupanga zomera zosinthidwa chibadwa zimene zikanatha kuchepetsa kapena kuletseratu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zinkaoneka ngati luso la zaumisiri lapeza njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vutolo. Komabe, chimanga chimene anachisintha chibadwa chake ndi mankhwala otchedwa Bt kuti chichepetse akapuchi popanda mankhwala opha tizilombo atachiyeza anapeza kuti chimaphanso mtundu winawake wa agulugufe. Choncho, “njira zothetsera mavuto” nthaŵi zina zimabweretsanso mavuto ena.

Kodi Maboma Angathandize?

Chifukwa chakuti kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri choncho, kuthetsa vuto limeneli kungafune kuti maboma a padziko lapansili agwirizane. Nthaŵi zingapo anthu oimira boma achita ntchito yabwino kwambiri polimba mtima n’kusintha zinthu zina ndi zina zimene zingateteze chilengedwe. Komabe, kupambana kwenikweni kwakhala kochepa kwambiri.

Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi msonkhano wa atsogoleri a mayiko osiyanasiyana umene unachitika ku Japan m’chaka cha 1997. Mayiko anapereka maganizo awo osiyanasiyana a mfundo za pangano limene cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zowononga mpweya zimene akuti zimayambitsa kutentha kwa dziko lapansi. Pomalizira pake anthu ambiri anadabwa kuona kuti mayikowo anagwirizana chimodzi. Pangano limeneli anadzalitcha Kyoto Protocol. Mayiko otukuka, monga mayiko a m’bungwe la European Union, Japan, ndi United States anati adzachepetsa zimene zimawononga mpweya ndi 5.2 peresenti pa avareji pofika chaka cha 2012. Zinkamveka zabwino ndithu. Komabe, kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2001, boma la United States linanena kuti lisiya kutsatira pangano la Kyoto Protocol. Zimenezi zadabwitsa anthu ambiri, chifukwa dziko la United States, limene lili ndi anthu ochepera pa 5 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu onse a padziko lapansi, ndi limene limatulutsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo anayi a zinthu zowononga mpweyazo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maboma ena akutenga nthaŵi yaitali kuti ayambe kutsatira pangano limeneli.

Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza mmene maboma amavutikira kuti apeze njira zothandiza zothetsera mavutowo. N’zovuta kuti maboma angapo akumane pamodzi kuti akambirane, ndiponso n’zovuta kuti mabomawo agwirizane chimodzi za mmene angathetsere mavuto a zachilengedwe. Ngakhale pamene mapangano asainidwa, ena kenako amadzasiya kutsatira mapanganowo. Ena amavutika  kuti achititse anthu kutsatiradi zomwe anagwirizanazo. Nthaŵi zina maboma kapena mabungwe amaona kuti sangawononge ndalama zimene zikufunika kuti ayeretse chilengedwe. M’madera ena vuto limene lakula ndi umbombo basi, chifukwa makampani akuluakulu amakakamiza boma kuti lisaike mfundo zimene zingawachepetsere phindu limene amapeza. Kaŵirikaŵiri, makampani ndi mabungwe amafuna kungopeza zonse zimene angathe pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu za padzikoli popanda kuganizira za mavuto a m’tsogolo.

Powonjezera pa vutolo, anthu asayansi samvana chimodzi pa nkhani yakuti kodi dzikoli lidzawonongeka bwanji  m’tsogolo chifukwa cha zimene zikuchitika panopa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, okonza mfundo za boma angamakayikekayike pofuna kukhwimitsa mfundo zimene zingabwezere chitukuko m’mbuyo n’cholinga chothetsa vuto limene n’lalikulu monga mmene ena akuganizira, komanso mwina likhoza kukhala kuti si lalikulu motero.

Anthu alidi pavuto lalikulu. Aliyense akudziŵa kuti pali vuto ndipo chinachake chiyenera kuchitika kuti vutolo lithe. Mayiko ena akuyesetsa kuthetsa mavuto achilengedwe, koma akungoipiraipirabe. Kodi dzikoli lidzafika poti anthu sangathenso kukhalamo basi, popanda kuchitira mwina? Tiyeni tikambirane funso limeneli mu nkhani yotsatira.

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PHOKOSO LOIPA

Mtundu umodzi wa kuwononga dziko sitiuona koma timaumva—phokoso loipa. Akatswiri amati phokoso n’lodetsa nkhaŵa chifukwa lingayambitse kugontha m’khutu, kuvutika m’maganizo, kuthamanga magazi, kulephera kugona, ndi kulephera kugwira ntchito. Ana amene amapita ku sukulu ku malo aphokoso akhoza kumalephera kuŵerenga bwinobwino.

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KUDULA MITENGO MWACHISAWAWA KUNACHITITSA KUTI MAKOSWE AFALIKIRE

Matauni 15 a ku Samar, ku Philippines, atagwidwa ndi mliri waukulu wa kufalikira kwa makoswe, a boma anati chinachititsa zimenezi ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa m’deralo. Kutha kwa mitengo kunachititsa kuti nyama zimene zimadya makoswewo zichepe komanso zakudya za makoswewo zichepe. Zitatero makoswewo anapita m’madera amene mumakhala anthu ambiri kuti akapeze chakudya.

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© Michael Harvey/Panos Pictures

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KODI ANADWALA CHIFUKWA CHA ZINTHU ZOTHA NTCHITO ZAPOIZONI?

Michael ali ndi zaka zitatu ndi theka anam’peza ndi khansa yokhudzana ndi ubongo. Akanakhala kuti ndi iye yekhayo amene anadwala, sizikanakhala zachilendo. Komabe, anadzapeza kuti ana ena pafupifupi 100 analinso ndi khansa, onse ochokera m’kadera kochepa komweko. Zimenezi zinachititsa mantha makolo ambiri. Ena anaganiza kuti mwina kuchuluka kwa matenda a khansa m’deralo kunali chifukwa cha makampani amene amapanga mankhwala kumeneko. Atafufuza anapeza kuti kampani imene inkagwira ntchito yonyamula zinthu zotha ntchito inatenga migolo ya poizoni wamadzimadzi ku kampani ina n’kukaitaya ku malo amene kale anali fama ya nkhuku, ndipo nthaŵi zina amatayira poizoniyo pansi. Ochita kafukufuku anapeza kuti m’zitsime zimene amamwamo madzi munali poizoni. Makolo sanalephere kuganiza kuti mwina zimenezi n’zimene zinachititsa kuti ana awo adwale khansa.

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MANKHWALA APOIZONI

Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, poizoni wokwana matani 120,000 wa mtundu wa phosgene ndi mpweya wa mustard anamutsekera m’sitima n’kuzimiza pansi pa nyanja, zina mwa izo kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko la Northern Ireland. Asayansi a ku Russia achenjeza kuti poizoni ameneyu tsopano akhoza kuyamba kuchucha.

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MPWEYA WOWONONGEKA UMAPHA

Bungwe la World Health Organization linati anthu 5 kapena 6 mwa anthu 100 alionse amene amafa padziko lonse lapansi chaka chilichonse amafa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya. Ku Ontario kokha, ku Canada, anapeza kuti anthu kumeneko amawononga ndalama zokwana madola 1 biliyoni chaka chilichonse chifukwa cha kudwala ndi kujombajomba ku ntchito kumene kumabwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya.

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MALO A PANSI PA NYANJA AMENE NSOMBA ZIMASWANAPO KWAMBIRI AKUWONONGEKA

Asodzi ena kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Asia amagwiritsa ntchito poizoni pokomola nsomba kuti zisamavute kupha. Poizoniyo amatuluka m’thupi mwa nsombazo, choncho zimakhala zoti munthu angadye. Komabe, poizoniyo amatsalira m’nyanjamo, ndipo amawononga malo amene nsomba zimaswanapo kwambiri.

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KODI MUYENERA KUVALA CHOPHIMBA KUKAMWA NDI MPHUNO?

Magazini yotchedwa Asiaweek inati mpweya wambiri wowonongeka m’mizinda ya ku Asia umachokera ku magalimoto. Magalimoto akuluakulu ndi njinga zamoto n’zimene zimawononga mpweya kwambiri, ndipo zimatulutsa tinthu towononga mpweya ting’oting’ono tochuluka timene timatsakamira mu mpweya. Tinthu timeneti timayambitsa matenda ambiri. Magazini yomweyi inati: “Katswiri wodziŵika kwambiri ku Taiwan pankhani ya zotsatirapo za kuwononga dziko, Dr.  Chan Chang-chuan anati mpweya wa mafuta a dizilo umayambitsa khansa.” Anthu ena m’mizinda ya ku Asia amavala zophimba pakamwa ndi mphuno pofuna kudziteteza. Kodi zimenezi zimathandiza? Dr. Chan anati: “Zophimba pakamwa ndi mphuno zimenezi sizithandiza. Zowononga mpweya zambiri n’zazing’ono kwambiri moti zimatha kulowa m’timabowo ta zophimba pakamwa ndi mphuno. Kuwonjezera apo, . . . mpweya umathabe kulowa m’zophimba pakamwa ndi mphuno zimenezi. Choncho zimangomunamiza munthu kuti azimva ngati ndi wotetezeka.”

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Kudzalanso nkhalango pofuna kuteteza chilengedwe

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AFP/Getty Images; pamwamba kumanzere: Chofalitsidwa mwa chilolezo cha The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London (IWM H 42208); pamwamba kumanja: Howard Hall/howardhall.com