Kulimbana ndi Dzina la Mulungu

HANANIAH ben Teradion anali Myuda wophunzira kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., ndipo ankadziŵika chifukwa chochititsa misonkhano yokhudza anthu onse n’kumaphunzitsa zinthu zochokera mu mpukutu wotchedwa Sefer Torah, womwe unali ndi mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo. Ben Teradion ankadziŵikanso chifukwa chomatchula dzina la Mulungu n’kumaphunzitsa anthu ena za dzinalo. Poganizira zakuti mabuku oyambirira a m’Baibulo amatchula dzina la Mulungu maulendo oposa 1,800, kodi zikanatheka bwanji kuti aziphunzitsa zinthu zochokera mu mpukutu wa Torah popanda kuphunzitsa za dzina Mulungu?

Komabe nthaŵi imene Ben Teradion anali ndi moyo, inali nthaŵi yoopsa kwa Ayuda ophunzira kwambiri. Akatswiri odziŵa mbiri yakale ya Ayuda amati mfumu yaikulu ya Aroma inalamula zoti kuphunzitsa kapena kutsatira chipembedzo cha Ayuda kunali kupalamula mlandu woyenera kuphedwa. Choncho pamapeto pake Aromawo anamanga Ben Teradion. Panthaŵi imene anamangidwa n’kuti atanyamula mpukutu wa Sefer Torah. Poyankha omwe ankamuimba mlanduwo, iye anavomera molimba mtima kuti anali kuphunzitsa za m’Baibulo chabe chifukwa chakuti anali kumvera lamulo la Mulungu. Ngakhale zinali choncho, iye anapatsidwa chilango chophedwa.

Tsiku limene anaphedwa, Ben Teradion anakutidwa mu mpukutu wa Baibulo womwewo umene ananyamula panthaŵi imene ankamumanga. Kenaka anamuwotcha pa mtengo. Buku la Encyclopaedia Judaica limanena kuti “pofuna kuti amve ululu kwa nthaŵi yaitali, [anthuwo] ananyika m’madzi mipukutu ya ulusi n’kumuika pamtima pake kuti asafe mofulumira.” Pa chilango chakecho, mkazi wake anaphedwanso ndipo mwana wawo wamkazi anagulitsidwa kunyumba ya mahule.

Ngakhale kuti Aroma ndiwo anachititsa kuti Ben Teradion aphedwe mwankhanza choncho, mpukutu wotchedwa Talmud * umanena  kuti “chilango choti awotchedwe chinaperekedwa kwa iye chifukwa chakuti ankanena mosabisa mawu potchula Dzinalo.” Ndithudi, Ayuda ankaona kuti kutchula dzina la Mulungu kunali kulakwa kwakukulu.

Lamulo Lachitatu

Zikuoneka kuti m’kati mwa zaka za m’ma 200 zoyambirira za nyengo yathu ino, Ayuda anayamba kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro chabodza pankhani yotchula dzina la Mulungu. Buku la Mishnah (zolemba za atsogoleri amene ankawatcha arabi zomwe zinadzakhala chiyambi cha Talmud) limati “munthu amene amatchula dzina la Mulungu mmene limalembedwera” alibe gawo lake m’Paradaiso yemwe Mulungu analonjeza.

Kodi kuletsa kutchula dzina la Mulungu kumeneku kunayambira pati? Anthu ena amati Ayuda ankaona kuti dzina la Mulungu ndi lopatulika kwambiri moti anthu opanda ungwiro si oyenera kulitchula. Kenaka zinadzafika poti anthu ankachita mantha ngakhale kulemba dzinalo. Buku lina linanena kuti manthawo ankakula chifukwa choopera kuti pepala limene angalembepo dzinalo likhoza kudzatayidwa ngati chinyalala, motero n’kufika podetsa dzina la Mulungu.

Buku la Encyclopaedia Judaica limanena kuti “kupeŵa kutchula dzina lakuti YHWH. . . . kunkachitika chifukwa chosamvetsa Lamulo Lachitatu.” Lamulo lachitatu pa Malamulo Khumi amene Mulungu anapatsa Aisrayeli limati: “Usatchule dzina la Yehova Mulungu wako pachabe; chifukwa Yehova sadzamuyesa iye wosachimwa, amene atchula pachabe dzina lakelo.” (Eksodo 20:7) Choncho zimene Mulungu analamula poletsa kutchula dzina lake pachabe zinapotozedwa n’kusanduka chikhulupiriro chabodza.

Ndithudi, palibe aliyense lero amene anganene kuti Mulungu angafune kuti munthu winawake awotchedwe pa mtengo chifukwa chotchula dzina lakelo! Komatu chonsecho, chikhulupiriro chabodza chokhudza dzina la Mulungu cha Ayuda chidakalipobe. Anthu ambiri akupitirizabe kunena kuti zilembo zinayi zoimira dzina la Mulungu ndi “Dzina Losatchulika.” Anthu ena amasiya dala kutchula mawu onse opatsa Mulungu ulemu posafuna kulakwitsa mwambo wawo. Mwachitsanzo mawu akuti Ya, omwe ndi chidule chotchulira dzina la Mulungu, amawatchula kuti Ka. Mmalo motchula kuti Haleluya, amati Haleluka. Ena amapeŵa ngakhale kulemba mawu onse athunthu akuti “Mulungu.”

Zochita Zinanso Zofuna Kubisa Dzinalo

Si chipembedzo chachiyuda chokha chimene chimapeŵa kutchula dzina la Mulungu. Taonani nkhani ya Jerome, yemwe anali wansembe wachikatolika komanso mlembi wa Papa Damasus woyamba. M’chaka cha 405, Jerome anamaliza ntchito yomasulira Baibulo lonse m’Chilatini, lomwe linadzadziŵika kuti Latin Vulgate. Jerome sanalembe dzina la Mulungu m’Baibulo limene anamasulira. Mmalo mwake, potsatira zimene zinkachitika panthaŵi imeneyo, iye ankalemba kuti “Ambuye” ndiponso “Mulungu” mmalo molemba dzina lake la Mulungu. Baibulo la Latin Vulgate linakhala Baibulo lachikatolika loyamba kuvomerezedwa la m’Chilatini ndipo linakhalanso lothandiza pomasulira mabaibulo ena ambiri a m’zinenero zina.

Mwachitsanzo, Baibulo lachikatolika lotchedwa Douay Version, limene analimasulira m’chaka cha 1610, kwenikweni linali la Latin Vulgate koma  lomasuliridwa m’Chingelezi. Choncho si zodabwitsa kuti m’Baibulo limeneli sanalembemo dzina la Mulungu ngakhale pang’ono. Komabe, si kuti Baibulo la Douay Version linali Baibulo wamba ayi. Linakhala Baibulo lokhalo lovomerezeka kwa Akatolika olankhula Chingelezi mpaka cha m’ma 1940. Ndithudi, kwa zaka zochuluka kwabasi dzina la Mulungu linakhala lobisika kwa Akatolika mamiliyoni ambiri odzipereka kwambiri.

Onaninso za Baibulo la King James Version. Mu 1604 mfumu ya ku England, dzina lake James woyamba, inalamula gulu la anthu ophunzira kwambiri kuti amasulire Baibulo m’Chingelezi. Patapita zaka seveni, anthuwo anatulutsa Baibulo lotchedwa King James Version, lomwe amalitchulanso kuti Authorized Version.

M’Baibulo limenelinso, omasulirawo anakonda kuti asalembe dzina la Mulungu mmalo onse ofunikira, koma kungolilemba m’mavesi ochepa chabe. M’malemba ambiri, mmalo molemba dzina la Mulungu analembamo mawu akuti “AMBUYE” kapena “MULUNGU” kuti mawuwo aimire zilembo zinayi za dzina la Mulungulo. Baibulo limeneli linakhala lodalirika kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambirimbiri. Buku la World Book Encyclopedia limati “palibe Baibulo lofunika kwambiri lomasuliridwa m’Chingelezi limene linatuluka zaka zoposa 200 chitulutsireni Baibulo la King James Version. Panthaŵi imeneyo, anthu ambiri odziŵa Chingelezi ankagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri Baibulo la King James Version.”

Mabaibulo amene tatchula pamwambapa ndi atatu chabe mwa mabaibulo ambiri amene anamasuliridwa n’kufalitsidwa kumbuyoku omwe anachotsa kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya dzina la Mulungu. N’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri amene amati ndi Akristu masiku ano safuna kutchula dzina la Mulungu kapenanso salidziŵa n’komwe. Inde, n’zoona kuti m’kupita kwa zaka anthu ena omasulira Baibulo anayamba kulembako dzina la Mulungu m’mabaibulo awo omwe akumasulira. Komano mabaibulo ambiri ameneŵa akhala akufalitsidwa chaposachedwapa ndipo sanafike pochititsa anthu ambiri kuti aganizirepo za nkhani yokhudza dzina la Mulungu.

N’zosemphana ndi Zofuna za Mulungu

Kunena zoona, anthu ambiri akulephera kutchula dzina la Mulungu makamaka chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro za anthu osati kuti n’zimene Baibulo limaphunzitsa ayi. “Mu mpukutu wa Torah mulibe paliponse poletsa munthu kutchula dzina la Mulungu. Ndithudi, malinga ndi umboni wa malemba, Dzina la Mulungu linkatchulidwa monga mwa nthaŵi zonse,” anatero munthu wina wachiyuda wochita kafukufuku dzina lake Tracey R. Rich, yemwe analemba nkhani pa intaneti pansi pa mutu wakuti Judaism 101. Inde, m’nthaŵi za Baibulo anthu amene ankapembedza Mulungu ankatchula dzina lake.

Ndiye n’zoonekeratu kuti kudziŵa dzina la Mulungu n’kumalitchula n’kogwirizana ndi mmene iye amafunira kuti tizimulambira, ngati mmene ankachitira anthu akale kwambiri a m’Baibulo. Kuchita zimenezi kungakhale poyambira kuti munthu akhale paubwenzi ndi iye, zomwe n’zofunika kwambiri kuposa kungodziŵa kuti dzina lake ndani. Yehova Mulungu kwenikweni amatiitana kuti tikhale naye paubwenzi woterowo. Iye anauzira mawu a chiitano aŵa: “Yandikirani kwa Mulungu, ndipo adzayandikira kwa inu.” (Yakobo 4:8) Komano mwina mungafunse kuti, ‘Zingatheke bwanji kuti munthu akhale paubwenzi wotero ndi Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse?’ Nkhani yotsatira ikufotokoza mmene mungayambire kukhala paubwenzi ndi Yehova.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Haleluya

Kodi mukamva mawu akuti “Haleluya” mumakumbukira chiyani? Anthu ena mwina amakumbukira za kolasi ya nyimbo ina ya m’ma 1700 yomwe Handel anaimba imene ili m’chimbale chake cha nyimbo chotchedwa “Messiah.” Kolasi ya nyimboyi imatchula mobwerezabwereza mawu akuti Haleluya. Kunena zoona, inunso muyenera kuti munamvapo kwinakwake mawu akuti “Haleluya.” Mwinanso mumawatchula nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Koma kodi mumadziŵa kuti amatanthauza chiyani?

Haleluya—Ndi mawu a Chicheŵa amene achokera ku mawu achihebri akuti ha·lelu-Yahʹ, kutanthauza kuti “tamandani Ya.”

Ya—Ndi mawu a chidule a dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova. Mawuŵa amapezeka m’Baibulo maulendo oposa 50, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amapezeka m’mawu akuti “Haleluya.”

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Kodi M’dzina Lanu Muli Dzina la Mulungu?

Mayina ambiri a m’Baibulo n’ngotchukabe mpaka pano. Nthaŵi zina potanthauzira mayina ameneŵa omwe anali Achihebri, m’mayinawo munalinso dzina la Mulungu. Pansipa pali zitsanzo za mayina ochepa chabe oterowo ndiponso matanthauzo awo. Mwina n’kutheka kuti dzina lanu lilili m’gulu lomweli.

Yohana—“Yehova Wakhala Wachisomo”

Yoweli—“Yehova Ndiye Mulungu”

Yohane—“Yehova Watikomera Mtima”

Yonatani—“Yehova Wapatsa”

Yosefe—“Ya Awonjezere” *

Yoswa—“Yehova Ndiye Chipulumutso”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

 [Bokosi patsamba 8]

Mawu a M’Baibulo Otchula Mulungu

Malemba Oyera Achihebri amatchula mawu osiyanasiyana pomunena Mulungu, monga kuti Wamphamvuyonse, Mlengi, Atate, ndiponso Ambuye. Koma maulendo amene iye amatchulidwa ndi dzina lake lenileni amaposa kuchuluka kwa mmene amatchulidwira ndi mawu ena onsewo tikawaphatikiza pamodzi. N’zoonekeratu kuti Mulungu amafuna kuti tizimutchula dzina lake. Taonani mndandanda wa kuchuluka kwa mawu otchulira Mulungu amene ali m’Malemba Achihebri. *

Yehova—maulendo 6,973

Mulungu—maulendo 2,605

Wamphamvuyonse—maulendo 48

Ambuye—maulendo 40

Wopanga—maulendo 25

Mlengi—maulendo 7

Atate—maulendo 7

Wakale Lomwe—maulendo 3

Mphunzitsi Wamkulu—maulendo 2

[Mawu a M’munsi]

 [Bokosi patsamba 9]

Mulungu Amene Amapangitsa Kuti Zinthu Zichitike

Akatswiri amaphunziro sagwirizana kwenikweni pankhani ya zimene dzina la Mulungu lakuti Yehova limatanthauza. Komabe patachitika kafukufuku wogwira mtima wokhudza nkhani imeneyi, anthu ambiri akukhulupirira kuti dzinalo linachokera ku verebu lachihebri lakuti ha·wahʹ (kukhalako), kutanthauza kuti “Amachititsa Kukhalako.”

Choncho, m’Baibulo la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, * nkhani imene ili pa Eksodo 3:14, pamene Mose anafunsa Mulungu dzina lake, anamasulirapo motere: “Ndipo Mulungu anauza Mose kuti: ‘Ndidzakhala chimene ndidzakhala.’ Ndipo anatinso: ‘Ukawauze ana a Israyeli kuti, “Chimene ndidzakhala wandituma kwa inu.”’”

Kulemba choncho n’kolondola chifukwa chakuti Mulungu akhoza kudzipangitsa kukhala chilichonse chimene akufuna kukhala. Palibe chimene chingamuletse kukwaniritsa ntchito iliyonse yofunika kuti chimene akufuna chichitike. Zolinga zake ndiponso malonjezo ake amachitikadi. Ndithudi, Mulungu ndiyedi Mlengi, yemwe alibe chomuletsa kupangitsa kuti zinthu zichitike. Anapangitsa kuti chilengedwe chonse chomwe timachionachi chikhaleko. Analenganso zolengedwa zauzimu zosaŵerengeka. Ndithudi, iye ndiye Mulungu yemwe amapangitsa kuti zinthu zichitike!

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Chosema chosonyeza kuphedwa kwa Hananiah ben Teradion

[Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Malo Amene Dzina la Mulungu Limaonekera Kwambiri

1. Tchalitchi china cha mu mzinda wa Lomborg, ku Denmark, cha m’ma 1600

2. Magalasi a mawindo othimbirira pa tchalitchi chotchedwa Bern, ku Switzerland

3. Mpukutu wa ku Nyanja Yakufa, m’zilembo zakale kwambiri zachihebri, ku Israyeli, cha m’ma 30 mpaka 50 C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem

4. Ndalama ya siliva ya ku Sweden, mu 1600

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Kungl. Myntkabinettet, Sveriges Ekonomiska Museum

5. Buku limene analembamo mapemphero la ku Germany, mu 1770

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Zachokera m’buku lotchedwa Die Lust der Heiligen an Jehova. Oder: Gebaet-Buch, 1770

6. Mwala wosemedwa, ku Bavaria, m’dziko la Germany

7. Mwala wa Moabu, mu mzinda wa Paris ku France, mu 830 B.C.E.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Musée du Louvre, Paris

8. Zojambulajambula pakhonde la tchalitchi, m’tauni ya Olten, ku Switzerland