Chikhulupiriro Chiyesedwa
Chikhulupiriro Chiyesedwa
YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU GREAT BRITAIN
TAUNI ya Richmond ndi yokongola kwambiri ndipo ili ku North Yorkshire, ku England. Nyumba ya malinga imene inamangidwa m’tauniyi, dziko la England litagonjetsedwa pa nkhondo ya Norman mu 1066, ili pamalo abwino oonera chigwa cha mtsinje wa Swale, moyang’anizana ndi malo osungirako za chilengedwe a Yorkshire Dales National Park.
Nkhani ya pa TV ya mutu wakuti The Richmond Sixteen (Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond) yasonyeza nkhani yofunika zedi ya mbiri yatsopano ya nyumba ya malinga, yofotokoza zimene zinachitikira anthu 16 okana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima. Anthuŵa anawatsekera kumeneko pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Kodi chinawachitikira n’chiyani?
Kukakamiza Anthu Kuloŵa Usilikali
Dziko la Britain litalengeza za nkhondo mu 1914, anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 2.5 analoŵa usilikali chifukwa chokonda dziko lawo. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa asilikali ovulala, ndiponso ataona kuti nkhondoyo siitha mofulumira ngati mmene a ndale analonjezera, “anayamba kukakamiza anthu kuloŵa usilikali m’malo mowapempha,” anatero wolemba mbiri ya za nkhondo Alan Lloyd. Motero, kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m’mbiri ya dziko la Britain, m’March 1916, amuna osakwatira anakakamizidwa kuloŵa usilikali.
Anatsegula milandu 2,000 kuti amve madandaulo a anthu amene ankakana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima, koma ndi anthu ochepa chabe amene analoledwa kuti asapite ku nkhondo. Anthu ambiri okana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima anawakakamiza kukhala m’gulu la asilikali amene ntchito yawo inali kupereka chithandizo kwa asilikali. Amene ankakana kukhala m’gulu la asilikali ameneŵa ankawaonabe monga asilikali moti ankaweruzidwa ndi khoti la asilikali. Ankawachitira nkhanza ndiponso kuwatsekera m’ndende, nthaŵi zambiri m’malo oipa, ndi othinana kwambiri.
Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond
Pa gulu la Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond panali Mboni za Yehova zomwe panthaŵiyo zinkadziŵika ndi dzina loti Ophunzira Baibulo. Patapita zaka pafupifupi 50, Herbert Senior, amene anakhala Wophunzira Baibulo mu 1905 ali ndi zaka 15, analemba kuti: “Anatiika m’ndende zimene zinali ngati mayenje a mdima. Zinakhala zosagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri, moti munali zinyalala zambiri moti kuchokera pansi kufika pamwamba pake zinali [masentimita 5 mpaka 7].” Zithunzi ndi zolemba pakhoma zimene akaidiwo analemba pa zipupa za ndendezo, zomwe tsopano n’zofufutika pang’ono ndipo m’malo ena siziŵerengeka n’komwe, akhala akuzionetsa kwa anthu posachedwapa. Pali mayina, mauthenga, ndi zithuzi zojambula pamanja za okondedwa awo, komanso mawu osonyeza chikhulupiriro.
Mkaidi wina analemba kuti: “Kuli bwino kufa chifukwa chosunga mfundo za makhalidwe abwino kusiyana n’kukhala wopanda mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.” Mauthenga ambiri amanena za Yesu Kristu ndi ziphunzitso zake, ndiponso pali zizindikiro za mtanda ndi chisoti chachifumu zojambulidwa bwino, zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku amenewo ndi Ophunzira Baibulo. Herbert Senior ananena kuti anajambula pachipupa cha ndende yake “Tchati cha Zaka” kuchokera m’buku lothandiza kuphunzira Baibulo la The Divine Plan of the Ages, koma sizinapezekebe mpaka pano. Mwina zimene analembazo zinafufutika limodzi
ndi zolemba zina pa zipupa za chipinda chachikulu m’ndendemo kapena malo ena. Mawu ena amene analembedwa amati: ‘Clarence Hall, wa ku Leeds, I.B.S.A. anatumizidwa ku France pa May 29, 1916.’Kutumizidwa ku France ndi Kubwezedwa
Anthu ovulala pankhondo ku France ndi ku Belgium ankawonjezeka modetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri. Nduna ya za nkhondo Horatio Herbert Kitchener ndiponso mkulu wa nkhondo wa ku Britain a Douglas Haig ankafuna kwambiri asilikali ena, kuphatikizapo amuna okwatira, amene pofika mwezi wa May 1916 ankawakakamizanso kuloŵa usilikali. Kuti ena atengerepo phunziro, akuluakulu ankhondowo anakonza zopereka chitsanzo kwa anthu okana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima. Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond aja atawaloza mfuti anawakweza sitima moswa lamulo atawamanga manja, ndipo anawapititsa ku France mwachinsinsi podzera njira yozungulira. Magazini ya Heritage inafotokoza kuti kumeneko pa doko la Boulogne, “amunawo anawamangirira ku mtengo ndi waya wamingaminga, ngati kuti akupachikidwa,” ndipo anaonerera msilikali amene anathaŵa nkhondo ku Britain akuphedwa mochita kumuwombera. Anawauza kuti akapanda kumvera zimene ankawauza, zimene anaonazo ziwachitikira.
Chapakatikati pa mwezi wa June mu 1916, akaidiwo anawayendetsa pamaso pa asilikali 3,000 kuti amve za chilango chawo chomwe chinali imfa, koma pofika nthaŵi imeneyi a Kitchener anali atamwalira, ndipo nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Britain inaloŵererapo. Akuluakulu a boma ku London analandira kalata yomwe inali ndi uthenga wachinsinsi ndipo lamulo la asilikali linaletsedwa. Mkulu wa asilikali, a Haig, analamulidwa kuti onse amene anawaweruza kuti aphedwe angokhala m’ndende kwa zaka khumi zokha basi.
Lipoti lina laboma linati, ena mwa akaidi 16 amenewo atabwerera ku Britain, anawapititsa ku malo okumba miyala a ku Scotland kuti akagwire “ntchito yothandiza dziko” kumene anali kuwasunga pa malo omvetsa chisoni. Anthu ena, mmodzi wa iwo ndi Herbert Senior, anawatumiza ku ndende wamba, osati za asilikali.
Zotsatirapo Zake
Popeza kuti zipupa za ndendezo n’zosalimba, anakonza kanema wa pa kompyuta woti anthu azitha kuona bwino zipinda za ndende za nyumba ya malinga ya Richmond pamodzi ndi zojambulajambula zake popanda kuziwononga. Nyumbayi tsopano ikusamalidwa ndi bungwe losamalira zinthu za mbiri yakale la English Heritage. Magulu a ophunzira amawalimbikitsa kuti ayesetse kumvetsa kuti n’chifukwa chiyani okana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima anali okonzeka kulangidwa, kuwatsekera m’ndende, ndiponso kuphedwa kumene chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chawo champhamvu.
Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond anathandiza “kuchititsa nkhani yokana kuloŵa usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima kukhala yodziŵika kwa anthu ndipo anthuwo anayamba kuzindikira ndiponso kulemekeza anthu otero.” Zimenezi zinachititsa anthu a maudindo kumvetsa akamachita zinthu ndi anthu amene analembetsa monga okana usilikali chifukwa cha chikumbumtima pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse.
M’chaka cha 2002, anapatula mbali ina yokongola ya malo a nyumba ya malinga kuti azikumbukirapo Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo potsata zimene ankakhulupirira.
[Zithunzi pamasamba 28, 29]
Kuchokera kumanzere: Nsanja ya m’zaka za m’ma 1100 ya nyumba ya malinga ya Richmond, imene ili ndi mdadada wa zipinda za ndende
Herbert Senior, mmodzi wa Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond
Chimodzi mwa zipinda zimene Akaidi 16 a ku Richmond ankawasungiramo
Chithunzi cha m’mphepete: Zina mwa zinthu zolembedwa pa zipupa za ndende pa nthaŵiyo