Kodi Mose Anali Munthu Weniweni Kapena Wongopeka?

MOSE atabadwa anafuna kumupha. Anthu amtundu wake anali gulu la mabanja oyendayenda amene anakhazikika ku Aigupto pamodzi ndi tate wawo Yakobo, kapena kuti Israyeli, pothaŵa njala. Kwa zaka zambiri ankakhala mwamtendere ndi anthu a ku Aigupto. Koma kenaka zinthu zinasintha moopsa. Lipoti lodalirika la mbiri yakale limati: “Inaloŵa mfumu yatsopano m’ufumu wa Aigupto . . . Ndipo ananena ndi anthu ake, Taonani, anthu, ndiwo ana a Israyeli, achuluka, natiposa mphamvu. Tiyeni, tiwachenjerere angachuluke.” Kodi amafuna kutani nawo? Amafuna kuchepetsa mtundu wa Aisrayeli ‘pougwiritsa ntchito yosautsa’ kenaka n’kulamula amzamba achihebri kuti azipha ana alionse aamuna amene akazi achihebri abereka. (Eksodo 1:8-10, 13, 14) Aisrayeli anachulukanabe chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwa amzamba awo omwe anakana kumvera lamuloli. Motero, mfumu ya Aiguptoyo inalamula kuti: “Ana aamuna onse akabadwa aponyeni m’nyanja,” kapena kuti mtsinje wa Nile.—Eksodo 1:22.

Makolo ena achiisrayeli, Amramu ndi Yokobedi, “sanaopa chilamuliro cha mfumu.” (Ahebri 11:23) Yokobedi anabala mwana wamwamuna amene m’tsogolo mwake anadzanenedwa kuti anali “wokoma ndithu.” * (Machitidwe 7:20) N’kutheka kuti makolo akewo anaona ndithu kuti mwanayo anali woyanjidwa ndi Mulungu. Komabe chachikulu n’chakuti sanalolere kum’siya mwanayo kuti aphedwe. Anaganiza zomubisa koma akudziŵa kuti kutero n’kuika moyo wawo pachiswe.

Patatha miyezi itatu, makolo a Mose sakanathanso kumubisa. Popeza kuti sakanachitira mwina, Yokobedi anaika kakhandako m’kabokosi ka gumbwa n’kukasiya kakuyandama mumtsinje wa Nile. Ngakhale kuti mayi akeŵa sankadziŵa, zimene anachitazi zinam’tsegulira Mose khomo lodzakhala munthu wotchuka m’mbiri ya anthu.—Eksodo 2:3, 4.

Kodi Zinachitikadi?

Anthu ambiri ophunzira, masiku ano amati nkhani zimenezi n’zongopeka chabe. Buku lakuti Christianity Today linati: “Palibe chinthu chilichonse chokumbidwa pansi cha m’mbiri yakale chimene chimasonyeza mosakayikitsa n’komwe [nthaŵi] imene ana a Israyeli anakhala ku Aigupto.” Komatu ngakhale kuti palibedi chinthu chooneka ndi maso chotsimikizira zimenezi, pali umboni wambiri wokhudza nkhani ya m’Baibuloyi wotsimikizira kuti inachitikadi. M’buku lake lotchedwa Israel in Egypt, katswiri wa nkhani zokhudza mbiri ya ku Aigupto dzina lake James K. Hoffmeier anati: “Zinthu za m’mbiri yakale zimene zinakumbidwa pansi zimasonyeza poyera kuti ku Aigupto kunkapitapita anthu ochokera m’mayiko a mphepete mwa chigawo cha kum’maŵa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, makamaka pothaŵa mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kusokonekera kwa nyengo komwe kunkabweretsa chilala . . . Motero, kwa nyengo yoyambira cha m’ma 1800 mpakana 1540 Yesu Asanabadwe, kwa anthu olankhula chinenero cha Ayuda ochokera kumadzulo kwa Asia, dziko la Aigupto linali lokhumbirika utasamukirako.”

Komanso, kuyambira kalekale anthu akhala akuvomereza kuti Baibulo limasimba molondola nkhani ya ukapolo wa ku Aigupto. Buku lakuti Moses—A Life linati: “Zikuoneka kuti chithunzi chinachake chimene amakonda kuchijambula m’mabuku, cha manda a ku Aigupto wakale chomwe chimasonyeza mwatsatanetsatane gulu la akapolo likupanga njerwa, chimatsimikizira nkhani ya m’Baibulo yofotokoza za kuzunzika kwa Aisrayeli.”

 Komanso nkhani ya kabokosi kamene Baibulo limati Yokobedi anagwiritsira ntchito n’njosakayikitsa. Baibulo limanena kuti kanali kabokosi ka gumbwa. Buku lolembedwa ndi Cook lotchedwa Commentary linati gumbwa “Aigupto ankalikonda kwambiri popangira mabwato opepuka ndiponso othamanga.”

Komabe, kodi sizovuta kukhulupirira kuti mtsogoleri wa dziko angalamule kuti timakanda tiphedwe mwankhanza choncho? Munthu wina wophunzira dzina lake George Rawlinson anati: “Kale, kupha ana . . . kunali kofala pa nyengo ya zaka zosiyanasiyana ndiponso m’zigawo zosiyanasiyana za dzikoli, ndipo anthu sankakuona ngati nkhani yaikulu.” Inde tisachite kupita patali chifukwatu ngakhale masiku anowo anthu ambirimbiri amaphedwa panthaŵi imodzi. Inde, zimene Baibulo limasimbazi n’zoyendetsa thupi, komatu n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti zinachitikadi.

Kuleredwa Monga Mwana wa Farao

Si kuti Yokobedi anangom’siya mwana wakeyo kuti zimuonekerezo n’zomwezo. Iye anatenga kabosi kagumbwa kaja “nakaika pakati pa mabango m’mbali mwa nyanja,” kapena kuti mtsinje wa Nile. N’kutheka ndithu kuti iyeyu amadziŵa kuti pa malo ameneŵa m’posavuta kuti mwanayu adzapezedwe. Chifukwa mwana wamkazi wa Farao ankadzasamba pamenepa, ndipo mwina ankatero kaŵirikaŵiri. *—Eksodo 2:2-4.

 Kabokosi kakang’onoko kanaonedwa mwamsanga. “Pamene [mwana wamkazi wa Farao] anakavundukula, anapenya mwanayo; ndipo, taonani, khandalo lilikulira. Ndipo anamva naye chifundo, nati, Uyu ndiye wa ana a Ahebri.” Mwana wamkazi wa mfumu ya ku Aiguptoyu anaganiza zongolitenga khandalo kuti likhale ngati mwana wake. Kaya makolo ake enieni anam’patsa dzina, dzinalo linaiwalika kalekale. Panopo, dzina limene amadziŵika nalo padziko lonse ndi dzina limene anam’patsa mayi ake wongom’lera, dzina lakuti Mose. *—Eksodo 2:5-10.

Koma kodi n’zomvekadi kuganiza kuti mwana wamkazi wamfumu wa ku Aigupto akanasunga khanda lotere? Inde, chifukwatu chipembedzo cha ku Aigupto chinkaphunzitsa kuti munthu sangakaloŵe kumwamba popanda kumasonyeza chifundo kwa ena. Ndipo pankhani yotenga mwana wa munthu wina, katswiri wa zinthu zakale zofukulidwa pansi dzina lake Joyce Tyldesley anati: “Akazi a ku Aigupto anali ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa amuna. Tikangotengera zimene zinalembedwa, akazi nawo anali ndi ufulu wonse pankhani ya zamalamulo ndiponso zachuma, ndipo . . . analinso ndi ufulu pankhani yotenga mwana wa munthu wina.” Chikalata china chakale cha ku Aigupto chimanenapo za mayi wina wa ku Aigupto amene anapeza chilolezo choti akapolo ake asanduke ana ake. Pankhani yolemba ntchito mayi ake a Mose kuti akhale mayi wongoyamwitsa mwanayo buku lotchedwa The Anchor Bible Dictionary limati: “Zolemba ntchito mayi ake enieni a Mose yoti azimuyamwitsa . . . n’zogwirizana ndi zimenenso zinkachitika ku Mesopotamia munthu akaloledwa kutenga mwana wa munthu wina.”

Ndiyeno kodi a banja lachifumu amene anam’tengawo anam’bisira Moseyo zakuti anali Mhebri poganiza kuti n’zochititsa manyazi? M’mafilimu ena amaonetsa ngati kuti zinali choncho. Koma malemba satero. Mlongo wake, Miriamu, anachita zanzeru pokonza zoti Mose akamuyamwitse ndi mayi wake weniweni, Yokobedi. Ndithu mayi woopa Mulunguyu sakanam’bisira mwana wake nkhaniyi! Ndiye poti kale ana ankawayamwitsa kwa zaka zingapo ndithu, Yokobedi anali ndi mpata wokwanira kumuphunzitsa Mose za “Mulungu wa Abrahamu, Mulungu wa Isake, ndi Mulungu wa Yakobo.” (Eksodo 3:6) Zimenezi zinadzam’thandiza kwambiri Mose, chifukwa atakam’pereka kwa mwana wamkazi wa Farao, “Mose anaphunzira nzeru zonse za Aaigupto.” Zimene katswiri wa mbiri yakale, Josephus ananena zakuti Mose anafika pokhala kazembe wankhondo pamene ankamenyana ndi Aitiopiya, n’zosatsimikizirika. Komabe, Baibulo limanena kuti Mose anali “wamphamvu m’mawu ake ndi m’ntchito zake.” *—Machitidwe 7:22.

Mmene ankakwanitsa zaka 40 n’zosakayikitsa kuti Mose anali atafika poti akanatha kukhala mtsogoleri wapamwamba kwambiri wa Aigupto. Akanatha kusanduka munthu woopedwa komanso wolemera kwambiri akanapitiriza kukhala m’banja la Farao. Komano panachitika nkhani inayake imene inasintha moyo wake.

Athaŵira ku Midyani

Tsiku lina Mose “anaona munthu Mwaigupto ali kukantha Mhebri, wa abale ake.” Kwa zaka zambiri,  Mose ankadyerera zabwino zonse zokhala Mhebri komanso zokhala Mwaigupto. Komano anatembenukiratu maganizo ataona Mwisrayeli mnzake akumenyedwa, mwinanso kufuna kuphedwa kumene. (Eksodo 2:11) “Anakana kutchedwa mwana wake wa mwana wamkazi wa Farao; nasankhula kuchitidwa zoipa pamodzi ndi anthu a Mulungu.”—Ahebri 11:24, 25.

Pofuna kungothana nazo, Mose “anakantha Mwaigupto, namufotsera mumchenga.” (Eksodo 2:12) Sikuti anachita zimenezi “chifukwa anali wa mtima wapachala,” monga mmene ananenera munthu wina wofufuza zolakwika m’mabuku. Komano n’zosakayikitsa kuti anachita zimenezi chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chake pa lonjezo la Mulungu lakuti Aisrayeli adzalanditsidwa ku Aigupto, moti iyeyo ankangoona ngati kuti akuchita zabwino. (Genesis 15:13, 14) N’kutheka kuti iyeyo ankaona kuti zochita zakezo zinyanyula mitima ya anthu a mtundu wake n’kuwachititsa kuti aukire boma. (Machitidwe 7:25) Komabe anakhumudwa ataona kuti Aisrayeli anzake sanam’vomere ngati mtsogoleri wawo. Nkhani yopha munthuyi itafika kwa Farao, Mose sakanachitira mwina koma kuthaŵamo m’dzikomo. Anakakhala ku Midyani, n’kukwatira mkazi wotchedwa Zipora, yemwe anali mwana wa kalonga wokonda kusamukasamuka, dzina lake Yetero.

Kwa zaka 40 zathunthu, Mose ankangokhala ngati mbusa wa nkhosa basi, moti zopulumutsa anthu amtundu wake zija anachita kuiwalako. Komabe tsiku lina, ankadyetsera nkhosa za Yetero pafupi ndi Phiri la Horebe. Pamenepo, mngelo wa Yehova anamuonekera Mose pachitsamba choyaka. Tangoganizirani mmene zinalili. Mulungu akulamula, amvekere: “Kachotse anthu anga ana a Israyeli ku Aigupto.” Koma Mose akuyankha mojejema, modzikayikira. Ndiye akudandaula kuti: “Ndine ndani ine kuti ndipite kwa Farao n’kukachotsa ana a Israyeli ku Aigupto?” Mpaka akufika poulula vuto lake limene m’malifilimu ambiri osonyeza Mose amalibisa: Mose zikuoneka kuti amavutika polankhula. Komatu ndiye Mose n’ngosiyana kwambiri ndi anthu otchuka a m’nthano zakale! Zaka 40 zimene anakhala akubusa nkhosa, zinam’thandiza kuti akhale munthu wodzichepetsa, wosadziona ngati kanthu. Ngakhale kuti Mose akudzikayikira, Mulungu akum’dalira kuti angakhale mtsogoleri wabwino!—Eksodo 3:1–4:20.

Kulanditsidwa ku Aigupto

Mose anachoka ku Midyani n’kukaonekera pamaso pa Farao, n’kumuuza kuti amasule anthu a Mulungu. Farao waliumayo atakana, miliri khumi inakhaulitsa dzikolo. Mliri wachikhumi ukupha mwana woyamba wa mfumu ya Aigupto, ndipo Farao anagonja n’kulola Aisrayeli kuti apite.—Eksodo, chaputala 5 mpaka 13.

Nkhani zimenezi n’zodziŵika bwino kwa aŵerengi ambiri. Koma kodi pankhani zimenezi pali iliyonse yomwe inachitikadi? Ena amati popeza kuti  Farao ameneyu sanatchulidwe dzina, ndiye kuti nkhaniyi n’njongopeka. * Komabe Hoffmeier, amene tam’tchulapo kale uja anati alembi a ku Aigupto nthaŵi zambiri ankasiya dala kulemba mayina a adani a Farao. Iye anati: “Sizingatheke kuti akatswiri a mbiri yakale akane kuti nkhondo imene Farao wotchedwa Thutmose Wachitatu anachita ku Megido siinachitikedi ngakhale kuti mayina a mfumu za ku Kadesi ndi ku Megidoko sanalembedwe.” Hoffmeier anati n’kutheka kuti dzina la Farao silinatchulidwe “pa zifukwa zabwino zokhudza Mulungu.” Chinanso n’chakuti, posatchula dzina la Farao, nkhaniyi imakweza Mulungu osati Farao.

Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu ena ofufuza zolakwika savomereza zakuti Ayuda anasamuka m’chigulu kuchoka ku Aigupto. Munthu wina wophunzira, dzina lake Homer W. Smith anati nkhani ya kusamuka kwa chigulu chotere cha anthu “bwenzi ikupezeka paliponse m’zolembedwa zakale za ku Aigupto ndi ku Suriya . . . N’zotheka kuti nthano ya m’buku la Eksodo imeneyi ndi yongokokomeza nkhani ya anthu ochepa chabe amene anachoka ku Aigupto kupita ku Palesitina.”

Inde, n’zoona kuti sipanapezeke umboni uliwonse wa ku Aigupto wokhudza nkhaniyi. Komabe, anthu a ku Aigupto ankakonda kukhotetsa nkhani  za mbiri yawo ngati zili zowachititsa manyazi kapena zosathandiza pa ndale zawo. Thutmose Wachitatu atayamba kulamulira, anayesetsa kuti Farao wamkazi wotchedwa Hatshepsut yemwe anamuloŵa m’malo monga mfumu asadzakumbukikenso. John Ray yemwe ndi katswiri wa mbiri yakale ya ku Aigupto, anati: “Zolembedwa zake zonse zozokotedwa anazifufuta, zimiyala zonse zokhudza iyeyo anazitchingira ndi mipanda, ndipo zipilala zake zom’kumbukirapo zinaiwalika. Dzina lake silipezeka n’komwe m’mabuku a mbiri yawo amene anadzalembedwa pambuyo pa ulamuliro wake.” Ngakhale masiku ano anthu ayesapo kusintha kapena kubisa nkhani zochititsa manyazi.

Pankhani yakuti palibe umboni wochokera m’zinthu zakale zokumbidwa pansi wotsimikizira kuti anadutsa m’chipululu, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Ayuda anali anthu osamukasamuka. Sankamanga mizinda ayi; ndipo sankalima. Moti tingati akachoka pa malo enaake ankangosiyapo zidindo za mapazi awo basi. Komabe, umboni wosakayikitsa wakuti anadutsa m’chipululu ungapezeke m’Baibulo lomwelo. Zoti anadutsa m’chipululu zimatchulidwa m’buku lonse lopatulikali. (1 Samueli 4:8; Salmo 78:0-72; 95:1-11; 106:1-48; 1 Akorinto 10:1-5) Ngakhale Yesu amene anatsimikizira kuti nkhani za m’chipululu zija zinachitikadi.—Yohane 3:14.

Choncho, n’zosakayikitsa n’komwe kuti nkhani ya m’Baibulo yonena za Mose, inachitikadi komanso n’njoona. Komabe ngakhale zili choncho, Mose anakhalako kalekale. Ndiye kodi angakuthandizeni bwanji pa moyo wanu masiku anowu?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Kodi Nkhani ya Kupulumutsidwa kwa Mose Ndi Nthano Yachikunja?

Anthu ena ofufuza zolakwika amati nkhani ya kupulumutsidwa kwa Mose mumtsinje wa Nile imafanana kwambiri ndi nthano yakale ya Mfumu Sarigoni ya ku Akadi, imene anthu ena amati n’njakale kuposa nkhani ya Mose. M’nthanoyi amasimbanso za kakhanda kamene kanali m’dengu ndipo kanapulumutsidwa mumtsinje.

Koma dziŵani kuti mbiri yakale ili ndi nkhani zambiri zofanana. Ndiponso zoika mwana mumtsinje si zinali zosoŵa kwambiri ngati mmene zilili panopo. Buku lotchedwa Biblical Archaeology Review linati: “Tiyenera kudziŵa kuti anthu a ku Babulo ndi ku Aigupto ankakhala m’mphepete mwa mitsinje ndiponso kuti kuika khanda mu kadengu kosaloŵa madzi inali njira yabwinopo yotayira mwanayo kusiyana ndi njira yotchuka panthaŵiyo yongom’taya padzala . . . . Komanso n’kuthekadi kuti nthano zambiri zinkasimba za kamwana kopulumutsidwa motere kamene kanadzasanduka munthu wotchuka, komano nthanozo zinkatero popeza kuti zimenezi zimachitikadi kaŵirikaŵiri m’moyo wa anthu.”

M’buku lake lotchedwa Exploring Exodus, Nahum M. Sarna anati ngakhale kuti nkhanizi zimafananako penapake, nkhani ya kubadwa kwa Mose imasiyana kwambiri ndi “Nthano ya Sarigoni” pa “mfundo zambiri zikuluzikulu.” Motero, zonena kuti nkhani ya m’Baibuloyi inachokera ku nthano zachikunja n’zosamveka ngakhale pang’ono.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Kodi Ndani Analemba Mabuku Asanu Oyambirira a M’Baibulo?

Mose ndi amene timati analemba mabuku asanu ameneŵa. N’kutheka kuti nkhani zina zimene Mose analembazo anazipeza m’zolembedwa zina zotsimikizirika zakale. Komabe anthu ambiri ofufuza zolakwika m’mabuku amakhulupirira kuti Mose sanalembe n’komwe mabuku asanuŵa. Wafilosofi wina wa m’zaka za m’ma 1600 dzina lake Spinoza anati: “Zakuti Mose sanalembe mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo n’zosachita kufunsa ayi.” Chakumapeto kwa m’ma 1800, munthu wina wophunzira wa ku Germany, dzina lake Julius Wellhausen anatchukitsa chiphunzitso chakuti mabuku ameneŵa analembedwa ndi anthu angapo kapena magulu angapo a anthu.

Wellhausen anati wolemba wina nthaŵi zonse ankalemba dzina laumwini la Mulungu, lakuti Yehova motero iyeyu anangom’patsa dzina loti Y. Wina anam’patsa dzina loti M chifukwa ankangomutcha kuti “Mulungu” basi. Winanso anam’patsa dzina lot N, akuti chifukwa choti analemba malamulo a anthu opereka nsembe amene ali m’buku la Levitiko. Ndipo wina anamutcha kuti D, chifukwa akuti ndiye analemba buku la Deuteronomo. Ngakhale kuti anthu ena ophunzira akhala akukhulupirira chiphunzitso chimenechi kwa zaka zambiri, buku lotchedwa The Pentateuch, lolembedwa ndi Joseph Blenkinsopp, linanena kuti chiphunzitso cha Wellhausen chimenechi “chili ndi zolakwika zambiri.”

Buku lakuti Introduction to the Bible, lolembedwa ndi John Laux, linalongosola kuti: “Chiphunzitsochi n’chozikidwa pa mfundo zimene zili zongopeka kapenanso zabodza lam’kunkhuniza. . . . Chiphunzitsochi chikanakhala choona, ndiye kuti Aisrayeli ankangowapusitsa powachititsa kuti alole kutsatira Chilamulo chovuta chija. Ndipotu chimenecho chikanakhala chinyengo chachikulu kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya anthu.”

Mfundo ina yosamveka n’njakuti kusiyana kwa kafotokozedwe ka nkhani m’mabuku ameneŵa kumasonyeza kuti analembedwa ndi anthu angapo. Komano, m’buku lake lakuti Ancient Orient and Old Testament, K.A. Kitchen anati: “Kusiyana kwa kafotokozedwe ka nkhani m’mabukuŵa sikodabwitsa ayi, ndipo kumagwirizana ndi nkhani imene ikufotokozedwa m’bukulo.” Kusiyana kotereku kuliponso “m’mabuku akale ochita kudziŵika kuti analembedwa ndi munthu m’modzi.”

Mfundo yakuti poti Mulungu amamutchula mayina osiyanasiyana ndiye kuti mabukuŵa analembedwa ndi anthu angapo n’njosamveka ngakhale pang’ono. M’kagawo kakang’ono chabe ka buku la Genesis, Mulungu amatchedwa kuti “Wamkulukulu” “Mwini kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi,” “Ambuye Mulungu,” “Mulungu wakundiona ine,” “Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse,” “Mulungu,” ndiponso “Woweruza wa dziko lonse lapansi.” (Genesis 14:18, 19; 15:2; 16:13; 17:1, 3; 18:25) Kodi tingati lemba lililonse pa malemba a Baibuloŵa linalembedwa ndi munthu wosiyana? Nanga bwanji lemba la Genesis 28:13, limene limatchula mawu akuti “Mulungu” komanso “Yehova” mlemba lomwelo. Kodi tingati anthu aŵiri anathandizana kulemba vesi limodzili?

Pamene mfundoyi imadziŵikadi kuti n’njozizira m’pamabuku olembedwa masiku ano. M’buku lina laposachedwapa lolongosola za nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, amene ankalamulira dziko la Germany panthaŵiyo amatchedwa kuti “Mtsogoleri,” “Adolf Hitler,” ndiponso kungoti “Hitler,” m’masamba otsatizana ochepa chabe. Kodi alipo munthu amene anganene kuti uwu ndi umboni wakuti bukuli linalembedwa ndi anthu atatu?

Komabe, maganizo ochokera pa mfundo ya Wellhausen akuchulukirachulukira. Maganizo ena otero ndi chiphunzitso chimene chinakonzedwa ndi anthu aŵiri ophunzira chofotokoza za wolemba anamutcha kuti Y uja. Iwoŵa sikuti amangotsutsa kuti Y sanali Mose koma amatinso “Y anali mkazi.”

[Chithunzi]

Mose anadzichepetsa polemba zophophonya zake pofuna kuti ulemerero upite kwa Mulungu

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Chithunzi cha kumanda a mbiri yakale a ku Aigupto chosonyeza akapolo akupanga njerwa

Mawu a Chithunzi]

Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY