Matayala Angapulumutse Moyo Wanu

TAYEREKEZERANI kuti muli m’kati mwa chibokosi chopangidwa ndi zitsulo ndi magalasi ndipo pafupi ndi pamene mwakhala pali matanki a asidi ndi mafuta oti atha kuyaka mosavuta. Ndiyeno munyamule chibokosi choopsa moterocho n’kuchiika m’malere masentimita angapo kuchoka pansi, kenaka muchiyendetse mpaka chizithamanga mamita 30 pa sekondi iliyonse. Pomaliza, ikani chibokosi chanucho pamodzi ndi mabokosi ena ofanana nacho ndiyeno mabokosiŵa aziyenda modutsanadutsana, ena akuchokera mbali ya kuno, ena mbali ya uko.

Zimenezo n’zimene mumachita nthaŵi iliyonse imene mukwera galimoto n’kuyamba kuiyendetsa pamsewu. Kodi n’chiyani chimakuthandizani kuti muzitha kuwongolera bwino ndi kuti musamachite mantha mukamayendetsa? Mbali yaikulu, matayala anu ndi amene amakuthandizani.

Ntchito ya Matayala

Matayala amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zofunika. Amanyamula galimoto yanu komanso amaiteteza ku mabampu, kukumbika kwa msewu, ndi zoipa zina zapamsewu. Koposa pamenepo, matayala anu amathandiza kuti galimoto igwirane ndi msewu kuti muzitha kuithamangitsa, kuiwongolera, kuiimitsa, ndiponso muzitha kuloŵera kumene mukufuna kupita m’misewu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndi kambali kochepa chabe ka tayala kamene kamakhudza pansi.

Poona kufunika kwa matayala, kodi mungachite chiyani kuti matayala anu asakuchititseni ngozi ndiponso azigwira bwino ntchito? Ndipo ngati mukufunika kusankha matayala, kodi mungasankhe bwanji matayala oyenerana ndi galimoto yanu? Tisanayankhe mafunso ameneŵa, tiyeni tione mbiri ya matayala mwachidule.

Anthu Oyambirira Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphira

Ngakhale kuti magudumu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kalekale, kumata mphira kunja kwa gudumu la galimoto kunayamba chaposachedwapa. Mphira yachilengedwe inayamba kumatidwa ku magudumu amatabwa kapena azitsulo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800. Koma mphirayo sinkachedwa kuperepeseka, choncho zinkaoneka ngati kugwiritsa ntchito magudumu omatidwa ndi mphira sikupita patali, mpaka pamene Charles Goodyear, munthu wakhama wodziŵa kutulukira zinthu wa ku Connecticut, U.S.A., anayamba kuchitapo kanthu. Mu 1839, Goodyear anatulukira njira yosanganiza mphira ndi sulufure n’kuzitenthetsa ndi kuzikanikiza pamodzi. Njira imeneyi inachititsa kuti mphira isamavute kuumba ndiponso ikhale yolimba. Matayala opangidwa ndi mphira anayamba kufala, koma ankakhala amabampu.

 Mu 1845, katswiri wina wokonza makina osiyanasiyana wa ku Scotland dzina lake Robert W. Thomson anapatsidwa setifiketi yosonyeza kuti anali munthu woyamba kukonza tayala lopopedwa ndi mpweya. Koma matayala opopedwa ndi mpweya sankagulidwa kwambiri mpaka pamene munthu wina wa ku Scotland komweko dzina lake John Boyd Dunlop anakonza tayala la njinga ya mwana wake kuti isamachite mabampu kwambiri akaikwera. Dunlop analandira setifiketi ya tayala lake latsopanolo mu 1888 ndipo anayambitsa kampani yake. Komabe, matayala opopedwa ndi mpweya anali akadali ndi mavuto ambiri.

Tsiku lina mu 1891, tayala la Mfalansa wina woyendetsa njinga linaphwa. Anayesera kulikonza koma analephera chifukwa tayalalo linali lomamatizana ndi gudumu ya njingayo. Anapempha Mfalansa mnzake, Édouard Michelin, amene ankadziŵika kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yake yokonza mphira, kuti amuthandize. Michelin anatha maola naini akukonza tayalalo. Zimenezi zinamulimbikitsa kukonza tayala lopopedwa ndi mpweya limene likanatheka kulichotsa ku gudumu lake kuti lisamavute kukonza.

Matayala a Michelin anayenda malonda kwambiri moti chaka chotsatiracho, oyendetsa njinga okwana 10,000 anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito mosangalala. Patangopita nthaŵi yochepa, matayala opopedwa ndi mpweya anaikidwa pa magaleta okokedwa ndi akavalo ku Paris, ndipo Afalansa okwera magaletawo anasangalala kwambiri. Mu 1895, pofuna kusonyeza anthu kuti matayala opopedwa ndi mpweya angathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa galimoto, Édouard ndi mchimwene wake André anawaika pa galimoto yochitira mpikisano, koma inakhala chitseka khomo. Komabe, anthu anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi matayala achilendowo moti mpaka anawang’amba kuti aone chimene anyamata apachibalewo anabisamo!

M’zaka za m’ma 1930 ndi 1940, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zatsopano popanga matayala monga nayiloni ndi zinthu zina za m’gulu la nayiloni m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zosalimba monga thonje ndi mphira yachilengedwe. Nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha, anayamba kukonza matayala otha kugwirana kwambiri ndi gudumu, kutanthauza kuti sipanafunikenso kukhala ndi chubu cha m’kati choti muzikhala mpweya. Kenaka, anapitirizabe kukonza matayalawo kuti akhale abwino kuposa pamenepa.

Masiku ano, pali zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopitirira 200 zimene amapangira tayala. Ndipo chifukwa cha luso lamasiku ano, matayala ena amatha kuyenda makilomita 130,000 kapena kuposa pamenepo, pamene matayala ena amatha kukhala bwinobwino galimoto yochitira mpikisano ikuthamanga makilomita mahandiredi ambiri pa ola limodzi. Komabe, matayalaŵa amawagulitsa pa mtengo umene anthu ambiri masiku ano angathe kukwanitsa.

Kusankha Matayala

Ngati muli ndi galimoto, nthaŵi zina mungakhale ndi ntchito yovuta yosankha matayala atsopano. Kodi mungadziŵe bwanji kuti tsopano muyenera kugula matayala ena? Mungadziŵe zimenezi mwa kuyang’ana matayala anu nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti muone zizindikiro zosonyeza kuti matayala akutha kapena akuwonongeka. * Okonza matayala nthaŵi zambiri amawaika zinthu zimene zingakusonyezeni ngati akutha. Zinthu zimenezi zimaoneka ngati mizera ya mphira ndipo zimakhala popondera pa tayala. Ndi bwinonso kuyang’ana ngati tayalalo layamba kumatuka, ngati mawaya akutulukira kunja, ngati likutundumuka m’mbali, kapena ngati pali zolakwika zina. Ngati mupeza chimodzi mwa zinthu zimenezi, musayendetse galimotoyo mpaka mutakonza kapena kusintha tayalalo. Ngati munagula tayalalo lili latsopano, wogulitsa matayalayo angakugulitseni lina pamtengo wotsikirapo ngati analonjeza zimenezi pokugulitsani tayala latsopano lija.

Zimakhala bwino kusintha matayala aŵiriaŵiri,  olumikizidwa ndi chitsulo chimodzi. Ngati mukusintha tayala limodzi n’kuika latsopano, muliike pa chitsulo chimodzi ndi tayala limene silinaperepeseke kwambiri kuti mukaponda buleki matayala awiriwo azigwira pansi mofanana.

Kusankha tayala kungakhale kovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti pali matayala a mitundu, masaizi, ndi mayina osiyanasiyana. Komabe, mwa kuyankha mafunso ofunika angapo chabe, ntchitoyo ingakhale yofeŵerapo. Choyamba, ŵerenganinso zimene wopanga galimoto ananena kuti muyenera kuchita. Galimoto yanu ili ndi zofunika zapadera zimene muyenera kutsatira, monga kukula kwa tayala ndi magudumu, mpata umene uyenera kukhalapo kuchokera kunsi kwa galimotoyo kufika pansi, ndi kulemera kwa katundu amene inganyamule. Kapangidwe ka galimoto yanu n’kofunikanso kukaganizira. Magalimoto amakono okhala ndi mabuleki othandiza kuti matayala azizungulira bwinobwino mukaponda buleki, opangidwa mwa njira yakuti asamaterereke, ndiponso otha kugwiritsa ntchito matayala onse anayi, amapangidwa kuti aziyendera matayala enaake apadera. Mtundu wa matayala oyenerana ndi galimoto yanu nthaŵi zambiri amaulemba m’kabuku ka malangizo kochokera kwa wopanga galimoto.

Chinanso chofuna kuganizira ndi misewu imene galimoto yanu iziyendamo. Kodi galimoto yanuyo nthaŵi zambiri muzidzaiyendetsa mu msewu wa fumbi kapena watala, mu nyengo ya mvula kapena youma? Mwina mumayendetsa m’misewu ndiponso m’nyengo zosiyanasiyana. Ngati zili choncho mungafunike matayala oyenda m’misewu yonse kapena a nyengo zonse.

Muyeneranso kuganizira kuti tayalalo likuyembekezeka kukhala nthaŵi yaitali bwanji ndiponso lili ndi mphamvu yaikulu bwanji yogwirana ndi msewu. Nthaŵi zambiri, tayala likakhala ndi popondera pofeŵa limagwirana ndi msewu kwambiri, koma silichedwa kutha. Koma likakhala ndi popondera polimbirapo, siligwirana ndi msewu kwambiri koma limatenga nthaŵi yaitali kuti lithe. Nthaŵi zambiri m’malo amene amagulitsamo matayala mumakhala mabuku ofotokoza za kukula kwa mphamvu yogwirana ndi msewu kwa tayala. Musaiwale kuti kukula kwa mphamvu yogwirana ndi msewu kwa tayala kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi amene anapanga tayalayo.

Mukadziŵa zimene mukufuna, chimene chingakuchititseni kugula tayala lakutilakuti ndi mtengo wake. Opanga matayala odziŵika bwino nthaŵi zambiri amakhala odalirika ndiponso amatha kukubwezerani ndalama kapena kukusinthirani tayalalo ngati silikugwira bwino ntchito monga momwe analonjezera, kusiyana ndi opanga matayala osadziŵika bwino.

Kusamalira Matayala Anu

Kusamalira matayala kumaphatikizapo zinthu zitatu: kukhutitsa bwino tayalalo ndi mpweya wokwanira, kusinthanitsa matayala nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ndi kuonetsetsa kuti matayalawo akhazikika bwino. Kukhutitsa bwino tayalalo ndi mpweya wokwanira n’kofunika kwambiri. Ngati lakhuta kwambiri, popondera pake pamaperepeseka msanga pakati pa tayalalo. Koma ngati silinakhute mokwanira, limatha msanga m’mphepete ndipo galimoto imadya mafuta ambiri.

Kukhuta mpweya kwa tayala kungachepe ndi makilogalamu 0.5 pamwezi chifukwa cha mpweya umene umatulukira mu mphira ya tayalalo. Choncho musaganize kuti mungadziŵe ngati matayala anu akhuta bwino mwa kungoyang’ana mmene akuonekera. Malinga ndi zimene linanena bungwe lotchedwa Rubber  Manufacturers Association, “tayala mwina lingataye mpaka theka la mpweya wake koma osaoneka kuphwa!” Choncho, muzigwiritsa ntchito chida choyezera kukhuta kwa tayala kuti mudziŵe mmene tayala lakhutira, mwina kamodzi pamwezi. Anthu ambiri amene ali ndi magalimoto amasunga chida chimenechi pa malo osungira magalavu m’galimoto mwawo kuti asamavutike kuchipeza akafuna kuchigwiritsa ntchito. Nthaŵi zonse mukamasintha oyilo wa galimoto yanu muziyang’ana kukhuta kwa matayala ndipo muzichita zimenezi matayalawo akakhala osatentha, kutanthauza kuti ngati apuma kwa maola osachepera atatu kapena ngati mwayendetsa galimotoyo kwa makilomita osapitirira 1.5. Kukhuta koyenera kwa galimoto yanu nthaŵi zambiri amakulemba m’kabuku ka malangizo kochokera kwa wopanga galimoto, kapena pakapepala pafupi ndi khomo la dalaivala, kapena pa malo osungira magalavu m’galimoto mwanu. Ngati mukufuna kuti galimotoyo isamachite mabampu, musapope matayala kufika mpaka pamapeto pa mpweya umene mungapopele m’tayalamo, umene amaulemba m’mphepete mwa tayala.

Matayala adzakhalitsa ndiponso adzatha mofanana ngati muwasinthanitsa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pokhapokha ngati amene anapanga galimoto yanu anena zina, ndi bwino kusinthanitsa matayala mukayenda makilomita 10,000 mpaka 13,000 alionse. Apanso m’pofunika kuona zimene analemba m’kabuku ka malangizo kochokera kwa wopanga galimoto kuti mudziŵe njira yabwino yosinthanitsira matayala.

Pomaliza, muzipenda ngati matayala akhazikika bwino chaka chilichonse kamodzi kapena nthaŵi iliyonse imene mukumva phokoso lachilendo kapena kugwedera kwachilendo kwa chiwongolero. Masipuling’i a galimoto yanu anakonzedwa m’njira yoti matayala azitha kukhazikika bwino galimoto yanu ikanyamula zinthu zolemera mosiyanasiyana. Komabe, popeza matayala amakhala akutha tsiku ndi tsiku zingakhale bwino kuwayang’ana nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kuti muone ngati akhazikika bwino. Makaniko amene ali ndi setifiketi yoona masipuling’i ndi kukhazikika kwa matayala angathe kukonza galimoto yanu kuti matayala akhazikike bwino, zimene zimathandiza kuti matayalawo akhalitse ndiponso galimotoyo iziyenda bwino.

Matayala “Odziŵa” Zimene Zikuchitika

Pogwiritsa ntchito makompyuta, magalimoto ena amamudziŵitsa dalaivala ngati mpweya wachepa kwambiri m’tayala. Matayala ena angathe kuyenda bwinobwino kwa kanthaŵi opanda mpweya, ndipo ena amadzimata okha akabooka. Zoonadi, akatswiri okonza makina osiyanasiyana akukonza matayala otha kuchita zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamsewu.

Zinthu zimene amapangira matayala, kadindidwe ka mizere ya popondera pa tayala, masipuling’i, ziwongolero, ndi mabuleki a magalimoto amakono zikupita patsogolo. Choncho matayala akupangitsa kuti kuyendetsa galimoto kukhale kosavuta ndiponso ngozi zichepe.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Tchati/Zithunzi patsamba 15]

Ndandanda Yopendera Matayala

Yang’anani izi:

□ Kodi m’mphepete mwa tayala mukutundumuka?

□ Kodi mawaya akuonekera popondera pa matayala?

□ Kodi mizera ya mphira ya popondera pa matayala ikadali bwino kapena yayamba kutha?

Muganizirenso izi:

□ Kodi matayala akhuta bwino mpweya mogwirizana ndi zimene ananena opanga galimoto yanu?

□ Kodi ndi nthaŵi yoti musinthanitse matayala? (Pochita zimenezi, tsatirani makilomita amene ananena opanga galimoto, ndiponso njira yosinthanitsira matayala imene ananena.)

□ Kodi muyenera kuika matayala ena chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo?

[Chithunzi]

Poonera kutha kwa tayala

[Chithunzi patsamba 14]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Mbali za Tayala

Popondera pamathandiza kuti tayala ligwirane ndi msewu ndiponso galimoto ithe kukhota

Malamba amalimbitsa popondera

M’mphepete mwa tayala mumateteza m’mbali mwa tayala kuti musawonongeke chifukwa chokhulana ndi msewu kapena kakhoma kakafupi ka m’mbali mwa msewu

Muyalo wam’kati umalimbitsa tayala ndi kulithandiza kuti lizitha kunyutuka

Nsalu yam’kati imachititsa kuti mpweya usatuluke m’tayala

Chingwe chopota chimathandiza kuti tayala ligwirane bwino ndi gudumu ndipo mpweya usamatuluke

[Zithunzi patsamba 13]

Njinga ndi galimoto zakale, zokhala ndi matayala otha kupopedwa ndi mpweya; ogwira ntchito pa fakitale yakale yokonza matayala

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company