Nkhondo Yakalekale Yofuna Kupeza Thanzi Labwino

JOANNE ankakhala ku New York, ndipo anali ndi TB. Koma TB yake sinali TB wamba. Anali ndi TB yosamva pafupifupi mankhwala alionse imene imapha theka la anthu amene amadwala nthendayi. Komabe, Joanne sankapitapita kuchipatala, ndipo anali atafalitsapo kale TB yakeyo kwa anthu ena. Dokotala wake potopa naye anati: ‘Ayenera kutsekeredwa.’

Nthenda yakupha ya TB inayamba kalekale. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri adwala TB ndi kumwalira nayo. Umboni wa nthendayi wapezeka m’mitembo youmitsidwa ya makedzana imene anaipeza ku Egypt ndi ku Peru. Masiku ano, TB imene yachita kuyambiranso imapha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni aŵiri chaka chilichonse.

Carlitos, amene anali atagona pa kamphasa m’kanyumba kena kakang’ono ku Africa kuno anali ndi thukuta pachipumi pake. Malungo anali atamufoola koopsa moti amakanika ndi kulira komwe. Makolo ake ankhaŵawo analibe ndalama zoti angagulire mankhwala, ndipo panalibe chipatala pafupi kumene akanatha kupita kuti mwana wawoyo akalandire mankhwala. Thupi lake linapitirizabe kutentha, ndipo anamwalira pasanathe maola 48.

Malungo amapha ana pafupifupi wani miliyoni onga Carlitos chaka chilichonse. M’midzi ya kum’maŵa kwa Africa kuno, ana ambiri amalumidwa ndi udzudzu woyambitsa malungo nthaŵi 50 mpaka 80 mwezi uliwonse. Udzudzu umenewu ukufalikira ku madera atsopano, ndipo mankhwala ochiza malungo ayamba kulephera kuchiza matendaŵa. Chaka chilichonse, anthu pafupifupi 300 miliyoni amadwala malungo.

Kenneth, mwamuna wa zaka 30 amene ankakhala ku San Francisco, California, anapita kwa dokotala wake koyamba mu 1980. Anafotokoza kuti anali kutsegula m’mimba ndipo anali wotopa kwambiri. Patatha chaka chimodzi, anamwalira. Ngakhale kuti analandira chithandizo chabwino kwambiri cha mankhwala, anaonda kwambiri, ndipo pamapeto pake anamwalira ndi chibayo.

Patatha zaka ziŵiri, kudera lina limene linali makilomita 16,000 kuchokera ku San Francisco, mzimayi wachitsikana kumpoto kwa Tanzania anayamba kudwala matenda okhala ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi za Kenneth. Patatha milungu yochepa, sanathenso kuyenda, ndipo patangopita kanthaŵi kochepa anamwalira. Anthu a m’mudzimo anawapatsa matenda achilendowo dzina loti matenda a Juliana chifukwa chakuti mwamuna wina wogulitsa nsalu yolembedwa dzina loti Juliana zikuoneka kuti ndi amene anapatsira matendaŵa kwa mzimayiyu ndi azimayi ena m’deralo.

Kenneth ndiponso mzimayi wa ku Tanzania uja anali ndi nthenda yofanana: Edzi. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, pamene zinkaoneka kuti sayansi ya zamankhwala yagonjetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda toopsa kwambiri, nthenda yatsopano yopatsirana imeneyi inayamba kusoŵetsa anthu mtendere. Pomatha zaka 20, anthu amene anafa ndi Edzi  anayamba kufanana kuchuluka kwake ndi anthu amene anafa ndi mliri wa makoswe umene unapha anthu ambiri ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia m’zaka za m’ma 1300, ndipo anthu ku Ulaya mpaka pano sanauiwalebe mliri umenewo.

Mliri wa Makoswe

Mliri wa makoswe unayambika mu 1347, pamene sitima yochokera ku chigawo cha Crimea inaima padoko ku Messina, pachilumba cha Sicily. Kuwonjezera pa katundu wake wa masiku onse, sitimayo inabweretsanso mliri wa makoswe. * Pasanathe nthaŵi yaitali mliri wa makoswewo unafalikira m’dziko lonse la Italy.

Chaka chotsatira, munthu wotchedwa Agnolo di Tura, wa ku Siena, Italy, anafotokoza mmene zinthu zinaipira m’tawuni yakwawo motere: ‘Anthu anayamba kufa ku Siena mu May. Zinali zinthu zomvetsa chisoni ndiponso zoipa kwambiri. Anthu odwalawo ankamwalira pafupifupi nthaŵi yomwe ayamba kudwala yomweyo. Anthu mahandiredi ambiri anamwalira, usana ndi usiku.’ Iye anawonjezera kuti: ‘Ndinaika m’manda ana anga asanu ndi manja angaŵa, ndipo anthu enanso ambiri anachita chimodzimodzi. Palibe amene analira, kaya wachibale wake amene wamwalirayo akhale ndani, chifukwa pafupifupi aliyense ankayembekezera kufa. Anthu ambiri zedi anafa moti aliyense ankakhulupirira kuti kunali kutha kwa dziko.’

Pomatha zaka zinayi, malinga ndi zimene olemba mbiri ena anena, mliriwu unafalikira ku Ulaya konse ndipo munthu mmodzi mwa anthu atatu alionse anamwalira, mwina anthu pakati pa 20 miliyoni ndi 30 miliyoni. Ngakhale kudziko lakutali kwambiri la Iceland anthu anapululuka. Zanenedwa kuti ku Far East, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku China chinatsika kuchoka pa anthu 123 miliyoni amene analipo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1200 kufika pa anthu 65 miliyoni m’zaka za m’ma 1300, mwachionekere chifukwa cha mliriwu ndi njala imene inabwera panthaŵi imodzimodziyo.

Palibe mliri wina m’mbuyomu, nkhondo, kapena njala imene inavutitsa anthu ngati mmene unachitira mliri wa makoswe. Buku lakuti Man and Microbes (Anthu ndi Tizilombo Toyambitsa Matenda) linati: “Linali tsoka losafanana ndi tsoka lina lililonse m’mbiri ya anthu. Pafupifupi munthu  mmodzi mwa anthu anayi alionse mpaka kufika pa munthu mmodzi mwa anthu aŵiri alionse ku Ulaya, kumpoto kwa Africa, ndi mbali zina za ku Asia anafa.”

Mayiko a ku America sanakhudzidwe nawo ndi mliri wa makoswe chifukwa chakuti sankachita zinthu ndi mayiko a kumbali zina za dziko lapansi. Koma sitima zapanyanja zitayamba kufika kumeneko zinathetsa zimenezi pasanapite nthaŵi yaitali. M’zaka za m’ma 1500, miliri yatsopano imene inapha anthu ambiri kuposa mliri wa makoswe inagwa ku mayiko a ku America.

Nthomba Inagonjetsa Mayiko a ku America

Pamene Columbus anafika ku West Indies mu 1492, anafotokoza kuti anthu okhala kumeneko anali ‘ooneka bwino, otalikirapo, a matupi amphamvu.’ Koma kuoneka ngati athanzi kumeneko kunabisa mfundo yakuti anthuwo sanali okhoza kulimbana ndi matenda a ku Ulaya.

Mu 1518, pachilumba cha Hispaniola panagwa mliri wa nthomba. Anthu a m’mayiko a ku America anali asanadwalepo nthomba, ndipo zotsatirapo zake zinali zoopsa. Munthu wina wachisipanya amene anaona zimenezi zikuchitika anayerekezera kuti mwina anthu wani sauzande okha ndi amene sanafe ndi nthendayi pachilumbapo. Posakhalitsa mliriwo unafalikira ku Mexico ndi ku Peru, ndipo zotsatirapo zake zinali zoipa chimodzimodzi.

M’zaka 100 zotsatira, pamene atsamunda anadzakhazikika m’dera la Massachusetts kumpoto kwa America, anapeza kuti nthomba inali itapha pafupifupi anthu onse okhala m’derali. M’tsogoleri wa atsamundawo dzina lake John Winthrop analemba kuti: “Pafupifupi anthu onse okhala m’derali afa ndi nthomba.”

Miliri ina inagwa motsatizana ndi mliri wa nthomba. Malinga ndi buku lina, pomatha zaka 100 chifikireni Columbus, matenda ochita kubwera ndi alendo anapha anthu 90 mwa anthu 100 alionse okhala ku mayiko a ku America. Chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Mexico chinachepa kuchoka pa anthu 30 miliyoni kufika pa 3 miliyoni, ndipo cha ku Peru chinachepa kuchoka pa anthu 8 miliyoni kufika pa wani miliyoni. Koma sikuti amene anafa ndi nthomba anali anthu a m’mayiko a ku America okha. Buku lakuti Scourge—The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox, linati: “M’mbiri yonse ya anthu, nthomba inapha anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kuposa amene anafa ndi mliri wa makoswe . . . ndiponso amene anafa pankhondo zonse za m’zaka za m’ma 1900 kuwaphatikiza pamodzi.”

Nkhondoyo Sinathebe

Masiku ano, miliri yochititsa mantha ya makoswe ndi nthomba ingaoneke ngati zinthu zimene zinachitika kalekale basi. M’zaka za m’ma 1900, anthu anapambana pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda ambiri opatsirana, makamaka m’mayiko otukuka. Madokotala anatulukira zimene zimayambitsa matenda ambiri, ndiponso anapeza njira zochizira matendawo. (Onani bokosi kuseriku.) Katemera watsopano ndi mankhwala zinkaoneka ngati zinali ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa zotha kuchiza ngakhale matenda ovuta kwambiri.

Komabe, monga momwe Dr.  Richard Krause,  amene kale anali mkulu wa bungwe loona za zinthu zimene matupi a anthu ena sagwirizana nazo ndiponso matenda opatsirana la U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases ananenera, “miliri sithawika mofanana ndi imfa ndi misonkho.” Matenda a TB ndi malungo sanathebe. Ndipo mliri waposachedwapa wa Edzi watisonyeza kuti miliri ikuvutitsabe anthu padziko lapansi. “Matenda opatsirana ndi amene amapha anthu ambiri padziko lapansi kuposa chinthu china chilichonse; ndipo adzapitiriza kutero kwa nthaŵi yaitali,” linatero buku lakuti Man and Microbes.

Madokotala ena akuda nkhaŵa kuti ngakhale kuti ntchito yolimbana ndi matenda yapita patsogolo, zimene zatulukiridwa m’zaka zaposachedwapa zingangotithandiza kwa nthaŵi yochepa chabe. Katswiri wofufuza za kufala kwa matenda Robert Shope anati: “Kuopsa kwa matenda opatsirana sikunathe, m’malo mwake kukuwonjezeka.” Nkhani yotsatirayi ifotokoza chifukwa chake.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 21]

Pomatha zaka 20, anthu amene anafa ndi Edzi anayamba kufanana kuchuluka kwake ndi anthu amene anafa ndi mliri wa makoswe umene unapha anthu ambiri ku Ulaya ndi ku Asia m’zaka za m’ma 1300

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Kusiyana Kodziŵa Zenizeni ndi Zongokhulupirira

M’zaka za m’ma 1300, pamene mliri wa makoswe unali kuopseza banja la papa ku Avignon, dokotala wake anamuuza kuti kundondozana kwa mapulaneti atatu, Saturn, Jupiter, ndi Mars, pa chizindikiro cha okhulupirira nyenyezi cha Aquarius, n’kumene kunayambitsa mliriwo.

Patatha zaka 400, George Washington anadwala zilonda zapakhosi. Madokotala atatu otchuka anayesera kuchiritsa matendawo mwa kutulutsa magazi okwana malita aŵiri m’mitsempha mwake. Patangopita maola ochepa, wodwalayo anafa. Kutulutsa magazi m’mitsempha kunali njira yovomerezeka yochizira matenda kwa zaka 2,500, kuyambira pa nthaŵi ya Hippocrates mpaka kudzafika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800.

Ngakhale kuti zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo zinachedwetsa kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala, madokotala odzipereka anagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti atulukire zimene zimayambitsa matenda opatsirana ndi njira zochizira matendawo. Pansipa pali zinthu zofunika kwambiri zimene anatulukira.

▪ Nthomba. Mu 1798, Edward Jenner anatha kukonza katemera wa nthomba. M’zaka za m’ma 1900, katemera wathandiza kuletsa nthenda zina, monga poliyo, chikasu, ndi chikuku.

▪ TB. Mu 1882, Robert Koch anatulukira tizilombo timene timayambitsa matenda a TB ndipo anapeza njira yoyezera anthu pofuna kudziŵa ngati ali ndi matendaŵa. Patatha zaka 60, anatulukira mankhwala amene amachiza TB. Mankhwala ameneŵa anathandizanso kuchiza mliri wa makoswe.

▪ Malungo. Kuyambira m’zaka za m’ma 1600 kupita m’tsogolo, mankhwala a kwinini, amene amawatenga ku khungwa la mtengo, anapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri odwala malungo. Mu 1897 Ronald Ross anatulukira udzudzu umene umayambitsa malungo, ndipo mayiko a m’madera otentha anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera udzudzu pofuna kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amafa ndi malungo.

[Zithunzi]

Chizindikiro cha nyenyezi (pamwambapa) ndiponso kutulutsa magazi m’mitsempha

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Both: Biblioteca Histórica “Marqués de Valdecilla”

[Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Masiku ano, TB imene yachita kuyambiranso imapha anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni aŵiri chaka chilichonse

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

X ray: New Jersey Medical School–National Tuberculosis Center; man: Photo: WHO/Thierry Falise

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Chithunzi cha ku Germany, chojambulidwa cha m’ma 1500, chosonyeza dokotala atavala chophimba kumaso kuti adziteteze ku mliri wa makoswe. Kumlomoko kuli mafuta onunkhiritsa zinthu

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Godo-Foto

[Chithunzi patsamba 20]

Kachilombo kamene kanayambitsa mliri wa makoswe

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Gary Gaugler/Visuals Unlimited