Moŵa Mbiri ya Chakumwa cha Maonekedwe a Golide

Yolembedwa ndi wolemba Galamukani! ku Czech Republic

KODI mwamuna amene ali ndi ludzu kwambiri amalakalaka chiyani? M’mayiko ambiri, kaya akhale wogwira ntchito ya manja kapena ya mu ofesi, angaganize za chakumwa chake chapamtima cha maonekedwe a golide. Angaganize za thovu lake lambiri ndi kukoma kwake kowawira. Ndiyeno anganene mumtima mwake kuti, ‘Koma mmene ndikufunira kamoŵa kozizira bwino!’

Kufulula moŵa kunayamba kale kwambiri, pafupifupi nthaŵi imene anthu anayamba kukhalapo. Kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, anthu akhalabe akukonda moŵa, ndipo m’madera ambiri wasanduka mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Koma n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti, makamaka m’mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, moŵa wabweretsa mavuto ambiri kwa anthu amene amamwa mwauchidakwa. Komabe, ngati munthu amwa moŵa mosapitirira muyeso, kapangidwe ndi kakomedwe kake kapadera kamachititsa kuti ukhale wosangalatsa kuumwa. Tiyeni tione mbiri ya chakumwa chotchuka chimenechi.

Kodi Unayamba Liti?

Monga momwe akusonyezera mapale olembapo amene anapezeka kuchigawo cha anthu a ku Sumer ku Mesopotamiya, moŵa unalipo kumeneko ngakhale zaka 2000 Kristu Asanabwere. Panyengo yomweyo, Ababulo ndi Aigupto nawonso ankamwa chakumwa chimenechi. Ku Babulo, kumene kunali mitundu 19 ya moŵa, kufulula moŵa kunkayendetsedwa ndi Malamulo a Hammurabi. M’malamulo ameneŵa, mwachitsanzo, ankalembamo mtengo wa moŵa, ndipo aliyense wophwanya malamulowo chilango chake chinali imfa. Ku Igupto wakale, kufulula moŵa kunali kofala, ndipo moŵa unali chakumwa chokondedwa kwambiri. Pakati pa zinthu zofukulidwa m’mabwinja akale kumeneko, anapezapo malangizo akale kwambiri amene alipo a kafululidwe ka moŵa.

Kufulula moŵa kenaka kunafika ku Ulaya. Olemba mbiri ena achiroma kumayambiriro kwa zaka zimene zinayamba Kristu Atabwera ananenapo kuti anthu okhala ku Britain ndi mayiko ena ozungulira dera limeneli, Ajeremani, ndi mafuko ena ankakonda kumwa moŵa. Anthu okhala ku Scandinavia ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale kumalo otchedwa Valhalla, kumene malinga ndi nthano zawo akuti ndi chipinda chimene asilikali ankhondo olimba mtima amapita akafa, kunali moŵa wa mwanaalirenji.

Ku Ulaya, m’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka m’ma 1500, ansembe ndi amene ankafulula moŵa nthaŵi zambiri. Ansembe a ku Ulaya ndi amene anapititsa patsogolo luso lofulula moŵa mwa kuthiramo timaluwa touma ta kamtengo kenakake kuti usawonongeke. Luso la zopangapanga la m’zaka za m’ma 1800 linabweretsa njira zamakono zofululira moŵa ndipo linasintha kwambiri mbiri ya chakumwa chotchuka  chimenechi. Kenaka, asayansi anatulukira zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.

Mfalansa wasayansi Louis Pasteur anatulukira kuti yisiti amene amathandizira kuti moŵa uŵire amapangidwa ndi tinthu tamoyo. Kutulukira zimenezi kunathandiza kuti zizitheka kuwongolera bwino kusintha kwa shuga akamasanduka moŵa. Katswiri wa sayansi ya zomera wa ku Denmark dzina lake Emil Christian Hansen anadzakhala mmodzi mwa anthu ofunika kwambiri pa mbiri ya kufulula moŵa. Moyo wake wonse anafufuza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya yisiti n’kumugawa m’magulumagulu. Mwa zina, pa kafukufuku wakeyo ankafuna kutulukira mtundu wa yisiti wabwino kwambiri kufululira moŵa wosasanganikirana ndi chilichonse choipa. Mwa njira imeneyi, Hansen tingati anasinthiratu ntchito yofulula moŵa.

Koma kodi kufulula moŵa n’kovuta? Zingamveke zosakhulupirika kunena choncho, koma n’kovutadi. Tiyeni tione mwachidule mmene amafululira moŵa wokoma.

Usanafike M’tambula Yanu

Njira yofululira moŵa inasintha kwambiri m’kupita kwa nthaŵi ndipo ngakhale masiku ano imasiyanasiyana malinga ndi fakitale yake. Koma nthaŵi zambiri, pafupifupi moŵa wa mtundu uliwonse umapangidwa ndi zinthu zinayi zikuluzikulu: balere, timaluwa touma, madzi, ndi yisiti. Ntchito yonse yofulula moŵa ingagawidwe m’masitepe anayi: kupanga chimera, kuphika phala, kuŵiritsa, ndi kusasitsa.

Kupanga chimera. Panthaŵi imeneyi, balere amamusankha, kumuyeza, ndi kumuchotsa zitsotso zonse. Kenaka amamuviika m’madzi, zimene zili zofunika kuti balereyo amere. Kuti amere amatenga masiku asanu mpaka asanu ndi aŵiri, pamalo potentha 14 digiri Seshasi. Akamera amasanduka chimera chachiwisi, chimene amachipititsa ku mauvuni apadera oumitsira. Chimeracho amachiumitsa, kuchotsa pafupifupi madzi onse amene chinali nawo kuti chisiye kumera. Akatha kuchiumitsa, amachotsa tinsonga tomera ndipo chimeracho amachigaya. Zikatero ndiye kuti chingathe kupita pa sitepe yotsatira.

Kuphika phala. Chimera chogayidwa chija amachisakaniza ndi madzi n’kupanga phala, limene amalitenthetsa pang’onopang’ono. Likatentha kufika penapake, tinthu tina m’kati mwake timasintha sitalichi kumusandutsa shuga. Sitepe imeneyi imatenga maola opitirira anayi ndipo pomaliza pake m’makhala ndi phala, limene amalisefa kuti achotse zinyalala zonse. Kenaka amaliŵiritsa ndipo likaŵira tinthu tam’kati mwake tosintha sitalichi kusandutsa shuga tija timasiya kugwira ntchito. Phala lija likamaŵira amathiramo timaluwa touma timene timachititsa kuti liziwawa ngati mmene umawawira moŵa muja. Pakatha maola atatu likuŵira, amaliziziritsa kuti lifike pozizira bwino.

Kuŵiritsa. Imeneyi mwina ndiye sitepe yofunika kwambiri pofulula moŵa. Shuga amene amakhala m’mphala muja amasinthidwa ndi yisiti kuti asanduke moŵa ndi mpweya. Kutalika kwa nthaŵi yoŵiritsira, imene sipitirira mlungu umodzi, ndiponso kutentha kwa phalalo likamaŵira,  kumadalira mtundu wa moŵa umene akufulula. Kenaka moŵa wosaphikitsawo amaupititsa ku zipinda zapansi zosungirako moŵa kuti ukasase.

Kusasitsa. Pa sitepe imeneyi, moŵa umayamba kukhala ndi kakomedwe ndi fungo lake lodziŵika lija ndipo mpweya umene umatuluka m’moŵamo umathandiza kuti moŵawo uzichita thovu. Moŵa umasasa panthaŵi yokwana milungu itatu mpaka miyezi ingapo, malinga ndi moŵa wake. Kenaka moŵawo amaulongedza m’mabokosi kapena m’mabotolo kuti autumize kumene ukufunika kupita, ndipo mwina umadzafika pathebulo panu! Koma kodi mungakonde kulawa moŵa uti?

Chakumwa Chamitundumitundu

Mfundo n’njakuti, moŵa umakhala wosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Mungamwe moŵa woyererako kapena woderako, wotsekemera kapena wowawa, ndiponso moŵa wa balere kapena wa tirigu. Kakomedwe ka moŵa kamadalira zinthu zambiri, monga mtundu wa madzi amene anagwiritsa ntchito, mtundu wa chimera, njira yofululira imene anagwiritsa ntchito, ndi yisiti amene anathirako.

Moŵa umodzi wotchuka kwambiri ndi wa pilsner (kapena pils), umene uli moŵa wapamwamba kwambiri wooneka wotuwa. Moŵa umenewu umafululidwa m’mafakitale ambirimbiri padziko lonse lapansi. Koma moŵa wa pilsner weniweni umafululidwa m’tawuni ya Plzeň, kapena Pilsen, imene ili m’dziko la Czech Republic. Chinsinsi cha kafululidwe ka moŵa umenewu chagona pa njira yake yofululira komanso zimene amapangira moŵawu—madzi ofanana ndi madzi a mvula, chimera chabwino kwambiri, ndi mtundu woyenera wa yisiti.—Onani bokosilo.

Moŵa wina wabwino kwambiri ndi moŵa wa weiss, wopangidwa ndi tirigu umene uli wotchuka kwambiri makamaka ku Germany. Moŵa wotchuka wa ku Britain ndi porter ndi stout. Moŵa wa porter ndi waukali, umakhala ndi thovu pamwamba ndipo amafululira chimera  chokazinga, chimene chimapangitsa moŵawu kuoneka wakuda. Moŵa wa porter unafululidwa koyamba ku London m’zaka za m’ma 1700. Poyambirira ankaufulula kuti ukhale chakumwa “chopatsa thanzi” kwa anthu ogwira ntchito zamphamvu, monga onyamulira anthu ena katundu. Moŵa wa stout, wakuda ndiponso watsoo, umene unatchuka ku Ireland ndi padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha banja la a Guinness, anachita kuusintha kuchokera ku moŵa wa porter. Mungamwe moŵa wa stout wa ku England wotsekemera, umene nthaŵi zambiri amathirako shuga amene amapezeka mu mkaka, kapena moŵa wa stout wa ku Ireland, umene umakhala wowawa ndiponso waukali.

Chinthu china chofunika kwa anthu ambiri amene amakonda kumwa moŵa ndicho mmene amauika, kaya m’botolo, m’chitini kapena wotunga mu m’golo. Anthu a ku America amakonda kumwa moŵa wozizira kwambiri. Ena amakonda kuumwa uli wosazizira kwambiri kapena wozizira pang’ono, wotungidwa m’migolo imene imakhala m’chipinda chosungira moŵa kumalo komwera moŵako.

Zoonadi, moŵa ndi chakumwa chamitundumitundu. Ngati muumwa mosapitirira muyeso, ungakuthandizeni kukhala ndi thanzi labwino. Indedi, uli ndi mavitamini ofunika ndi zinthu zinanso zofunika m’thupi. Akatswiri ena amati kumwa moŵa mosapitirira muyeso kungakutetezeni ku matenda a mtima ndi matenda a pakhungu. Ngati musankha moŵa wabwino kuchokera pa moŵa wa mayina ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana umene ulipo, ndipo ngati muumwa mosapitirira muyeso, mungasangalale ndi chakumwa chokoma chotsitsimula chimenechi. Choncho nthaŵi yotsatira imene mudzamwe chakumwa cha maonekedwe a golide chimenechi chokhala ndi thovu pamwamba, mudzakumbukire mbiri yake yochititsa chidwi.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Amene Amapanga Nawo Moŵa

Kale, anthu odziŵa ntchito zosiyanasiyana ankagwira nawo ntchito yofulula moŵa. M’munsimu muli ena a iwo.

▪ Wopanga chimera—munthu woyamba pa ntchito yofulula moŵa. Ntchito yake inali yoti apange chimera kuchokera ku balere kapena tirigu. Ankayang’anira ntchito yomeretsa mbewu ndi kuumitsa chimera chachiwisi. Anali ndi udindo waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa kakomedwe ka moŵa kamadalira mmene chimera chake chinalili.

▪ Wofulula moŵa (amusonyeza pamwambapa)—amene ankaŵiritsa moŵa. Choyamba ankathira madzi m’chimera chogayidwa, kenaka zikayamba kuŵira ankathiramo timaluwa touma. Zikatero zinthuzo zimasanduka phala.

▪ Woyang’anira chipinda chosungira moŵa—katswiri wodziŵa bwino ntchito yake amene ankayang’anira ntchito yoŵiritsa moŵa m’migolo ndi yousasitsa m’chipinda chosungira moŵa. Kenaka, moŵawo ukasasa ankauthira m’mabokosi ang’onoang’ono.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 30]

Pilsner Moŵa Umene Ambiri Amatsanzira Kapangidwe Kake

Zonse zinayamba m’chaka cha 1295. Mfumu ya ku Bohemia, yotchedwa Wenceslas II, inamanga tawuni ya Plzeň, ndipo patangopita kanthaŵi kochepa, inapatsa anthu 260 okhala m’tawuniyi ufulu wofulula moŵa. Poyamba, anthuŵa ankafulula moŵawu m’nyumba zawo ndipo ankangofulula wochepa basi, koma kenaka anayambitsa mabungwe ndi mafakitale ofulula moŵa. Patapita nthaŵi chuma cha ku Bohemia chinaloŵa pansi, ndipo zimenezi zinakhudza ntchito yofulula moŵa. Ofulula moŵawo anayamba kunyalanyaza njira yofululira moŵa yokhazikitsidwa ndi boma n’kumagwiritsa ntchito njira zawozawo, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri ankafulula moŵa wosakoma, wosayenera n’komwe kutchedwa moŵa.

Panthaŵi imeneyo, panali moŵa wa mitundu iŵiri umene unali kufululidwa ku Ulaya. Moŵa wokhala ndi thovu pamwamba unkafululidwa makamaka ku Bohemia, pamene moŵa wopanda thovu, umene unali wabwino kwambiri kuposa wathovuwo, unali wotchuka ku Bavaria. Panali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa moŵa wa ku Bavaria ndi wa ku Plzeň.

Zinthu zinasintha kwambiri mu 1839. Anthu pafupifupi 200 a ku Plzeň anaganiza zochitapo kanthu kuti zinthu zisinthe. Anayambitsa fakitale yofulula moŵa yotchedwa Burgess Brewery, kumene ankafulula moŵa wopanda thovu wokha, m’njira yofanana ndi ya ku Bavaria. Anaitana munthu wotchuka wa ku Bavaria wofulula moŵa dzina lake Josef Groll kuti abwere. Nthaŵi yomweyo anayamba kufulula moŵa wangati wa ku Bavaria. Moŵa umene anafulula unali wosiyana ndi wa ku Bavaria, koma unali wabwino kwambiri kuposa umene anali kuyembekezera. Nzeru zimene Groll anali atapeza pantchito yake ndiponso zinthu zopangira moŵa zabwino kwambiri za ku Plzeň zinachititsa kuti afulule moŵa umene unadabwitsa kwambiri dziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa cha kakomedwe, kaonekedwe, ndi fungo lake lapadera. Komabe, kutchuka kwa moŵa wa ku Plzeň kunalinso m’poipira pake. Ofulula moŵa ambiri, pofuna kupezerapo phindu, anayamba kumatchula moŵa wawo dzina loti pilsner. Choncho moŵa wa pilsner unatchuka kwambiri komanso unakhala chakumwa chimene anthu amachitsanzira kwambiri kapangidwe kake pa zakumwa zonse za maonekedwe a golide.

[Zithunzi]

Josef Groll

Tanki yosungira madzi pa fakitale yofululira moŵa ya ku Plzeň

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

S laskavým svolením Pivovarského muzea v Plzni

[Mapu patsamba 28]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Plzeň

[Chithunzi pamasamba 28, 29]

Chosema cha ku Igupto chosonyeza mmene ankapangira buledi ndi moŵa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Su concessione del Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali-Museo Egizio-Torino

[Zithunzi patsamba 31]

Timaluwa, chimera, ndi fakitale yofululira moŵa