Zimene Zimayambitsa Tsankho

TSANKHO likhoza kuyamba pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Ngakhale zili choncho, zifukwa ziŵiri zodziŵika bwino ndi (1) kufuna kupeza munthu wonamizira ndi (2) chidani chimene chinabwera chifukwa cha zinthu zimene zinachitika kale zopanda chilungamo.

Monga momwe taonera mu nkhani yapita ija, pakagwa tsoka linalake, anthu nthaŵi zambiri amafuna kupeza wonamizira. Anthu amaudindo awo akamanena zinthu zonamizira gulu linalake la anthu ochepa mobwerezabwereza, anthu amayamba kukhulupirira bodzalo ndipo tsankho limayamba. Kungotchulapo chitsanzo chimodzi chokha chofala, chuma chikakhala kuti sichikuyenda bwino m’mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anthu akumeneko amanena kuti ntchito zikusoŵa chifukwa cha alendo amene amagwira ntchito kumeneko, ngakhale kuti iwowo amagwira ntchito zimene nzika zambiri za kumeneko zimakana kugwira.

Koma si tsankho lonse limene limayamba chifukwa chofuna kupeza munthu wonamizira. Likhoza kuyambanso chifukwa cha zinthu zimene zinachitika kalekale. Lipoti lotchedwa UNESCO Against Racism linati: “Sikukokomeza kunena kuti malonda a akapolo anachititsa kuti anthu akhale ndi maganizo odana ndi anthu akuda ndi chikhalidwe chawo.” Anthu ochita malonda ameneŵa anayesera kusonyeza ubwino wa malonda awo oipawo ponena kuti anthu a ku Africa kuno ndi otsika. Tsankho lopanda maziko limeneli, limene kenaka linadzayamba kusonyezedwa kwa anthu enanso amene anali kulamulidwa ndi atsamunda, likadalipobe.

Padziko lonse lapansi, kuzunza anthu ndi kupanda chilungamo kofanana ndi kumeneku kukuchititsa kuti tsankho likhalepobe. Chidani cha Akatolika ndi Apulotesitanti ku Ireland chinayamba m’zaka za m’ma 1500 pamene atsogoleri a ku England ankazunza ndi kuthamangitsa Akatolika m’dzikomo. Zinthu zoipa zimene anthu otchedwa Akristu anachita pa nthaŵi ya nkhondo ya pakati pa Akristu ndi Asilamu, zimachititsa Asilamu ambiri a ku Middle East kudanabe ndi Akristu mpaka pano. Chidani chimene chilipo pakati pa anthu a ku Serbia ndi a ku Croatia okhala m’dera la Balkan, chinakula chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ambiri pa nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse. Monga momwe zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyezera, udani wakalekale pakati pa magulu aŵiri ungalimbikitse tsankho.

Kulimbikitsa Umbuli

Mwana amene akungophunzira kumene kuyenda sakhala ndi tsankho mu mtima mwake. M’malo mwake, ochita kafukufuku amanena kuti mwana amaseŵera bwinobwino ndi mwana wina wa fuko lina. Koma pofika zaka 10 kapena 11, akhoza kuyamba kumakana kucheza ndi anthu a mtundu, fuko, kapena chipembedzo china. Panthaŵi imene ali mwana, amaphunzira maganizo amene angakhale nawo moyo wake wonse.

Kodi amaphunzira bwanji maganizo ameneŵa? Mwana amaphunzira maganizo olakwika kuchokera ku zinthu zimene amamva ndi zimene amaona. Choyamba amaphunzira kwa makolo ake, ndiyeno amaphunzira kwa anzake kapena kwa aphunzitsi ake. Kenaka anthu okhala nawo pafupi, manyuzipepala, wailesi, ndi TV zingakhudze mmene amaonera zinthu. Ngakhale kuti mwina sadziŵa zambiri zokhudza anthu amene amawachitira tsankhowo, pomadzakula amakhala atayamba kukhulupirira kuti anthu enawo ndi otsika ndiponso osadalirika. Akhoza mpaka kumadana nawo.

Chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa kayendedwe ndi malonda, m’mayiko ambiri anthu a zikhalidwe ndi mafuko osiyanasiyana amakumana nthaŵi zambiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, munthu amene ali ndi tsankho  lalikulu nthaŵi zambiri amaumirirabe maganizo ake olakwika a mmene amaonera anthu enawo. Akhoza kumaumirira maganizo ake oti anthu masauzande ambiri, ngakhale mamiliyoni amene, onse ndi ofanana zochitika zawo, ndipo onsewo ali ndi makhalidwe enaake oipa. Ngati munthu wina wa m’gulu limenelo amuchitira zinthu zoipa zilizonse, ngakhale akhale mmodzi yekha, tsankho lake pa anthu onsewo limakula. Koma ngati munthu wina wa m’gulu limene amadana nalolo amuchitira zinthu zabwino, nthaŵi zambiri amanena kuti ndi munthu mmodzi yekhayo amene ali wabwino koma ena onsewo ndi oipabe.

Kumasuka ku Tsankho

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amanena kuti amadana ndi tsankho, ndi ochepa okha amene sakhaladi ndi tsankho. Ndipo anthu ambiri atsankho zedi amanena kuti alibe tsankho. Ena amati zilibe kanthu kaya munthu akhale ndi tsankho kapena ayi, malinga ngati tsankho lakelo limangothera mu mtima basi. Koma kukhala ndi tsankho kuli ndi vuto, chifukwa tsankho limapweteka anthu ndipo limawagawanitsa. Ngati tsankho limayamba chifukwa cha umbuli, tinganene kuti chidani nthaŵi zambiri chimayamba chifukwa cha tsankho. Mlembi wina dzina lake Charles Caleb Colton (amene anabadwa cha m’ma 1780 ndipo anafa mu 1832) ananena kuti: “Timadana ndi anthu enaake chifukwa sitiwadziŵa, ndipo sitidzawadziŵa chifukwa timadana nawo.” Ngakhale zili choncho, ngati munthu amachita kuphunzira kukhala ndi tsankho, angaphunzirenso kusiya tsankho. Kodi angasiye motani?

[Bokosi patsamba 7]

Kodi Chipembedzo Chimalimbikitsa Kulolerana Kapena Tsankho?

M’buku lake lakuti The Nature of Prejudice, Gordon W. Allport anati, “nthaŵi zambiri anthu opembedza ndi amene amakhala ndi tsankho kwambiri kuposa anthu osapembedza.” Zimenezi n’zosadabwitsa, chifukwa chipembedzo nthaŵi zambiri n’chimene chimayambitsa tsankho m’malo molithetsa. Mwachitsanzo, atsogoleri achipembedzo ndi amene analimbikitsa anthu kudana ndi Ayuda kwa zaka zambiri. Malinga ndi buku lotchedwa A History of Christianity, Hitler panthaŵi inayake ananena kuti: “Pankhani ya Ayuda, ine ndikungochita zimene tchalitchi cha Katolika chakhala chikuchita kwa zaka 1500.”

Panthaŵi imene m’mayiko a m’dera la Balkan munali kuchitika zipolowe, ziphunzitso za tchalitchi cha Katolika ndi cha Orthodox zinaoneka kuti zinalephera kuthandiza anthu awo kulolerana ndi kulemekeza anthu okhala nawo pafupi a chipembedzo china.

N’chimodzimodzinso ndi ku Rwanda, kumene anthu a chipembedzo chimodzi anaphana. Magazini ya National Catholic Reporter inanena kuti kumenyana kumene kunachitika kumeneko kunali “kupulula fuko kwenikweni ndithu, kumene n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale Akatolika anachita nawo.”

Tchalitchi cha Katolika chenichenicho chavomereza mbiri yake yosalolera zipembedzo zina. M’chaka cha 2000, pamene Papa Yohane Paulo Wachiŵiri ankachititsa Misa ya anthu onse ku Rome, anapempha anthu kuti akhululukire tchalitchi cha Katolika chifukwa cha “zolakwika za m’mbuyomu.” Pamwambo umenewo anapempha kuti awakhululukire chifukwa cha zinthu monga “kusalolera zipembedzo zina, kuzunza Ayuda, akazi, anthu a m’mayiko ena, alendo amene anakhazikika m’mayiko mwina, anthu osauka, ndi ana oti sanabadwe.”

[Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Pamwambapa: Msasa wa anthu othaŵa kwawo ku Bosnia ndi Herzegovina, October 20, 1995

Anthu aŵiri a mtundu wa Serb othaŵa kwawo ku Bosnia akudikira kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ithe

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Photo by Scott Peterson/Liaison

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Munthu amachita kuphunzira chidani

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