Zinthu Zachilengedwe Zikutha Padziko Pano

“M’chilengedwe, chilichonse n’chogwirizana n’chinzake, ndipo panopa tayamba kuvutika chifukwa cha zolakwa zimene tachita m’mbuyomu.”—Inatero magazini yotchedwa African Wildlife.

MALINGA ndi bungwe lotchedwa World Wildlife Fund, kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1980, anthu akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zachilengedwe zapadziko pano kuposa momwe zingadzibwezeretsere. * Koma chimenechi n’chizindikiro chimodzi chabe cha momwe zachilengedwe zikusakazidwira padziko lapansi.

Chizindikiro china ndi mmene zinthu padziko lapansi zilili panopa. Pamenepa tikutanthauza kugwirizana kwa zamoyo, zomera, ndi malo awo achilengedwe amene zimakhalamo. Tingathe kudziwa mmene chilengedwe chonse chilili panopa poona kuchuluka kwa zamoyo zimene zimakhala m’nkhalango, m’madzi opanda mchere, ndi m’madzi a mchere. Pakati pa chaka cha 1970 ndi 2000, chiwerengero cha zamoyo zimenezi chinachepa kwambiri.

Kodi Pali Zinthu Zachilengedwe Zokwanira Aliyense?

Ngati mumakhala m’dziko lotukuka kumene masitolo amakhala odzaza ndi katundu nthawi zonse ndipo anthu amatha kugula zinthu usana ndi usiku, zingakuvuteni kuganizira zoti n’kutheka kuti posachedwapa zinthu zachilengedwe zidzayamba kuperewera anthu ena. Komabe, ndi anthu ochepa okha padziko lapansi amene amakhala moyo wotukuka. Ambiri amavutika tsiku lililonse kuti akhale ndi moyo chabe. Mwachitsanzo, akuti anthu opitirira mabiliyoni awiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola atatu kapena osakwana pamenepa patsiku ndiponso kuti anthu mabiliyoni awiri sangakwanitse kukhala m’nyumba zamagetsi.

Anthu ena amati mayiko osauka ali paumphawi chifukwa cha mmene mayiko olemera amachitira malonda awo. Buku lotchedwa Vital Signs 2003, linati: “M’njira zingapo, malonda apadziko lapansi amaipira anthu osauka.” Masiku ano anthu akuchulukirachulukira ndipo onsewa akuyesetsa kuti apezeko gawo lawo la zinthu zachilengedwe, zimene zikucheperachepera ndiponso mtengo wake ukukulirakulira. Choncho anthu osauka sangakwanitse kulimbirana ndi ena kuti apeze zimene akuyenerera kukhala nazo. Zimenezi zimatanthauza kuti anthu olemera, amene angathe kukwanitsa kupeza zimenezi, amatsala ndi zinthu zambirimbiri zoti atenge.

Kutha kwa Nkhalango

Akuti anthu 80 pa anthu 100 alionse ku Africa kuno amaphikira nkhuni. Kuwonjezera apo, magazini  ina ya ku South Africa yotchedwa Getaway inati: “Ku Africa n’kumene chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula kwambiri kuposa kwina kulikonse, [ndiponso] n’kumene anthu okhala m’mizinda akuchuluka kwambiri kuposa kwina kulikonse padziko lapansi.” Chifukwa cha zimenezi, m’madera ozungulira matauni akuluakulu a m’chigawo chouma chomwe chili kum’mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara, anthu adula mitengo yokuta dera lokwana makilomita 100 kuzungulira mbali zonse za matauniwa. Sikuti anangodula mitengoyo popanda chifukwa ayi. Pulofesa Samuel Nana-Sinkam anati: ‘Anthu ambiri a ku Africa amawononga chilengedwe chawo chomwe pongofuna kuti akhale ndi moyo basi.’

Ku South America zinthu n’zosiyana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Brazil kuli makampani pafupifupi 7,600 amene ali ndi chilolezo chodula mitengo m’nkhalango. Ambiri mwa makampani amenewa amayendetsedwa ndi makampani ena akuluakulu olemera a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Kampani yodula mitengo imagulitsa mtengo wa m’bawa pa mtengo wa madola pafupifupi 30. Koma anthu ena akagwirirapo ntchito, monga amkhalapakati, amalonda, ndi opanga katundu, m’bawa womwewo ukhoza kukhala ndi mtengo wopitirira madola 130,000 pamene ukukafika kumsika kogulitsira mipando. Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti ena amafanizira m’bawa ndi golide chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zimene umabweretsa.

Pali zambiri zimene zalembedwa zonena za kuwonongeka kwa nkhalango za ku Brazil. Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi makina opachikidwa mumlengalenga zimasonyeza kuti pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000, nkhalango za ku Brazil zokuta dera lokwana masikweya kilomita 20,000 zinali kuwonongedwa chaka chilichonse. Magazini ya ku Brazil yotchedwa Veja inati: “Kuwonongeka kwamsanga kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti dera la nkhalango lokula mofanana ndi bwalo losewerera mpira wa miyendo linali kuwonongedwa pasanathe mphindi imodzi iliyonse.” N’zochititsa chidwi kuti dziko la United States lokha akuti linagula mitengo ya m’bawa ya ku Brazil 70 pa mitengo 100 iliyonse imene dzikolo linagulitsa m’chaka cha 2000.

M’mayiko ena apadziko lapansi mitengo  ikupululukanso chimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, theka la nkhalango zonse za ku Mexico zatha m’zaka 50 zapitazi. Nkhalango za ku Phillipines zatha mofulumira kuposa pamenepa. M’dzikomo, nkhalango zokuta dera lokwana mahekitala 100,000 zimatha chaka chilichonse. Mu 1999 anayerekezera kuti ngati nkhalango zipitirira kutha mofulumira choncho, nkhalango ziwiri pa nkhalango zitatu zilizonse za m’dzikomo zidzatha pomatha zaka teni.

Pamatenga zaka 60 mpaka 100 kuti mtengo wolimba ufike pokhwima, koma pamangotenga mphindi zochepa kuti ugwetsedwe. Choncho kodi n’zodabwitsa kuti nkhalango zathu zikulephera kudzibwezeretsa?

Kutha kwa Malo Olima

Mitengo ikadulidwa, pakapita nthawi yochepa dothi lapamwamba limauma ndipo kenaka limauluzidwa ndi mphepo kapena kukokoloka ndi madzi. Kumeneku amati n’kukokoloka kwa nthaka.

Nthaka imatha kukokoloka yokha ndipo nthawi zambiri limeneli silikhala vuto lalikulu, pokhapokha ngati anthu aliwonjezera chifukwa chosasamalira bwino nthakayo. Mwachitsanzo, magazini yotchedwa China Today inati mphepo zamkuntho, ndi zinthu zina monga kupulula mitengo ndi kudyetsa nyama kwambiri pamalo amodzi, zachititsa kuti zipululu “ziwonjezeke kwambiri” ku China. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwambiri kwa mvula ku China m’zaka zaposachedwapa, mbali za kumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dzikoli zawonongeka kwambiri ndi mphepo yozizira imene imaomba m’derali kuchokera ku Siberia. Mchenga wambirimbiri wachikasu ndi fumbi wakhala ukuuluzidwa, ndipo wina mpaka unakafika ku Korea ndi ku Japan. Tsopano chigawo chachikulu cha dziko la China chasanduka chipululu.

Zifukwa zofanana ndi zimenezi n’zomwe zachititsanso kuti nthaka iwonongeke ku Africa kuno. Magazini yotchedwa Africa Geographic inati: “Chifukwa chodula mitengo n’kubzala mbewu, alimi awononga kwambiri dothi losalimba lapamwamba.” Akuti munthu akaswa mphanje pamalo, pomatha zaka zitatu theka la chonde cha pamalopo limakhala litatha. Choncho magaziniyo inapitiriza kuti: “Mahekitala mamiliyoni ambirimbiri panopa awonongeka kale, ndipo ena ambiri atsala pang’ono kuwonongeka pamene zokolola m’madera ena zikucheperachepera chaka chilichonse.”

Akuti ku Brazil chaka chilichonse dothi lapamwamba lokwana matani 500 miliyoni limakokoloka. Ku Mexico, dipatimenti yoona za chilengedwe inati tchire ndi nkhalango zambiri zawonongeka chifukwa cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka. Choncho lipoti la United Nations Development Programme linati: “Kukokoloka kwa nthaka kumakhudza pafupifupi magawo awiri pa magawo atatu alionse a malo olimapo a padziko lonse. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, zokolola zakumunda zikuchepa kwambiri, pamene anthu oti adyetsedwe akuchulukirachulukira.”

Madzi Ndi Moyo, Koma Akusowa

Munthu akhoza kukhala mwezi umodzi popanda kudya chakudya, koma angafe atangotha mlungu umodzi wokha osamwa madzi. Choncho akatswiri akuti kuchepa kwa madzi akumwa kudzachititsa mikangano yambiri pakati pa anthu m’zaka zikubwerazi. Malinga ndi lipoti la mu 2002 la magazini ya Time, padziko lonse lapansi anthu opitirira wani biliyoni amavutika kuti apeze madzi akumwa abwino.

Madzi akumwa amachepa chifukwa cha zifukwa zingapo. Ku France, vutoli limabwera chifukwa choipitsa madzi akumwa ndipo likudetsa nkhawa kwambiri. Nyuzipepala yotchedwa Le Figaro inati: “Mitsinje ya ku France yawonongeka kwambiri.” Asayansi akuti mitsinjeyi yawonongeka makamaka chifukwa cha mankhwala amene amakhala m’madzi amene amayenda pansi n’kukathira m’mitsinjeyi. Mankhwalawa amachokera makamaka ku feteleza amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. Nyuzipepalayo inati: “Mitsinje ya ku France inakathira mankhwala okwana matani 375,000 mu nyanja ya Atlantic mu 1999, amene ali ochuluka kuwirikiza pafupifupi kawiri kuposa mu 1985.”

 Ku Japan zinthu zilinso chimodzimodzi. Yutaka Une, mkulu wa bungwe linalake loona za ulimi wosawononga chilengedwe anati pofuna kulima chakudya chokwanira aliyense m’dzikomo, “alimi sakanachitira mwina koma kudalira feteleza ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo.” Zimenezi zachititsa kuti madzi a pansi pa nthaka awonongeke, ndipo nyuzipepala ina ya ku Tokyo yotchedwa IHT Asahi Shimbun inati “limeneli ndi vuto lalikulu ku Japan konse.”

Nyuzipepala yotchedwa Reforma inati ku Mexico, anthu 35 pa anthu 100 alionse amene amadwala amakhala akudwala “matenda amene amawatenga ku zinthu zachilengedwe.” Kuwonjezera apo, pa kafukufuku amene nduna ya zaumoyo kumeneko inachita anapeza kuti “munthu mmodzi pa anthu anayi alionse alibe kotaya zinthu za m’chimbudzi, anthu opitirira mamiliyoni eyiti amamwa madzi m’zitsime, m’mitsinje, m’nyanja, kapena m’timitsinje, ndipo anthu opitirira wani miliyoni amamwa madzi ochokera m’magalimoto okhala ndi mathanki a madzi.” Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti anthu 90 pa anthu 100 alionse amene amadwala matenda otsegula m’mimba ku Mexico akuti amadwala chifukwa chomwa madzi oipa.

Magazini ya ku Brazil yotchedwa Veja inati “m’mphepete mwa nyanja ku Rio de Janeiro anthu amakumana ndi zinthu zinanso kuwonjezera pa kusangalala ndi dzuwa, mchenga woyera, ndi nyanja yokongola. Mumapezekanso mabakiteriya ambiri ochokera m’matumbo a anthu ndipo nthawi zina mumapezeka mafuta amene anatayikira m’nyanja.” Izi zili choncho chifukwa pafupifupi theka la zinthu za m’chimbudzi zonse ku Brazil zimapita mwachindunji ku mitsinje, nyanja zing’onozing’ono, ndi nyanja zikuluzikulu popanda kuthiridwa mankhwala. Zotsatirapo zake n’zoti nthawi zonse madzi akumwa amakhala operewera. Mitsinje yozungulira mzinda waukulu kwambiri ku Brazil wa São Paulo ndi yowonongeka kwambiri moti madzi akumwa amakawatenga pa mtunda wa makilomita 100 kunja kwa mzindawu.

Kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi, ku Australia, vuto la kusowa kwa madzi limabwera chifukwa cha mchere wa m’madzi. Kwa zaka zambiri, alimi anali kulimbikitsidwa kuti adule mitengo m’minda mwawo n’kubzalamo mbewu. Chifukwa choti mitengo ndi zitsamba zoti zizimwa madzi a pansi pa nthakawa zinachepa, madziwo anayamba kukwera, ndipo anayamba kubweretsa mchere wambirimbiri wochokera pansi pa nthaka. Bungwe la ku Australia lotchedwa Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) linati: “Pafupifupi malo okwana mahekitala 2.5 miliyoni [maekala 6.2 miliyoni] awonongeka kale ndi mchere. Ambiri mwa malo amenewa n’kumene kumachokera chakudya chambiri ku Australia konse.”

Ena amaganiza kuti akuluakulu opanga malamulo ku Australia akanati aziganizira anthu a m’dzikomo m’malo mongofuna kupanga phindu la ndalama, vuto la mchere umenewu likanapewedwa. Hugo Bekle wa pa yunivesite ya Edith Cowan ku Perth, m’dziko la Australia anati: “Maboma anauzidwa  kalekale mu 1917 kuti dothi la m’dera la Wheatbelt likhoza kuwonongeka mosavuta ndi mchere. Mfundo zosonyeza mmene mitsinje imawonongekera mitengo ikadulidwa zinalengezedwa mu 1920. Mfundo zosonyeza mmene zimenezi zimachititsira kuti madzi apansi pa nthaka azikwera zinavomerezedwa ndi unduna wa zamalimidwe m’ma 1930. Bungwe la CSIRO linachita kafukufuku wamkulu pofuna kuthandiza boma la [Australia] mu 1950, . . . koma aboma nthawi zonse ankangonyalanyaza machenjezo amenewa, ndipo ankati asayansi ankangofuna kuchita zinthu zotsutsana ndi boma.”

Moyo Wathu Uli Pangozi

Mosakayikira, zinthu zambiri zimene anthu achita zinali n’cholinga chabwino. Koma monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, anthufe sitilidziwa bwino dziko lathuli kuti tidziwe bwinobwino zomwe zidzachitike m’tsogolo chifukwa cha zinthu zimene tikuchita panopa. Zotsatirapo zake zakhala zoipa kwambiri. Tim Flannery, mkulu woyang’anira nyumba inayake yosungiramo zinthu zochititsa chidwi ku Australia yotchedwa South Australian Museum, anati: “Tasokoneza kwambiri zamoyo padziko pano moti ngakhale nthaka imene imatipatsa chakudya yawonongeka kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi, moyo wathu uli pangozi.”

Kodi vuto limeneli lidzatha bwanji? Kodi anthu tsiku lina adzaphunzira kukhala bwinobwino padziko pano osawononga zachilengedwe? Indedi, kodi dziko lathuli lipulumuka?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 6]

Dontho Lililonse N’lofunika

Kuchita zinthu zingapo zosavuta kungathandize kuti musunge madzi ambirimbiri.

● Muzikonza mipope yochucha.

● Musamasambe madzi ambiri.

● Muzitseka kaye mpope mukamameta ndevu kapena kutsuka m’kamwa.

● Muzigwiritsa ntchito zopukutira m’thupi kawiri kapena katatu musanazichape.

● Muzidikira kaye kuti mukhale ndi zovala zodzaza mu makina ochapa zovala musanagwiritse ntchito makinawo. (Muzitsatiranso mfundo yomweyi pogwiritsa ntchito makina otsuka mbale.)

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Anthu Osamala Zinthu Sasowa Kanthu

● Ngakhale kuti chigawo cha Australia ndiye chouma kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi madzi onse amene amathirira mbewu kumeneko “amathirira pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosavuta monga kulola kuti madziwo asefukire pa munda wa thyathyathya kapena kukumba ngalande m’munda n’kuzidzaza ndi madzi,” inatero nyuzipepala ya The Canberra Times. Njira imeneyi ndi yofanana ndi “njira imene inkagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi imene mafumu a ku Igupto odziwika ndi dzina la Farao anali kumanga manda awo akuluakulu.”

● Padziko lonse lapansi, m’madera ambiri munthu aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito madzi okwana malita 550,000 pachaka (kuphatikizapo madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi ndi m’mafakitale). Koma ku North America, munthu mmodzi amagwiritsa ntchito madzi okwana malita pafupifupi 1,600,000 pachaka. Anthu okhala m’dziko linalake limene kale linali pansi pa dziko la Russia ndi amene amagwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri. M’dziko limeneli, munthu mmodzi amagwiritsa ntchito madzi okwana pafupifupi malita mamiliyoni 5.3 pachaka.

● Magazini yotchedwa Africa Geographic inafufuza kuchuluka kwa malo olimapo amene dziko limafunika kukhala nawo kuti lithe kulima zakudya zokwanira aliyense m’dzikomo. Malinga ndi magazini amenewo, zakudya zimene munthu aliyense ku South Africa amafunika kudya pachaka zimafuna malo olimapo aakulu pafupifupi maekala 10. Komabe, dzikolo lingakwanitse kugwiritsa ntchito malo aakulu maekala 6 okha olimapo chakudya cha munthu aliyense pachaka.

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

Malo amene mitengo inapululuka ku Burkina Faso. Dera limeneli linali lodzaza ndi mitengo zaka 15 zapitazo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Jeremy Hartley/Panos Pictures

 [Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Ulimi womaotcha tchire n’kulimapo ukuwononga nkhalango za ku Cameroon

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Fred Hoogervorst/Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya chifukwa cha utsi wa magalimoto kukudetsabe nkhawa ku United States

[Chithunzi patsamba 8, 9]

Nkhalango za ku Brazil zokuta dera lokwana masikweya kilomita 20,000 zinawonongedwa chaka chilichonse pakati pa 1995 ndi 2000

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Ricardo Funari/SocialPhotos.com

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Anthu opitirira mabiliyoni awiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana madola atatu kapena osakwana pamenepa patsiku

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Giacomo Pirozzi/Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Madzi apansi pa nthaka amene ali kasupe wa chitsime ichi ku India awonongeka chifukwa cha mayiwe a alimi oweta nsomba

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Caroline Penn/Panos Pictures