Kodi Pali Njira Zatsopano Zotani Zopangira Magetsi?

MPHEPO:

▪ Anthu anayamba kalekale kugwiritsa ntchito mphepo poyendetsera sitima zapamadzi, kuyendetsera zigayo, ndi kupopa madzi. Koma m’zaka zaposachedwapa, anthu ambiri ayamba kulimbikitsa zogwiritsa ntchito mphepo popanga magetsi. Makina apamwamba oyendera mphepo tsopano amapanga magetsi osaipitsa mpweya ndi madzi, ndiponso osatherapo, amene anthu okwana 35 miliyoni amagwiritsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Dziko la Denmark panopa limapanga kale 20 peresenti ya magetsi ake onse kuchokera ku mphepo. Mayiko a Germany, Spain, ndi India ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo, ndipo dziko la India lili pa nambala 5 pa mayiko amene amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri magetsi opangidwa ndi mphepo. Dziko la United States panopa lili ndi makina okwana 13,000 opanga magetsi kuchokera ku mphepo. Ndipo akatswiri ena akuti ngati malo onse otha kupanga magetsi kuchokera ku mphepo a ku United States akanati azigwiritsidwa ntchito, dziko limenelo bwenzi likumapanga magetsi opitirira 20 peresenti ya magetsi onse amene limagwiritsa ntchito panopa kuchokera ku mphepo.

DZUWA:

▪ Anthu anapanga mabatire enaake amene amatha kusintha kuwala kwa dzuwa n’kukusandutsa magetsi dzuwalo likawomba tinthu tinatake m’kati mwa mabatirewo. Padziko lonse lapansi, magetsi okwana pafupifupi mawati 500 miliyoni amapangidwa m’njira imeneyi, ndipo mabatire oyendera dzuwa amene akufunika akuwonjezeka ndi 30 peresenti chaka chilichonse. Koma panopa mabatire oyendera dzuwa sagwira bwino ntchito poyerekezera ndi zinthu zina zopangira magetsi, ndipo magetsi ake ndi okwera mtengo poyerekezera ndi magetsi opangidwa ndi mafuta, malasha, kapena gasi. Kuwonjezera apo, popanga mabatirewa amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a poizoni. Magazini yotchedwa Bioscience inati popeza poizoni ameneyu amakhalabe padziko pano kwa zaka zambirimbiri, “kutaya kapena kugwiritsanso ntchito zinthu za m’kati mwa mabatire amene atha ntchito kukhoza kukhala vuto lalikulu.”

 MAGETSI OCHOKERA KU MADZI OTENTHA A PANSI PA NTHAKA:

▪ Munthu atati akumbe dzenje lakuya kwambiri lokafika pansi pa nthaka, pomwe ndi potentha pafupifupi madigiri seshasi 4,000, kutentha kwake kukhoza kumawonjezeka pafupifupi ndi madigiri seshasi 30 pa kilomita iliyonse yomwe akukumba kupita pansi. Komabe, anthu amene amakhala pafupi ndi zitsime zotentha amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mosavuta kutentha kwa pansi pa nthaka. Madzi otentha kapena nthunzi yochokera ku zitsime zotentha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mayiko 58 kutenthetsa m’nyumba kapena kupangira magetsi. Dziko la Iceland limapeza pafupifupi theka la magetsi ake onse pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa pansi pa nthaka. Mayiko ena, monga dziko la Australia, akuganiza zogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yochokera ku miyala youma yotentha yomwe ili makilomita ochepa chabe pansi pa nthaka. Pali madera akuluakulu omwe ali ndi miyala yotereyi. Magazini yotchedwa Australian Geographic inati: “Ochita kafukufuku ena akukhulupirira kuti titapopera madzi pansi kukafika pamene pali miyala yotentha imeneyi, kenaka n’kuwagwiritsa ntchito madzi otenthawo kuzunguliza zitsulo akamabwerera kumtunda mwamphamvu, tikhoza kupanga magetsi kwa zaka makumi ambiri, mwina mahandiredi ambiri kumene.”

MADZI:

▪ Malo amene amapanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito madzi panopa amapanga kale magetsi opitirira 6 peresenti ya magetsi onse amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lapansi. Malinga ndi lipoti la International Energy Outlook 2003, m’zaka 20 zikubwerazi, “magetsi ambiri osatherapo amene adzapangidwe adzachokera ku malo akuluakulu opanga magetsi kuchokera ku madzi m’mayiko amene akungotukuka kumene, makamaka m’mayiko amene akutukuka kumene ku Asia.” Komabe, magazini ya Bioscience inachenjeza kuti: “Nthawi zambiri madamu amapangidwa pa malo a nthaka yachonde a m’mphepete mwa mitsinje. Kuwonjezera apo, madamu amasokoneza zomera, zinyama, ndi tizilombo ting’onoting’ono topezeka kudera limenelo.”

 MPWEYA WA HAYIDIROJENI:

▪ Mpweya wa hayidirojeni ndi wopanda fungo, umatha kuyaka, ndipo ndi umene ulipo wambiri m’chilengedwe chonse. Padziko lapansi, mpweya wa hayidirojeni umapezeka mu zomera ndi zinyama. Mpweya umenewu umapezekanso mu mafuta, malasha, ndi gasi, ndipo ndi chinthu chimodzi pa zinthu ziwiri zimene zimapanga madzi. Kuwonjezera apo, mpweya wa hayidirojeni umayaka kwambiri ndiponso suipitsa kwambiri chilengedwe poyerekezera ndi mafuta, malasha, kapena gasi.

Magazini yotchedwa Science News Online inati “mukadutsitsa magetsi [m’madzi, madziwo] akhoza kusintha n’kusanduka mpweya wa hayidirojeni ndi okosijeni.” Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi ingapange mpweya wa hayidirojeni wambirimbiri, magaziniyo inati “njira yooneka ngati yosavuta imeneyi pakadali pano imafunabe ndalama zambiri.” Mafakitale panopa amapanga kale matani pafupifupi 45 miliyoni a mpweya wa hayidirojeni chaka chilichonse, makamaka kuti apangire feteleza ndi mankhwala otsukira zinthu. Koma hayidirojeni ameneyu amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta, malasha, kapena gasi, ndiponso pomupanga pamatuluka mpweya winawake wapoizoni ndi mpweya winawake umene umatenthetsa dziko.

Komabe, anthu ambiri akuona kuti mpweya wa hayidirojeni ndi umene ukuoneka kuti m’tsogolo muno ungathandize kwambiri popanga magetsi, poyerekezera ndi zinthu zina zonse zatsopano zopangira magetsi, ndipo akuona kuti ungathe kupanga magetsi okwanira anthu onse m’tsogolo muno. Iwo akuganiza choncho makamaka chifukwa cha kupita patsogolo kwa luso lopanga mabatire opanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa okosijeni ndi wa hayidirojeni.

MABATIRE OPANGA MAGETSI POGWIRITSA NTCHITO MPWEYA WA OKOSIJENI NDI WA HAYIDIROJENI:

▪ Mabatire amenewa amapanga magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa hayidirojeni, osati pouwotcha, koma pousakaniza ndi mpweya wa okosijeni mosamala. Akagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa hayidirojeni wosasakanizana ndi chilichonse, m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito mafuta ena okhala ndi mpweya wambiri wa hayidirojeni, zinthu zina zosafunika zimene zimapangika ndizo kutentha ndi madzi basi.

Mu 1839, Sir William Grove, jaji ndiponso katswiri wa sayansi ya kapangidwe ka zinthu wa ku Britain, anakonza batire loyamba la mtundu umenewu. Koma kupanga mabatire amenewa kunali kokwera mtengo, ndipo mpweya ndi zida zake zina zofunika zinali zovuta kupeza. Choncho njira imeneyi sinagwiritsidwe ntchito mpaka m’zaka zapakati pa ma 1900 pamene mabatire amenewa anayamba kugwiritsidwa nchito kupanga magetsi a m’zombo zopita m’mlengalenga za ku United States. Zombo zamasiku ano zimagwiritsabe ntchito mabatire amenewa kupanga magetsi oyendetsera zinthu m’kati mwake, koma mabatirewa akuwakonzanso kuti azitha kuwagwiritsa ntchito padziko lapansi pano.

Masiku ano akukonza mabatire amenewa kuti mainjini a magalimoto azitha kuwagwiritsa ntchito m’malo mogwiritsa ntchito petulo ndi dizilo. Akuwakonzanso kuti azipangira magetsi ogwiritsa ntchito m’makampani ndi m’nyumba za anthu, ndi kuyendetsera zinthu zamagetsi zing’onozing’ono, monga mafoni a m’manja ndi makompyuta. Ngakhale zili choncho, magetsi opangidwa kuchokera ku mabatire amenewa ndi okwera mtengo kuwirikiza kanayi kuposa magetsi ochokera ku mafuta, malasha, kapena gasi. Komabe, pali ndalama zambiri zimene zaikidwa padera kuti apititsire patsogolo luso latsopano limeneli.

N’zachidziwikire kuti titapeza njira zina zopangira magetsi popanda kuwononga chilengedwe, zingatithandize kwambiri. Komabe, kupanga magetsi ambiri m’njira imeneyi kukuoneka kuti kukhalabe kokwera mtengo kwambiri kwa nthawi yaitali. Lipoti la IEO2003 linati: “Zikuoneka kuti m’tsogolo muno magetsi ambiri owonjezereka amene anthu azidzafuna . . . adzakhala ochokera ku mafuta, malasha, ndi gasi, chifukwa zikuoneka kuti mitengo ya zinthu zimenezi idzakhalabe yotsikirapo, pamene mtengo wopangira magetsi pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina zatsopanozi udzakhala wokwera kwambiri.”

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Galimoto yoyendera batire logwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa okosijeni ndi wa hayidirojeni, mu 2004

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