Mapiri Ali Pangozi

“Aliyense angapindule atachitapo kanthu kuti tipitirizebe kupeza zinthu zachilengedwe zochuluka zochokera m’mapiri a padzikoli mpaka kufika mibadwo yochuluka yomwe ikubwera m’tsogolo muno.” —ANATERO KOFI ANNAN, MLEMBI WAMKULU WA BUNGWE LA UNITED NATIONS.

TIKAGANIZIRA za mapiri timaganizira za kukula kwake, kukhazikika kwake, ndi mphamvu zake. Kodi n’chiyani chomwe chingawononge mapiri akuluakulu amenewa? Ena angavutike kukhulupirira kuti mapiri a padzikoli angakhale pangozi. Koma zoona zake n’zoti mapiri alidi pangozi. Anthu oteteza zachilengedwe amatchula mavuto angapo omwe akuwononga pang’onopang’ono zinthu zachilengedwe za m’mapiri. Mavuto onsewa ndi akuluakulu, ndipo akuipiraipira. Taonani mavuto ena omwe mapiri akukumana nawo.

▪ NTCHITO ZACHITUKUKO. Madera ambiri a m’mapiri a padziko lapansi ali pangozi chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa misewu, migodi, mapaipi, ndi madamu, ndiponso ntchito zina zachitukuko zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zichitike pa zaka 30 zikubwerazi. Kupanga misewu kungayambitse kukokoloka kwa nthaka pamalo otsetsereka, ndipo misewuyo imapatsa njira anthu odula mitengo, omwe angawononge nkhalango kwambiri. Ogwira ntchito m’migodi amakumba dothi lokwana matani pafupifupi mamiliyoni teni sauzande chaka chilichonse. Lambiri mwa dothi limeneli amalikumba m’mapiri, ndipo akatha kulikonza pamatsala zinthu zopanda ntchito zochuluka kuposa dothilo. *

▪ KUTENTHA KWA DZIKO. Bungwe la Worldwatch Institute linati: “Zaka nayini zotentha kwambiri m’mbiri yonse ya anthu zinakhalapo kuyambira mu 1990.” Ndipo mapiri, omwe  kumakhala zinyama ndi zomera, ndi amene akhudzidwa kwambiri. Madzi oundana panthaka ayamba kusungunuka ndipo madzi oundana pamwamba pa mapiri ayamba kuchepa. Ndipo asayansi ena akuti zimenezi zidzasokoneza nyanja ndi malo ena kumene madziwa amakathera, ndiponso zidzayambitsa zigumukire zoopsa kwambiri. Nyanja zambirimbiri zomwe zimasunga madzi oundana kumapiri a Himalaya tsopano zatsala pang’ono kusefukira. Kusefukira kwa madzi koteroko kungawononge zinthu zambiri, ndipo m’zaka zingapo zapitazi zimenezi zachitika kale mobwerezabwereza.

▪ ULIMI. Kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuchititsa anthu kulima madera opanda nthaka. Malinga ndi kafukufuku winawake, ku Africa kuno anthu tsopano akulima kapena kudyetsera ziweto m’malo okwana pafupifupi theka la malo onse a m’mapiri (kutanthauza kuti amalima m’malo a m’mapiri okwana 10 peresenti ndi kudyetsera ziweto m’malo okwana 34 peresenti). Nthawi zambiri ulimi woterewu subweretsa phindu lenileni chifukwa malo a m’mapiri amenewa si abwino kulimapo. * Ndipo zomera za m’maderawa sizichedwa kuwonongeka akamadyetseramo kwambiri ng’ombe chifukwa zimakhala zosalimba. Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti ndi malo ochepa okha a m’mapiri omwe angathe kulimidwa popanda kuwononga chilengedwe.

▪ NKHONDO. Kuwonjezeka kwa nkhondo zachiweniweni kwawonongetsa mapiri ambiri. Zigawenga zimakabisala kumapiri n’kusandutsako likulu lawo. Lipoti la United Nations linati malo ambiri kumapiri a ku Africa kuno awonongeka chifukwa cha “nkhondo zosakaza kwambiri.” Kuwonjezera apo, malo ena a m’mapiri asanduka malo olimako mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri, ndipo zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa nkhondo ndiponso zimawononga chilengedwe.

Kodi M’pofunika Kuchitanso Zina Kuti Tiwateteze?

Zotsatirapo za kuwonongeka kwa mapiri chifukwa cha zochita za anthu zayamba kale kuoneka. Kusefukira kwa madzi, zigumukire, ndi kuperewera kwa madzi ndi zitsanzo zochepa chabe zosonyeza kuti zinthu sizili bwino. Maboma ayamba kuchitapo kanthu. Anthu ayamba kubzalanso mitengo m’nkhalango ndipo kudula mitengo n’koletsedwa m’malo ena. Malo oteteza zachilengedwe apangidwa kuti ateteze malo okongola kwambiri ndi zinyama zimene zatsala pang’ono kutha.

Komabe, ngakhale malo amene ali otetezedwa, akuwonongeka chifukwa cha mavuto ena a zachilengedwe padzikoli. (Onani bokosi lakuti “Malo Ena Achilengedwe Otetezedwa.”) Kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya zinyama ndi zomera zomwe zikutha n’chizindikiro choti ntchito yoteteza mapiri sikuyenda bwino. Akatswiri akudziwa mavuto amene alipo, koma si anthu ambiri amene akuchitapo kanthu kuti ateteze malo achilengedwe omwe sanawonongedwe. Katswiri wina wotchuka wa zinthu zamoyo dzina lake E. O. Wilson anati: “Zimene asayansife tikudziwa zimandilimbikitsa, koma ndimakhumudwa ndikaona kuwonongeka kwa malo ofunika kwambiri a zinthu zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.”

Kodi tiyeneradi kuda nkhawa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana? Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri a zinthu zamoyo, anthu amapindula kwambiri zinthu zamoyo zosiyanasiyana za  padziko lapansili zikamatetezedwa. Iwo amapereka chitsanzo cha duwa lotchedwa rosy periwinkle lomwe limamera kumapiri a ku Madagascar, dera lomwe lili ndi zamoyo zosiyanasiyana zambirimbiri. Chomera chimenechi chagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala ofunika kwambiri olimbana ndi khansa ya m’magazi. Kuwonjezera apo, kwa zaka zambiri mtengo wa cinchona, womwe umamera kumapiri a Andes, wagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga mankhwala a kwinini ndi mankhwala ena a malungo.  Zomera zinanso zambirimbiri zomwe zimamera m’mapiri zapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ambiri. N’zoona kuti zina mwa zomera za m’mapiri zimenezi zimatha kulimidwa bwinobwino m’madera omwe si a m’mapiri. Koma zomwe zikudetsa nkhawa n’zoti popeza anthu akupulula zomera za m’mapiri zambirimbiri, mosadziwa akhoza kuwononga zomera zina zomwe sanazitulukirebe, zomwe mwina ndi mankhwala kapena zakudya zothandiza kwambiri.

Kodi pali chomwe chingaimitse kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe komwe kukuchitika panoku? Kodi zinthu zomwe zawonongeka kale zingakonzedwenso? Kodi mapiri adzapitirizabe kukhala malo okongola ndiponso oteteza zamoyo zosiyanasiyana?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Zinyama za M’mapiri

Mkango wa m’phiri, womwe umatchedwanso puma, umapezeka kwenikweni m’mapiri, monga momwe dzina lakelo likusonyezera, makamaka mapiri a Rockies ndi Andes. Mofanana ndi zinyama zina zikuluzikulu zodya zinyama zinzawo, pang’ono ndi pang’ono mkango umenewu wayamba kukhala m’malo ovuta kufikako chifukwa choti anthu awononga malo ake okhala.

Nyama yotchedwa panda wofiira imakhala kumapiri a Himalaya okha basi, (monga m’phiri la Everest). Ngakhale kuti imakhala kutali choncho, nyama imeneyi ili pangozi chifukwa choti nkhalango za nsungwi zomwe imadya zawonongedwa.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Cortesía del Zoo de la Casa de Campo, Madrid

Zimbalangondo zabulawuni kale zinkapezeka zambirimbiri ku Ulaya, Asia, ndi kumpoto kwa America. Ku Ulaya tsopano zimangopezeka m’madera ochepa okha a m’mapiri, ngakhale kuti zimapezeka zochulukirapo ku mapiri a Rockies ku Canada, ku Alaska, ndi ku Siberia. Ku United States, pa zaka handiredi zapitazi nyama zimenezi zasakazidwa koopsa moti panopo zatsala pang’ono kutheratu.

Chiwombankhanga chagolide ndiye mbalame yochititsa chidwi kwambiri yomwe imauluka pamwamba pa mapiri a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Koma n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ku Ulaya mbalame zimenezi, zomwe zimapezeka ziwiriziwiri, zangotsala zosakwana 5,000 chifukwa kale anthu ankadana nazo ndiponso ankazipha kwambiri.

Kuti nyama yotchedwa panda wamkulu “ikhalebe ndi moyo, ikudalira zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri,” anatero munthu wina woteteza zachilengedwe wa ku China dzina lake Tang Xiyang. Zinthu zimenezi ndizo “mapiri ataliatali ndi zidikha zozama, nkhalango zowirira za nsungwi, ndi mitsinje ya madzi ambiri.” Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, nyama za mtundu umenewu zomwe zikadali m’tchire tsopano zilipo zosakwana 1,600.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 24 25]

Malo Ena Achilengedwe Otetezedwa

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Yosemite National Park (ku California, ku United States) anakhazikitsidwa mu 1890, chifukwa cha khama la munthu woteteza zachilengedwe John Muir. Malo amenewa ndi okongola kwambiri ndipo amakopa anthu okwana mamiliyoni anayi chaka chilichonse omwe amabwera kudzawaona. Koma oyendetsa malowa akuvutika kuti ateteze malo achilengedwewa kuti asawonongeke kwinakunso akonze malo abwino oti anthu okonda zachilengedwe azisangalala nawo.

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Podocarpus National Park (ku Ecuador) amateteza nkhalango ya m’mapiri a Andes yomwe imakhala yokutidwa ndi mitambo. Kumeneku kumakhala zinyama ndi zomera zambiri zosiyanasiyana. Kuli mitundu yopitirira 600 ya mbalame ndi mitundu pafupifupi 4,000 ya zomera. Kwinini, mankhwala amene apulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu ambirimbiri, anapezedwa kudera limeneli. Mofanana ndi malo ambiri oteteza zachilengedwe, vuto lalikulu kumalowa ndi kudula mitengo mosasamala ndi kupha zinyama popanda chilolezo.

Phiri la Kilimanjaro (ku Tanzania) ndi limodzi mwa mapiri aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe anapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nthaka, ndipo ndi phiri lalitali kwambiri mu Africa monse muno. Njovu zimadya udzu m’munsi mwake, pamene pamwamba pake pali maluwa omwe sapezekanso kwina kulikonse, monga duwa lotchedwa giant lobelia ndi giant groundsel. Mavuto ake aakulu ndiwo kupha nyama popanda chilolezo, kudula mitengo kwambiri, ndi kudyetserako ng’ombe.

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Teide National Park (ku Canary Islands) amateteza maluwa omwe sapezekanso kwina. Maluwa amenewa amakongoletsa malowa, omwe anawonongeka chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nthaka. Pa zilumba pomwe pali mapiri omwe anapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nthaka nthawi zambiri pamakhala zachilengedwe zomwe sizichedwa kuwonongeka. Zachilengedwe zimenezi zingawonongeke chifukwa cha zomera ndi zinyama zomwe anthu anachita kuzibweretsako kuchokera kwina.

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Pyrénées National Park ndi Ordesa National Park (ku France ndi ku Spain) amateteza mapiri okongola kwambiri limodzi ndi zomera ndi zinyama zake. Mofanana ndi mitandadza ina ya mapiri ku Ulaya, mapiri a Pyrenees ali ndi vuto la kuchuluka kwa malo omwe anthu amatsetserekako ndi malo ena osangalatsira anthu odzaona malo. Popeza anthu anasiya kulima m’njira yomwe ankalimira kale, zinthu zachilengedwe zawonongeka kumeneku.

Malo oteteza zachilengedwe otchedwa Sǒraksan National Park ndiye otchuka kwambiri m’dziko lonse la Republic of Korea. Mapiri omwe ali ndi miyala yokongola kwambiri pamwamba pake limodzi ndi nkhalango zake kumeneku zimakongola kwambiri makamaka m’nyengo ya phukuto. Koma chifukwa choti malo amenewa ndi otchuka kwambiri, pamapeto pa mlungu njira zina za m’mapiriwa zimakhala zodzaza kwambiri ndi anthu ngati momwe zimakhalira njira za m’mizinda.

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Zomera za M’mapiri

Maluwa otchedwa tower of jewels. Kwa milungu ingapo m’nyengo ya masika, duwa lochititsa chidwi limeneli limakula n’kufanana ndi msinkhu wa munthu kutalika kwake. Limapezeka pamalo okwera mamita 1,800 pamwamba pa mapiri awiri okha omwe anapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa nthaka pa zilumba za Canary. Mofanana ndi zimenezi, pali zomera ndi zinyama zambiri za m’mapiri zomwe zimapezekanso kumalo ochepa okha.

Maluwa otchedwa carline thistles amamera kumapiri a Alps ndi Pyrenees. Kuwala kwawo kumakongoletsa udzu wa m’mapiri kumapeto kwa nyengo ya chilimwe, ndipo maluwawa ndi chakudyanso cha tizilombo tambiri touluka.

Duwa lotchedwa English iris. Maluwa ochokera ku duwa lokongola limeneli amabzalidwa pamakomo pa anthu. Maluwa ambiri amene amabzalidwa pakhomo anachokera ku maluwa a m’mapiri.

Duwa lotchedwa mountain houseleek ndi limodzi mwa maluwa ambiri a m’mapiri amene amamera pa zing’alu za miyala. Duwa limeneli linachokera ku mapiri a kum’mwera kwa Ulaya, ndipo limatchedwanso duwa lokhala ndi moyo wosatha chifukwa cha kusaferapo kwake.

Maluwa otchedwa bromeliad. Mitundu yambiri ya maluwa amenewa ndiponso maluwa otchedwa ma orchid amasangalala m’nkhalango za m’madera otentha zomwe zimakutidwa ndi mitambo. Amamera pamalo okwera mamita okwana mpaka 4,500.

Duwa lotchedwa Algerian iris limamera m’mapiri a Er Rif ndi Atlas kumpoto kwa Africa, dera limene analitulukira kuti kuli mitundu yambiri ya zomera zosiyanasiyana za m’dera lozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean.

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Kukumba m’migodi kuti apeze mkuwa ndi golide kufupi ndi mapiri a Maoke, ku Indonesia

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Rob Huibers/Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Duwa lotchedwa rosy periwinkle