Tetezani Khungu Lanu

“Anthu sadziwa kuti dzuwa likhoza kuwapweteka . . . ndiponso kuti likhoza kuwononga kwambiri khungu lawo. Khungu likamawonongeka pang’onopang’ono chonchi mapeto ake munthu akhoza kudwala khansa yapakhungu.”—Anatero Dr. Mark Birch-Machin, katswiri wa khansa yapakhungu.

KHUNGU ndi mbali yaikulu ya thupi lamunthu, ndipo amuna ambiri khungu lawo limakhala lalikulu masikweya mita 1.8 pamene akazi ambiri limakhala lalikulu masikweya mita 1.6. Khungu lili ndi maselo amene amathandiza munthu kumva kupweteka, kumva kuti wakhudzidwa, kumva kuzizira kapenanso kutentha. Khungu ndilo chinthu choyamba pa thupi la munthu chomwe chimaliteteza kuti lisatenthedwe, lisazizidwe, lisavulale, komanso kuti musalowe poizoni ndi zinthu zina zoipa zosiyanasiyana. Limathandiza thupi kuti lisamanyowe mpaka m’kati ndiponso kuti madzi a m’thupimo asamatulukire panja. Komabe, dzuwa likhoza kuwononga khungu. Koma kodi si zoona kuti zinthu zamoyo zimafunika dzuwa?

Indedi zimafunika dzuwa. Zomera, zimene ifeyo timadalira kuti tikhale ndi moyo, zimafuna kuwala kuti zikule. Ndiponso kuwala kochepa kumathandiza thupi kupanga vitamini D, amene amalimbitsa mafupa. Koma zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti ngati kuwala kochepa kuli kwabwino, ndiye kuti kuwala kwambiri n’kwabwino koposa. Dzuwa limatulutsa mphamvu inayake yomwe ingawonongeretu khungu lanu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, khungu lanu lingathe kuchita makwinya mofulumira.

Buku linalake lofotokoza za mmene mungatetezere khungu lanu lotchedwa Saving Your Skin limachenjeza za kuopsa kwina kwakukulu kwa dzuwa. Ilo limati: “Mphamvu inayake yomwe dzuwa limatulutsa imasokoneza kayendedwe ka maselo, monga kugawikana kwake. Mphamvuyi imachepetsanso mphamvu yoteteza thupi ku matenda ndipo ingasokoneze thupi n’kuyambitsa khansa.” Mawu oti “khansa” amachititsa mantha. Koma kodi khansa yapakhungu ndi yofala motani? Kodi pali chifukwa chilichonse chochitira mantha?

Khansa Yapakhungu Yasanduka Mliri Masiku Ano

Buku linalake la zamankhwala lotchedwa The Merck Manual limati khansa yapakhungu ndiyo khansa yofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Ku United States, munthu mmodzi pa anthu 6 kapena 7 alionse amadwala mtundu winawake wa khansa yapakhungu. Koma anthu amene akudwala matendawa akuchulukirachulukira. Dr. I. William Lane ananena m’buku lakuti The Skin Cancer Answer, kuti “panopa tikuyembekezera kuti theka la anthu onse amene amakwanitsa zaka 65 adzadwalapo khansa yapakhungu ya mtundu winawake.” Malinga ndi zomwe linanena bungwe linalake loona za matenda apakhungu lotchedwa American Academy of Dermatology, khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri imapha anthu pafupifupi 7,500 chaka chilichonse ku United States ndipo ikufalikira kwambiri. Pakati pa anthu akuda, ndi ochepa amene amadwala khansa yapakhungu, koma nawonso angathe kudwala matendawa.

 Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani khansa yapakhungu yasanduka mliri? Pali zifukwa zambiri, monga kukhala m’madera okwera kapena otentha kwambiri, madera opanda mitambo, ndiponso kuchepa kwa mpweya umene umatchinga mphamvu ya dzuwa m’mlengalenga. Komabe zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu n’choti anthu amakhalitsa padzuwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa moyo. Masiku ano anthu ambiri amene ntchito zawo n’za m’maofesi ndi m’nyumba zosiyanasiyana ayamba kuchitira matchuthi kunyanja ndiponso kuchita zosangalatsa zina zapanja, monga kukwera mapiri ndi zina zotero. Mafashoninso asintha. Kale amuna ndi akazi ankavala zovala zosambirira zazitali chifukwa cha ulemu, koma masiku ano zovala zosambirira zimakhala zazing’ono kwambiri, ndipo mbali yaikulu ya thupi imakhala pamtunda. Chifukwa cha zimenezi khansa yapakhungu yawonjezekanso. Poopa zimenezi, m’pake kuti anthu okhala m’zipululu, monga a mtundu wotchedwa Bedouin amavala mikanjo italiitali ndi mipango kumutu kwawo.

Khansa Yapakhungu Ilipodi Ndipo Ndi Yoopsa

Pali mitundu itatu yofala kwambiri ya khansa. Iwiri imayambira cha pamwamba pakhungu. Ili ndi gawo la khungu lomwe nthawi zambiri limakhala lokhuthala pafupifupi milimita imodzi basi. Mitundu iwiri ya khansa imeneyi ikuoneka kuti imayamba chifukwa cha kukhala padzuwa nthawi zambiri, monga momwe amachitira anthu amene amagwira ntchito panja, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi zonse khansa imeneyi imayamba pa ziwalo za thupi zomwe zimaombedwa ndi dzuwa, monga kumaso ndi manja. * Khansa imeneyi nthawi zambiri ikamayamba imaoneka ngati kotupa kooneka ngati kachiphuphu kapena ngati chiwengo pakhungu kamene kamayamba kukula, kamatuluka magazi nthawi zambiri, ndipo sikapola kwenikweni. Ikhoza kufalikira n’kukhudzanso mbali zina zoyandikana ndi pomwe yayambirapo. Pafupifupi makhansa onse apakhungu amakhala a mtundu woyambirira uja. Ngakhale kuti mtundu wachiwiri wa khansa si wofala kwambiri ngati woyamba, mtundu wachiwiriwu nthawi zambiri umafalikira kuchoka pamene wayambirapo n’kugwira ziwalo zina zathupi. M’pofunika kwambiri kutulukira msanga makhansa awiri amenewa chifukwa chakuti ngakhale kuti savuta kuwachiritsa, akhoza kupha munthu ngati munthuyo sanalandire chithandizo chilichonse.

Khansa yamtundu wachitatu, yomwe ndi khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri, ndipo imakhudza anthu 5 pa anthu 100 alionse odwala khansa yapakhungu, nayonso imayambira cha pamwamba pakhungu. Chinthu chimodzi chimene chimayambitsa khansa imeneyi chikuoneka kuti ndi kupsa kwambiri ndi dzuwa nthawi ndi nthawi, monga momwe amachitira anthu amene ntchito zawo n’za m’nyumba omwe amawombedwa kwambiri ndi dzuwa akakhala patchuthi. Pafupifupi theka la makhansa onse apakhungu oopsa kwambiri amayamba pa ziphuphu zobadwa nazo, makamaka pamsana pafupi ndi khosi, ndi m’miyendo kufupi ndi mapazi.

Mtundu wa khansa yapakhungu imeneyi ndi umene uli woopsa kwambiri, chifukwa munthu akapanda kulandira msanga mankhwala, ikhoza kufalikira mpaka pansi pa khungu, pamene pamakhala mitsempha yosiyanasiyana. Kuchoka pamenepo ikhoza kufalikira msanga ku ziwalo zina. Katswiri wina wa matenda a khansa dzina lake Dr. Larry Nathanson anati: “Ngakhale kuti khansa imeneyi n’njoopsa kwambiri siivuta kuchiritsa ngati munthu wayamba kulandira mankhwala msanga. Koma ikangoyamba kufalikira ku ziwalo zina za m’thupi, imakana mankhwala osiyanasiyana ngakhalenso chithandizo chogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa magetsi.” Ndipo kwa odwala omwe khansa imeneyi imafalikira ku ziwalo zina, ndi awiri kapena atatu okha pa odwala 100 alionse amene amakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zokwana zisanu. (Onani bokosi  lofotokoza zizindikiro zoyambirira za khansa imeneyi, pa tsamba 7.)

Kodi ndani angadwale khansa yapakhungu? Pali anthu ena amene angathe kudwala nthendayi mosavuta, monga anthu amene amakhala pa dzuwa nthawi zambiri kapena amene amapsa ndi dzuwa nthawi ndi nthawi, anthu a khungu loyera, a tsitsi ndi maso oyera, a ziphuphu zobadwa nazo ndi anthu a khungu lokhala ndi timadontho, komanso anthu amene pamtundu pawo amadwala matenda amenewa. Anthu a khungu lakuda sikwenikweni kudwala khansa yapakhungu. Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngati khungu lanu lada kwambiri ndi dzuwa ndiye kuti n’zovuta kuti mudwale khansa yapakhungu? Ayi, chifukwa chakuti ngakhale kuti khungu limada podziteteza ku mphamvu yowononga ya dzuwa, likamada limakhalanso likuwonongeka. Ndipo ngati khungu lanu likupsa ndi dzuwa nthawi ndi nthawi, n’zosavuta kuti mudwale khansa yapakhungu.

Kuchiza Khansa Yapakhungu

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zochizira khansa yapakhungu, malingana ndi zinthu monga chotupa chake, pamene chatuluka, kukula kwake, ndiponso chithandizo chomwe munalandirapo kale. Njirazi ndi monga kuchidula, kuchipala, kuchiwotcha ndi singano yamagetsi, kuchiziziritsa mpaka chiume, ndiponso kuchiwotcha ndi kuwala kwa magetsi. Vuto limakhalapo n’loti pamafunika kuchotsa maselo onse amene agwidwa ndi khansayo. Pogwiritsira ntchito njira inayake yodula maselo mosamala kwambiri, amatha kuchotsa pafupifupi khansa yonse ya mitundu iwiri yoyambirira, ndipo sawononga kwambiri maselo ena abwinobwino komanso chipsera chake sichionekera kwambiri. Pa njira iliyonse imene agwiritsa ntchito, pamafunika kuti akonzenso pamene panali khansapo kuti pamerenso maselo ena atsopano.

Bungwe linalake loona za ukalamba lotchedwa The U.S. National Institute on Aging linati: “Makhansa onse apakhungu akhoza kuchiritsidwa ngati atatulukiridwa mwamsanga ndi kupita nawo kuchipatala asanayambe kufalikira.” Choncho m’pofunika kwambiri kuwatulukira mwamsanga. Koma kodi n’chiyani chomwe munthu angachite kuti apewe khansa yapakhungu?

Dziwani Momwe Mungadzitetezere ku Dzuwa

M’pofunika kudziwa momwe mungadzitetezere ku dzuwa kuyambira muli mwana. Malinga ndi bungwe linalake loona za khansa yapakhungu lotchedwa The Skin Cancer Foundation, ‘anthu ambiri amapsa kwambiri ndi dzuwa pamoyo wawo asanafike zaka 18. Akuti m’posavuta kuti mudzadwale khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri ngati munapsa kwambiri ndi dzuwa kamodzi kokha muli mwana.’ Izi zili choncho chifukwa khansa yapakhungu ikhoza kutenga zaka 20 kapena kuposa pamenepo isanayambe. (Onani bokosi la pa tsamba 8, lomwe lili ndi mfundo zothandiza kuti mudziteteze ku dzuwa.)

Ku Australia kuli anthu ambiri odwala khansa yapakhungu, makamaka khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri. * Izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri a m’dzikoli ndi azungu a khungu loyera kwambiri amene anachokera kumpoto kwa Ulaya, ndipo ambiri a iwo amakhala m’madera a m’mphepete mwa nyanja omwe kumakhala dzuwa lambiri. Atachita kafukufuku pakati pa anthuwa anapeza kuti anthu amene anasamukira kumeneku ali aang’ono ndi amene makamaka angayambe kudwala khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi amene anasamukirako atakula kale. Izi zikusonyeza kuti m’pofunika kwambiri kudziwa momwe mungadzitetezere ku dzuwa kuyambira muli mwana. Boma la Australia layambitsa ntchito yaikulu yophunzitsa anthu za kuopsa kwa dzuwa powalimbikitsa kuti azivala matisheti, zipewa, ndiponso azidzola mafuta oteteza khungu kuti lisapse ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa chomvera zimenezi, achinyamata odwala matendawa m’dzikolo akuyamba kuchepa.

Pankhani ya mafuta oteteza khungu kuti lisapse ndi dzuwa, mafuta abwino kudzola ndi amene amateteza khungu ku mphamvu zonse ziwiri za dzuwa. Mafutawa amafunikabe ngakhale kukhale mitambo, chifukwa mphamvu za dzuwa zochuluka za mtundu winawo zimatha kudutsa m’mitambo. Mphamvu zimenezi zimathanso kudutsa m’madzi oyera. Akatswiri ena amati mafuta abwino oteteza khungu ku dzuwa ndi amene ali ndi mphamvu zoteteza ku dzuwa zokwana 15. Kuti munthu adziwe kuti mphamvu zimenezi zingamuteteze mpaka pati, angawerenge mphindi zimene amapsa akakhala padzuwa n’kuzichulukitsa ndi 15. Muyenera kupaka mafutawa maola awiri alionse, koma zimenezi sizitanthauza kuti mukatero muwirikiza kawiri nthawi yomwe khungu lanu lingakhale lotetezeka.

Kuwonjezera apo, buku lakuti The Skin Cancer Answer limachenjeza kuti musamaone ngati ndinu otetezeka chifukwa choti mwapaka mafuta oteteza khungu lanu ku dzuwa basi. Palibe mafuta amene amatetezeratu khungu kuti lisapse n’komwe, kapena kuthandiza kupewa khansa yapakhungu. Ndipotu, kudzola mafuta oteteza khungu ku dzuwa kungachititse kuti khansa yapakhungu ikuyambeni mosavuta,  ngati mumakhala padzuwa nthawi yaitali poganiza kuti simupsa poti mwadzola mafutawo. Bukulo limati: “Palibe njira ina yodzitetezera ku khansa yapakhungu kuposa kudziteteza ku dzuwa. Kuvala zovala zoteteza khungu lanu ndi kukhala m’nyumba nthawi imene dzuwa limawala kwambiri zimaoneka kuti ndi njira ‘zabwino’ zopewera khansa yapakhungu.”

Nanga bwanji kudetsa khungu lanu muli m’nyumba pogwiritsa ntchito nyali za magetsi okhala ndi mphamvu ngati zopezeka mu dzuwa ndiponso kulowa m’kati mwa mabedi okhala ndi kuwala kothandiza kudetsa khungu? Kungokhala mphindi 20 zokha m’chipinda chodetsa khungu mwanjira imeneyi akuti kuli ngati kukhala padzuwa maola anayi. Kale anthu ankaganiza kuti kudetsa khungu m’nyumba mwanjira imeneyi kunali kosaopsa chifukwa kunkagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtundu umodzi wokha za dzuwa, zomwe zinkaoneka kuti siziwotcha khungu. Koma buku lakuti The Skin Cancer Answer limati: “Panopa tikudziwa kuti mphamvu za dzuwa zamtundu umenewu zimalowa kwambiri m’kati mwa khungu kusiyana ndi mphamvu zamtundu winawo, zikhoza kuyambitsa khansa yapakhungu, ndipo zikhoza kufooketsa mphamvu yoteteza thupi ku matenda.” Kafukufuku wina amene anamufalitsa mu nyuzipepala yofalitsidwa padziko lonse ya The Miami Herald anapeza kuti azimayi amene amapita kumalo odetsera khungu m’kati mwa nyumba kamodzi pamwezi kapena kuposa pamenepa “angadwale mosavuta khansa yapakhungu yoopsa kwambiri.”

Choncho m’pofunika kusamala kwambiri kuti muziteteza khungu lanu ku dzuwa. Musaiwale kuti mukapsa ndi dzuwa lero, mungadzadwale khansa yapakhungu zaka 20 zikubwerazi kapena kuposa pamenepo. Kodi anthu ena alimbana bwanji ndi matenda a khansa yapakhungu, ndipo kodi n’chiyani chawathandiza kupirira?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 7]

ZIZINDIKIRO ZIKULUZIKULU ZA KHANSA YAPAKHUNGU YOOPSA KWAMBIRI

1. Makhansa ambiri apakhungu oopsa kwambiri amayamba ngati chiphuphu chomwe chimakhala ndi mbali ziwiri zooneka mosiyana. Ziphuphu zambiri zobadwa nazo zimakhala zozungulira ndipo chiphuphu chonsecho chimaoneka chimodzimodzi.

2. M’mphepete mwa ziphuphu za khansa yoopsa kwambiri yomwe ikuyamba kumene mumakhala modyekadyeka. Ziphuphu zobadwa nazo zimakhala ndi m’mphepete mosalala, mooneka chimodzimodzi.

3. Chiphuphu cha khansa yoopsa kwambiri chikamayamba kumene chimakhala chamawanga a bulawuni, oderako, kapenanso akuda. Khansayo ikamalowerera, ziphuphu zake zingakhale ndi mawanga ofiira, oyera, kapena abuluu. Ziphuphu zobadwa nazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamtundu umodzi wokha wa bulawuni.

4. Ziphuphu zakhansa ikamayamba kumene zimakhala zazikulu kusiyana ndi ziphuphu zachibadwa ndipo zimakula mpaka mamilimita sikisi pakati pake.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Source: The Skin Cancer Foundation

Skin samples: Images courtesy of the Skin Cancer Foundation, New York, NY, www.skincancer.org

 [Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 8]

MFUNDO ZOKUTHANDIZANI KUTETEZA KHUNGU LANU

1. Pewani kukhala padzuwa, makamaka kuyambira 10 koloko m’mawa mpaka 4 koloko madzulo, nthawi imene dzuwa limatulutsa mphamvu zambiri zowononga khungu.

2. Pakatha miyezi itatu iliyonse kapena isanathe n’komwe muziona mosamala khungu lanu lonse kuyambira kumutu mpaka kumapazi.

3. Mukakhala panja, muzidzola mafuta oteteza khungu lanu ku mphamvu zonse za dzuwa, ndipo mafutawa azikhala ndi mphamvu zoteteza zokwana 15 kapena kuposa pamenepa. Muzidzola mafuta ambiri otere kutatsala mphindi 30 kuti mupite padzuwa kenaka muzidzola mafutawa maola awiri alionse mukakhala padzuwa. (Musamadzoke ana osakwana miyezi sikisi mafuta oteteza khungu ku dzuwa.)

4. Muziphunzitsa ana anu njira zodzitetezera ku dzuwa ali aang’ono, chifukwa nthawi zambiri odwala matendawa khungu lawo limakhala loti linawonongeka ali ana.

5. Muzivala zovala zoteteza khungu lanu ku dzuwa monga mathalauza, mashati aatali manja, zipewa zotambalala, ndi magalasi oteteza maso anu ku dzuwa.