Mmene Zochita za Anthu Zikuwonjezera Masoka Achilengedwe

GALIMOTO ikamakonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa bwino, imayenda bwino moti singachititse ngozi. Koma galimotoyo ikakhala kuti imayendetsedwa mosasamala ndiponso ikamapanda kukonzedwa, ikhoza kuchititsa ngozi. Dziko lapansi m’njira zina lili ngati galimoto yoteroyo.

Malinga ndi zimene asayansi ena akuganiza, kusintha kwa m’mlengalenga ndi nyanja chifukwa cha zochita za anthu kwachititsa kuti dziko lathuli likhale malo oopsa kukhalamo. Izi zili chonchi chifukwa kusinthako kwachititsa kuti masoka achilengedwe azichitika pafupipafupi ndiponso azikhala oopsa kwambiri. Ndipo sitikudziwa n’komwe kuti m’tsogolo muno zinthu zikhala bwanji. Nkhani imene inalembedwa ndi akonzi a magazini yotchedwa Science inati: “Tili pakati poyesera kuchita zinthu zazikulu zosadziwika mathero ake pa dziko limodzi lokha lomwe tili naloli.”

Kuti timvetse bwino momwe zochita za anthu zingachititsire kuti masoka achilengedwe azichitika pafupipafupi ndiponso azikhala oopsa kwambiri, tiyenera kumvetsa momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimachititsa masokawa zimayendera. Mwachitsanzo, kodi n’chiyani chomwe chimayambitsa mphepo za mkuntho?

Mmene Mphepo Yotentha ndi Yozizira Imayendera Padziko Pano

Nyengo ya padziko lapansi aiyerekezera ndi makina amene amatenga mphamvu ya dzuwa n’kuigawa, kuitumiza madera osiyanasiyana. Popeza ku madera otentha n’kumene kumalandira kutentha kwambiri kwa dzuwa, mbali ina ya dziko imakhala yotentha ndipo ina imakhala yozizira. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti mpweya uyambe kuyenda. * Dziko likamazungulira tsiku lililonse limachititsa kuti mpweyawu, umene umakhalanso ndi madzi, ukamayenda uzizungulira pa malo amodzi, ndipo zimenezi zimachititsa kuti malo ena akhale ndi mpweya wozizira. Mpweya wozizirawu kenaka umasanduka mphepo ya mkuntho.

Mukayang’anitsitsa mmene mphepo za mkuntho zimayendera, mungaone kuti nthawi zambiri zimachoka ku madera otentha kupita ku madera ozizira a kumpoto kapena kummwera kwa dziko lapansi. Zikamatero, mphepozo zimagawa kutentha, ndipo zimathandiza kuti malo ena asamakhale otentha kwambiri pamene ena ali ozizira kwambiri. Koma ku  malo otentha a m’nyanja kukatentha kupitirira pa 27 digiri seshasi, mphepo za mkuntho zikhoza kukhala zamphamvu kwambiri moti zimakhala zowononga kwambiri, ndipo amazitcha mayina osiyanasiyana m’madera osiyanasiyananso.

Tsoka lachilengedwe loipa kwambiri m’mbiri ya dziko la United States, tikawerengera anthu amene anafa, linali mphepo yamkuntho imene inaomba pa chilumba cha mzinda wa Galveston, ku Texas, pa September 8, 1900. Mafunde aakulu amene anawinduka chifukwa cha mphepoyo anapha anthu pakati pa 6,000 ndi 8,000 mu mzindawo. Anaphanso anthu ena okwana mwina mpaka 4,000 m’madera ena apafupi, ndipo anagwetsa nyumba pafupifupi 3,600. Ndipo mu mzinda wonse wa Galveston munalibe nyumba ngakhale imodzi imene sinawonongeke.

Monga momwe tanenera mu nkhani yapita ija, m’zaka zaposachedwapa kwachitika mphepo zamkuntho zambiri zoopsa. Asayansi akufufuza kuti aone ngati zimenezi zachitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko, kumene kungachititse kuti mphepo zizikhala ndi mphamvu zambiri. Koma kusintha kwa nyengo kungakhale chizindikiro chimodzi chokha cha kutentha kwa dziko. Zotsatirapo zina za kutentha kwa dziko, zomwe zingakhale zowononga kwambiri, mwina zayamba kale kuoneka.

Madzi a M’nyanja Akukwera Ndipo Mitengo Ikudulidwa Mwachisawawa

Malinga ndi nkhani imene inalembedwa ndi akonzi a magazini ya Science “madzi a m’nyanja akwera ndi masentimita 10 mpaka 20 pa zaka 100 zapitazi, ndipo tikuyembekezera kuti apitirizabe kukwera.” Kodi zimenezi zingakhudzane bwanji ndi kutentha kwa dziko? Ochita kafukufuku akuti pangakhale zifukwa ziwiri. Chifukwa choyamba chingakhale kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a ku madera ozizira kwambiri a kumpoto ndi kummwera kwambiri kwa dziko lapansi, amene angachulutse madzi a m’nyanja. Chifukwa china n’choti madzi a m’nyanja akamatentha, amachuluka.

Kachilumba kakang’ono ka m’nyanja ya Pacific ka Tuvalu, mwina kayamba kale kuvutika ndi kukwera kwa madzi a m’nyanja. Magazini ya Smithsonian inati kafukufuku amene achita pa chilumba cha Funafuti akusonyeza kuti madzi a m’nyanja kumeneko akwera “pafupifupi mamilimita 6 pachaka pa zaka khumi zapitazi.”

M’madera ambiri a padziko lapansi, kuchuluka kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti mizinda ifutukuke kufika ku madera amene kale kunali kumidzi. Kwachititsanso kuti anthu amange nyumba zazisakasa m’matauni, ndipo zachititsanso kuti chilengedwe chiwonongeke kwambiri. Zinthu ngati zimenezi zingachititse kuti masoka achilengedwe akhale owononga kwambiri. Taonani zitsanzo zingapo.

Dziko la Haiti ndi chilumba chimene chili ndi anthu ambiri ndiponso anthu akhala akudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwa nthawi yaitali. Nkhani ina yaposachedwapa inati ngakhale kuti ku Haiti kuli mavuto aakulu a zachuma, zandale, ndi zachikhalidwe, palibe chimene chikuopseza kwambiri dzikoli kuposa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Vuto limeneli linaonekera poyera mu 2004 pamene kuchuluka kwa mvula kunayambitsa zigumukire zimene zinapha anthu masauzande ambiri.

Magazini yotchedwa Time Asia inati, “kutentha kwa dziko, madamu, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndi ulimi womadula mitengo ndi kuotcha  tchire” ndi zinthu zimene zachititsanso kuti masoka achilengedwe amene achitika kummwera kwa Asia akhale oopsa kwambiri. Ndiponso, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kungachititse kuti chilala chikhale choopsa kwambiri chifukwa kumachititsa kuti dothi liume msanga kwambiri. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, ku Indonesia ndi ku Brazil chilala chachititsa kuti moto woopsa ubuke m’nkhalango zimene kale zinkakhala zachinyontho kwambiri moti moto sukanayakamo. Koma nyengo yoipa si chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimayambitsa masoka achilengedwe. Madera ambiri amavutika ndi masoka amene amayambira m’kati mwenimweni mwa nthaka.

Nthaka Ikagwedezeka Kwambiri

Nthaka ya dziko lapansi inapangidwa ndi zigawo zazikulu mosiyanasiyana zimene zimayendera limodzi. Ndipo nthaka imagwedera kwambiri moti chaka chilichonse kumachitika zivomezi mamiliyoni angapo. Koma zambiri mwa zivomezi zimenezi zimachitika anthu osadziwa n’komwe kuti zachitika.

Akuti pafupifupi zivomezi zonse zimachitika pa malo pamene zigawo ziwiri za nthaka zinakumana. M’kati mwa zigawo za nthaka mumathanso kuchitika zivomezi zowononga kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zimachitika mwa apo ndi apo. Malinga ndi zomwe ochita kafukufuku anayerekezera, chivomezi chomwe chinapha anthu ambiri m’mbiri yonse yolembedwa chinachitika m’zigawo zitatu za ku China m’chaka cha 1556. Mwina chinapha anthu okwana 830,000.

Zivomezi zikhoza kubweretsanso mavuto ena aakulu. Mwachitsanzo, pa November 1, 1755, chivomezi chinagumula mzinda wa Lisbon, ku Portugal, mmene munkakhala anthu 275,000. Koma mavutowo sanathere pamenepo. Chivomezicho chinayambitsa moto ndi matsunami otalika mpaka mamita 15, amene anakhavukira kumtunda msangamsanga kuchokera m’nyanja ya Atlantic. Pomalizira pake, anthu amene anafa mu mzindawo anapitirira 60,000.

Koma ngakhale pa zochitika ngati zimenezi, kuopsa kwa masoka oterowo nthawi zina kumadalira kwambiri zochita za anthu. Vuto limodzi limene limachititsa kuti masoka akhale oopsa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu m’madera amene mumachitikachitika masoka achilengedwe. Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Andrew Robinson anati: “Pafupifupi theka la mizinda ikuluikulu padziko lonse lapansi panopa ili m’madera amene mumachitika zivomezi  kawirikawiri.” Vuto lina ndi nyumba, makamaka zinthu zimene amamangira nyumbazo ndi kamangidwe kake. Mawu akuti, “Zivomezi sizipha anthu, zimapha anthu ndi nyumba,” nthawi zambiri amakhala oona. Koma anthu ambiri amakhala osauka kwambiri moti sangathe kumanga nyumba zolimba zoti zisagwe kukachitika chivomezi.

Kuphulika kwa Mapiri Kumathandiza Komanso Kumawononga

Lipoti lolembedwa ndi bungwe lotchedwa Smithsonian Institute ku United States linati: “Pafupifupi mapiri 20 akhala akuphulika pamene mukuwerenga mawu anowa.” Odziwa za sayansi ya nthaka amati nthawi zambiri zivomezi ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri kumachitika m’malo ofanana. Malo ake ndi monga pamene zigawo za nthaka zakumana, makamaka nthaka ya pansi pa nyanja. Malo enanso ndiwo pansi pa nthaka pamene chiphalaphala chimatuluka kuchokera m’kati mwa dziko kudzera m’ming’alu, ndi pamalo pamene chigawo chimodzi cha nthaka chimalowa kunsi kwa chigawo chinzake.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri pamalo pamene chigawo chimodzi cha nthaka chalowa kunsi kwa chigawo chinzake n’kumene kuli koopsa kwambiri. Izi zili chonchi chifukwa chakuti pamalo oterewa paphulikapo mapiri ambiri ndiponso amaphulika kufupi ndi kumene anthu amakhala. Dera lozungulira nyanja ya Pacific lili ndi mapiri ophulika ambirimbiri oterowo. Mapiri ena ophulika amapezeka pamalo pamene chiphalaphala chimatuluka pansi, kutali ndi malo amene zigawo za nthaka zimakumana. Zilumba za Hawaii, Azores, Galápagos, ndi Society, zonse zikuoneka kuti zinapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri okhala pamalo pamene chiphalaphala chimatuluka pansi.

Koma mapiri ophulika akhala akuthandiza kupanga zinthu padziko lapansi kwa nthawi yaitali. Malinga ndi zomwe yunivesite inayake inafalitsa pa Intaneti, pafupifupi “makontinenti onse ndi pansi pa nyanja ponse panapangika chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri.” Koma kodi n’chiyani chimene chimachititsa kuti mapiri ena akamaphulika azikhala owononga kwambiri?

Kuphulika kumayamba ndi kutuluka kwa chiphalaphala kuchokera m’kati mwa nthaka, momwe ndi motentha kwambiri. Mapiri ena amatulutsa chiphalaphala chomwe chimangoyenderera pang’onopang’ono, moti sichidzidzimutsa anthu. Koma mapiri ena amaphulika mwamphamvu kwambiri kuposa kuphulika kwa bomba. Zimene zimachititsa kuti phiri liphulike mwamphamvu kwambiri kapena ayi ndi zinthu monga kapangidwe ndi kukhuthala kwa zinthu zosungunukazo ndiponso kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi madzi otentha kwambiri amene asungunuka m’chiphalaphalacho. Chiphalaphalacho chikamayandikira kumtunda, madzi ndi mpweya zomwe zinatsekedwa m’kati mwake zimafufuma msanga. Ngati chiphalaphala chake n’chopangidwa bwino, phiri limaphulika mofulumira ngati zomwe zimachitika mukatsegula botolo la zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi.

Koma ubwino wake ndi woti nthawi zambiri mapiri amapereka chenjezo asanaphulike. Zimenezo n’zimene zinachitika pa phiri la Pelée pa chilumba cha m’nyanja ya Caribbean cha Martinique mu 1902. Mu mzinda wapafupi ndi phirili wa St. Pierre munali  mutatsala pang’ono kuchitika chisankho, ndipo anthu andale analimbikitsa anthu kuti asachoke, ngakhale kuti m’phirilo munkatuluka phulusa, anthu ankadwala, ndipo ankachita mantha kwambiri. Ndipo masitolo ambiri anali atakhala kale otseka kwa masiku angapo.

Pa May 8 linali Tsiku Lokumbukira Kukwera Kumwamba kwa Yesu Kristu ndipo anthu ambiri anapita ku tchalitchi cha Katolika kukapemphera kuti phirilo likaphulika apulumuke. M’mawa umenewo, nthawi itangotsala pang’ono kukwana 8 koloko, phiri la Pelée linaphulika, ndipo munatuluka chiphalaphala chophatikizana ndi phulusa, makala, mpweya wotentha kwambiri, ndi zinthu zina zambiri zomwe zinali zotentha kufika madigiri seshasi 200 mpaka 500. Zinthu zonsezi zinkaoneka ngati mtambo wakuda umene unkayenda pafupi kwambiri ndi nthaka. Mtambowu unatsetserekera m’munsi mwa phirilo, unakuta mzinda wonsewo, ndipo unapha anthu pafupifupi 30,000. Unasungunulanso belu la tchalitchilo, ndipo unayatsa sitima zomwe zinali pa gombe. Kumeneku kunali kuphulika komwe kunapha anthu ambiri kuposa kuphulika kwina kulikonse m’zaka zonse za m’ma 1900. Koma sikukanapha anthu ambiri choncho anthuwo akanamvera machenjezo.

Kodi Masoka Achilengedwe Adzawonjezeka M’tsogolomu?

Bungwe lotchedwa International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies linatulutsa lipoti lonena za masoka omwe anachitika mu 2004 lotchedwa World Disasters Report 2004. M’lipotilo bungweli linati m’zaka teni zapitazi, masoka okhudzana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndi nyengo awonjezeka ndi 60 peresenti. Lipotili, limene linalembedwa matsunami owononga kwambiri a m’nyanja ya Indian Ocean a pa December 26 asanachitike, linati: “Zimenezi zikusonyeza momwe zinthu zikhalire m’tsogolomu.” Zoonadi, ngati anthu okhala m’madera amene mumachitikachitika masoka apitirizabe kuwonjezeka, ndipo ngati nkhalango zipitirirabe kupululuka, ndiye kuti m’tsogolomu zinthu sizikhala bwino.

Kuwonjezera apo, mayiko ambiri otukuka akupitirizabe kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko umene umapita m’mlengalenga. Malinga ndi nkhani imene inalembedwa ndi akonzi a magazini ya Science, kuzengereza kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani ya kuchepetsa mpweya umene ukupita m’mlengalenga “kuli ngati kukana kumwa mankhwala a matenda amene akukulirakulira. Zimatanthauza kuti padzafunika kuwononga ndalama zambiri m’tsogolo.” Ponena za ndalama zimenezo, lipoti lina la ku Canada lonena za kuchepetsa masoka linati: “Kusintha kwa nyengo tingati ndi vuto lokhudza aliyense komanso lowononga kwambiri chilengedwe kuposa vuto lina lililonse limene anthu padziko lonse anayeserapo kuthetsa.”

Koma panopa anthu padziko lonse akulephera ngakhale kugwirizana n’komwe zoti kaya zochita za anthu zimawonjezera kutentha kwa dziko kapena ayi. Ndipo m’povuta kwambiri kuti angagwirizane za momwe angathetsere vutolo. Zimenezi zikutikumbutsa mfundo yoona ya m’Baibulo yakuti: “Sikuli kwa munthu . . . kulongosola mapazi ake.” (Yeremiya 10:23) Komabe, monga momwe tionere mu nkhani yotsatira, sikuti palibe chiyembekezo chilichonse. Ndipo masoka amene tikuwaona masiku anowa, kuphatikizapo mavuto ena amene anthu akukumana nawo, zikungowonjezera umboni woti zinthu zisintha posachedwapa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

PHIRI LINAMERA M’MUNDA WA CHIMANGA

MU 1943, mlimi wa chimanga ku Mexico anaona chinthu china, osati chimanga chokha, chikumera m’munda mwake. Ali m’munda mwakemo, anaona kuti nthaka yang’ambika. Pofika tsiku lotsatira, ming’aluyo inali itasanduka kachulu kakang’ono. Mlungu wotsatira, chulucho chinakula n’kukhala ngati kaphiri kakang’ono kotalika mamita 150. Pomatha chaka, phirilo linali litatalika mamita 360. Pamapeto pake, phirilo lomwe lili pa mtunda wa mamita 2,775 kuchokera pamwamba panyanja, linatalika n’kufika mamita 430. Phirilo, lomwe dzina lake ndi Paricutín, mwadzidzidzi linasiya kuphulika mu 1952. Kuyambira chaka chimenecho mpaka pano silinaphulikenso.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

U. S. Geological Survey/Photo by R. E. Wilcox

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 24]

PAMENE MULUNGU ANAPULUMUTSA MITUNDU KU TSOKA

NJALA ndi mtundu umodzi wa tsoka lachilengedwe. Chitsanzo chimodzi chakale kwambiri cha njala yomwe inalembedwa n’cha njala yomwe inachitika ku Igupto wakale pa nthawi ya Yosefe, mwana wa Yakobo, kapena kuti Israyeli. Njalayo inatha zaka seveni, ndipo inakhudza Igupto, Kanani, ndi mayiko ena. Koma sinaphe anthu ambiri chifukwa Yehova ananeneratu za njalayo zaka seveni isanachitike. Anafotokozanso kuti zaka seveni zimenezo njalayo isanachitike zidzakhala zaka za mwanaalirenji ku Igupto. Moyang’aniridwa ndi Yosefe, amene anali woopa Mulungu, ndiponso amene Mulungu anamuchititsa kuti aikidwe kukhala nduna yaikulu ndiponso woyendetsa za chakudya, anthu a ku Igupto anasunga zakudya zambiri moti ‘analeka kuwerengera.’ Choncho dziko la Igupto linatha kudyetsa osati anthu ake okha, komanso “mayiko onse,” kuphatikizapo banja la Yosefe.—Genesis 41:49, 57; 47:11, 12.

[Zithunzi patsamba 23]

HAITI 2004 Anyamata anyamula madzi akumwa m’misewu yosefukira madzi. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwambiri kunachititsa zigumukire zoopsa

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Background: Sophia Pris/EPA/Sipa Press; inset: Carl Juste/Miami Herald/Sipa Press

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Mayiko ambiri akupitirizabe kutulutsa mpweya wotenthetsa dziko umene umapita m’mlengalenga

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Mark Henley/Panos Pictures