N’chifukwa Chiyani Anthu Ambiri Amakhala Mwamantha?

ANTHU ambiri amakhala mwamantha nthawi zonse. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri sitizindikira kuti tikukhala mwamantha, ndiponso anthu sachita kuonetseratu poyera kuti ali ndi mantha, zimaonekerabe, ndipo zimakhudza pafupifupi aliyense. Kodi n’chiyani chachititsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamantha chonchi? Nanga n’chiyani chimachititsa anthu ena kukhala ndi mantha akamachoka panyumba pawo? N’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amachita mantha ku ntchito? Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amadera nkhawa ana awo? Ndipo kodi ndi zinthu zoopsa zotani zimene zimachititsa anthu mantha m’nyumba mwawo momwe?

N’zoona kuti pali zinthu zambiri zimene zimachititsa anthu mantha, koma mu nkhani ino tiona zinthu zinayi zimene zingachititse kuti anthu azikhala mwamantha nthawi zonse. Zinthu zake ndi chiwawa cha m’mizinda, kuchitidwa zachipongwe, kugwiriridwa, ndi chiwawa cha m’banja. Poyamba, tiyeni tione chiwawa cha m’mizinda. Nkhani imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri panopa chifukwa pafupifupi theka la anthu onse pa dziko lapansi amakhala m’mizinda.

Zoopsa za M’mizinda

Mizinda yoyambirira mwina anaimanga kuti iziteteza anthu, koma anthu ambiri masiku ano amaona kuti mizinda ndi malo oopsa. Mizindayi, yomwe kale inkaonedwa kuti ndi malo achitetezo, tsopano imaonedwa kuti ndi malo ochititsa mantha. Mkatikati mwa  mzinda, mmene mumapezeka anthu ambiri, ndi malo amene anthu achifwamba amawakonda chifukwa amatha kufwamba anthu mosavuta. M’mizinda ina, madera okhala anthu osauka, kumene misewu yake imakhala ndi magetsi ochepa ndi apolisinso ochepa, ndi malo oopsa kupitako.

Sikuti manthawa amakhala okokomeza, chifukwa anthu ambiri amaphedwadi mwachiwawa. Malinga ndi lipoti la Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse, anthu 1.6 miliyoni amafa chifukwa cha ziwawa chaka chilichonse padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Africa kuno, chaka chilichonse pa anthu 100,000 aliwonse anthu pafupifupi 61 amafa chifukwa cha ziwawa.

Anthu, malo, ndi mabungwe ambiri amene kale ankaoneka ngati opereka chitetezo, tsopano amaoneka kuti ndi oopsa. Mwachitsanzo, malo ambiri osewererako ana, masukulu, ndi masitolo tsopano amaoneka kuti ndi malo amene kumachitika umbanda kwambiri. Nthawi zina atsogoleri a zipembedzo, anthu ogwira ntchito yothandiza anthu ovutika, ndi aphunzitsi, omwe ndi anthu amene amayenera kuteteza anthu, agwiritsapo mwala anthu amene ankawakhulupirira. Nkhani zomwe zikumveka zoti ena mwa anthu amenewa amagona ana zikupangitsa makolo kusafuna kusiya ana awo m’manja mwa anthu ena. Apolisi amayenera kuteteza anthu, koma m’mizinda ina apolisi amachita zakatangale kwambiri ndiponso amazunza anthu. Ngakhale kuti asilikali nawonso amayenera kuteteza anthu, m’mayiko ena anthu akukumbukirabe nkhondo zapachiweniweni pamene okondedwa awo anasowa atatengedwa ndi asilikali. Choncho m’madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi, m’malo mochepetsa mantha a anthu, apolisi ndi asilikali awonjezera manthawo.

Buku lotchedwa Citizens of Fear—Urban Violence in Latin America, linati: “Anthu okhala m’malikulu a mayiko a ku Latin America amakhala mwamantha nthawi zonse, ndipo amakhala pakati pa zochitika zoopsa kwambiri kuposa kwina kulikonse padziko lonse lapansi. M’dera lalikulu limeneli, anthu pafupifupi 140,000 amaphedwa mwachiwawa chaka chilichonse, ndipo munthu mmodzi pa anthu atatu aliwonse okhala m’dera limeneli avutikapo ndi chiwawa mwa njira inayake.” M’madera enanso a padziko lapansi, zionetsero zandale zimachitika kawirikawiri m’malikulu a mayiko. Ziwawa zikayamba kuchitika pa zionetsero zoterozo, anthu ambiri amapezerapo mpata woba m’masitolo, ndipo zimenezi zimayambitsa chipwirikiti. Mwadzidzidzi, anthu ogwira ntchito mu mzindawo akhoza kupezeka atazunguliridwa ndi gulu la anthu aukali.

M’mayiko ambiri, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka, zomwe zachititsa kuti anthu osaukawa akhale ndi chidani chachikulu mumtima. Anthu ambirimbiri amene amaona kuti akumanidwa ngakhale zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa moyo wawo akhamukirapo m’madera okhala anthu olemera n’kukaba ndi kuwononga zinthu zambiri kumeneko. Zimenezi sizinachitikepo m’mizinda ina, koma mmene zinthu zilili panopo zikuoneka kuti zikhoza kuchitika tsiku lina lililonse, kungoti palibe amene akudziwa kuti zichitika liti.

Kuopa akuba ndi anthu ochita zionetsero kungaoneke ngati n’kokwanira kuchititsa aliyense mantha, koma pali zinthu zinanso zimene zikuchititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi mantha.

Kuchitidwa Zachipongwe Kumaopsa Kwambiri

Azimayi ambiri amavutika tsiku lililonse chifukwa chowaimbira malikhweru, kuwaloza motukwana, ndi kuwayang’ana mofuna zachiwerewere. Magazini yotchedwa Asia Week inati: “Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti mkazi mmodzi pa akazi anayi aliwonse ku Japan anachitidwapo zachipongwe poyera, ndipo nthawi zambiri zachipongwezi zimachitika m’masitima. . . . Amene amachitapo kanthu akachitidwa zachipongwezi ndi anthu awiri okha pa anthu 100 aliwonse. Ambiri anati chifukwa chachikulu chimene chimawachititsa kuti angokhala phe osanena kalikonse n’choti amaopa munthu amene wawachita zachipongweyo.”

 Ku India, khalidwe lochitira akazi zachipongwe lawonjezeka kwambiri. Mtolankhani wina kumeneko anati: “Mkazi akangochoka panyumba pake amachita mantha. Paliponse pomwe akuyenda amachititsidwa manyazi ndipo amamunena zinthu zachipongwe.” Mu mzinda wina wa ku India, komwe anthu ake amanyadira kuti misewu yakumeneko ndi yosaopsa kuyendamo, munachokera lipoti lotsatirali: “Mavuto [a mzinda uno] sapezeka pamsewu koma m’maofesi. . . . Akazi 35 pa akazi 100 aliwonse amene anafunsidwa mafunso anati anachitidwapo zachipongwe kuntchito kwawo. . . . Akazi 52 pa akazi 100 aliwonse anati chifukwa choopa kuchitidwa zachipongwe ku ntchito, amalolera kugwira ntchito zimene amagwira akazi [okhaokha] . . . ngakhale kuti zimakhala za malipiro otsika.”

Kuopa Kugwiriridwa

Pali zambiri zimene akazi amaopa kuposa kuwachotsera ulemu kokha. Mwamuna akamawachitira chipongwe nthawi zina zimatanthauza kuti akhozanso kuwagwirira. M’pomveka kuti akazi ambiri amaopa kugwiriridwa kuposa ngakhale mmene amaopera kuphedwa. Mkazi akhoza kupezeka kuti mwadzidzidzi ali yekha kumalo kumene akuopa kuti akhoza kumugwirira. Akhoza kuona mwamuna amene sakumudziwa kapena amene sakumukhulupirira. Mtima wake umayamba kugunda kwambiri pamene akuona momwe zinthu zilili ndi kuganizira zochita. Amadzifunsa kuti: ‘Kodi munthu ameneyu andichita chiyani? Kodi ndingathawire kuti? Kapena ndikuwe?’ Kukumana ndi zinthu ngati zimenezi kambirimbiri kumayamba kuwononga thanzi la akazi. Anthu ambiri amasankha kukhala m’madera akutali ndi mizinda kapena sapita ku mizinda chifukwa choopa zinthu ngati zimenezi.

Buku lotchedwa The Female Fear linati: “Mantha, kuda nkhawa, ndi kuvutika maganizo, n’zinthu zoti akazi ambiri okhala m’mizinda amalimbana nazo tsiku lililonse. Mantha amene akazi amakhala nawo chifukwa choopa kugwiriridwa amawachititsa kuti nthawi zonse azikhala atcheru, okonzeka kuthawa. Amawaumitsanso thupi ngati munthu wina akuyenda pafupi nawo kwambiri kumbuyo kwawo, makamaka usiku. Akazi amakhala ndi . . . manthawa nthawi zonse.”

Chiwawa chimapweteketsa akazi ambiri. Koma tikanena za kuopa chiwawa, ndiye ndi pafupifupi akazi onse amene amaopa. Chikalata chotchedwa The State of World Population 2000, chomwe chinafalitsidwa ndi bungwe la United Nations, chinati: “Padziko lonse lapansi, pafupifupi mkazi mmodzi pa akazi atatu aliwonse anamenyedwapo, kukakamizidwa kugonana ndi mwamuna, kapena kuzunzidwa mwa njira inayake, ndipo nthawi zambiri amene anawachita zimenezi ndi munthu woti akumudziwa.” Kodi manthawa afalikira kuposa pamenepa? Kodi n’zofala bwanji kuti anthu azikhala mwamantha ngakhale m’nyumba mwawo momwe?

Kuopa Chiwawa Panyumba

Khalidwe lomenya akazi panyumba kuti azigonjera amuna awo ndi khalidwe lonyansa kwambiri limene limachitika padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ndi posachedwa pomwepa pamene layamba kuonedwa ngati mlandu m’mayiko ambiri. Ku India, lipoti lina linati “pafupifupi akazi 45 pa akazi 100 aliwonse ku India amamenyedwa mbama, kumenyedwa theche, kapena kumenyedwa zibakera ndi amuna awo.” Kumenya akazi ndi vuto lalikulu limene likuwopseza miyoyo ya akazi ambiri padziko lonse. Bungwe lofufuza milandu lotchedwa Federal Bureau of Investigation linati chiwerengero cha akazi a zaka zapakati pa 15 ndi 44 ku United States amene amavulala chifukwa chomenyedwa kunyumba n’chachikulu kwambiri. Chiwerengerochi chimaposa chiwerengero cha akazi onse amene amavulala chifukwa cha ngozi zagalimoto, kumenyedwa ndi achifwamba, kapena kugwiriridwa, tikawaphatikiza pamodzi. Choncho kumenya akazi panyumba n’koopsa kwambiri kuposa mkangano wa apo ndi apo umene umathera m’kumenyana mapama. Akazi ambiri amaopa kuti avulala kapena aphedwa panyumba pawo. Kafukufuku amene anachitika ku Canada anasonyeza kuti mkazi mmodzi pa akazi atatu aliwonse amene anamenyedwapo kunyumba, pa nthawi ina anaopako kuti akhoza kuphedwa. Ku United States, anthu awiri ochita kafukufuku anapeza kuti: “Kunyumba n’kumene kuli koopsa kwambiri kwa akazi ndipo n’kumene nthawi zambiri kumachitika nkhanza ndi chizunzo.”

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani akazi ambiri amapitirizabe kukhala ndi anthu oopsa oterowo? Anthu ambiri amadabwa kuti: ‘N’chifukwa chiyani sapita kukafuna thandizo? Bwanji sachoka panyumbapo?’ Yankho lake, nthawi zambiri, n’loti amachita mantha. Akuti pafupifupi nthawi zonse, akazi amene amamenyedwa kunyumba amakhala mwamantha kwambiri. Amuna ankhanza nthawi zambiri amalamulira akazi awo mwa kuwamenya, ndiyeno amawatseka pakamwa powaopseza kuti akaulula awapha. Ndipo ngakhale mkazi womenyedwayo akalimba mtima kuti akafune thandizo, si nthawi zonse pamene amapezadi thandizolo. Anthu ambiri, ngakhale amene amanyansidwa kwambiri ndi chiwawa chamtundu wina, amachepetsa, kunyalanyaza, kapena kulungamitsa chiwawa  chimene amuna amachitira akazi awo. Komanso, kunjaku mwamunayo akhoza kumaoneka kuti ndi munthu wabwino kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri anzake sakhulupirira kuti amamenyadi mkazi wake. Chifukwa choti anthu sakuwakhulupirira ndiponso chifukwa chosowa kolowera, akazi ambiri omenyedwa amaona kuti palibenso chomwe angachite kuposa kumangokhala ndi mantha nthawi zonse.

Akazi omenyedwa amene amalimbadi mtima n’kuchoka, nthawi zina amayamba kuvutika ndi vuto lina. Vuto lake limakhala loti amuna awowo amayamba kuwalondalonda. Ku North America, kafukufuku waposachedwapa wa akazi opitirira 1,000 okhala m’boma la Louisiana anasonyeza kuti akazi opitirira 150 anati amuna awo anawalondalondapo. Tangoganizirani momwe amachitira mantha. Munthu amene anakuwopsezanipo amangoti tulukiru! kulikonse komwe inuyo mwapita. Amakuimbirani foni, kukutsatirani, kukuyang’anitsitsani, ndi kukudikirirani. Mwina mpaka angaphe galu kapena mphaka wanu. Cholinga chake n’choti muzingokhala ndi mantha nthawi zonse.

Mwina inuyo simuchita mantha ngati amenewo. Koma kodi mantha amakhudza motani zinthu zimene mumachita tsiku lililonse?

Kodi Mantha Amakuchititsani Zinthu Mwanjira Inayake?

Popeza timakhala ndi mantha nthawi zonse, mwina sitingadziwe kuti ndi zinthu zingati zimene timachita tsiku lililonse zomwe timazichita mwanjira imeneyo chifukwa cha mantha. Kodi ndi nthawi zochuluka bwanji pamene mantha amakuchititsani zinthu mwanjira inayake?

Kodi kuopa ziwawa kwachititsa kuti inuyo kapena anthu a m’banja mwanu musamafike panyumba usiku muli nokha? Kodi mantha amakuchititsani kuti musamakwere basi? Kodi kuopa kuyenda ulendo wautali kupita ku ntchito kwakuchititsani kukana ntchito inayake? Kapena kodi kuopa antchito anzanu kapena kuopa anthu amene mungafunike kuchita nawo zinthu kwakuchititsani kukana ntchito yamtundu winawake? Kodi mantha akuchititsani kusankha kapena kukana zosangalatsa za mtundu winawake? Mwina kuopa kukumana ndi anthu oledzera kapena gulu la anthu osalamulirika kwakuchititsani kupewa kukaonerera masewero ndi zosangalatsa zinazake? Kodi mantha akuchititsani kuti muzichita kapena musamachite zinthu zinazake ku sukulu? Kwa makolo ambiri, kuopa kuti ana awo angalowerere n’kumene kumawachititsa kusankha masukulu enaake kuti ana awo azikaphunzira kumeneko. N’kumenenso kumachititsa kuti makolo ambiri azikatenga ana awo ku sukulu pa galimoto pamene anawo akanatha kuyenda pansi kapena kukwera basi popita kunyumba.

Zoonadi, anthu akukhala mwamantha nthawi zonse. Koma takhala tikuopa chiwawa kwa nthawi yaitali m’mbiri yonse ya anthu. Kodi tingayembekezere kuti zinthu zidzasinthadi? Kodi n’zosatheka kukhala mopanda mantha? Kapena kodi pali zifukwa zomveka zoyembekezera kuti m’tsogolo muno anthu sadzaopanso choipa chilichonse?