Chifukwa Chake Mgwirizano Uli Wofunika Kwambiri

“Palibe chamoyo chimene chimakhala pachokha, chilichonse chili ndi mgwirizano ndi zamoyo zina, mwachindunji kapena mwa njira zina.” —Limatero buku lotchedwa “Symbiosis—An Introduction to Biological Associations.”

ZACHILENGEDWE zimafunikadi kugwirizana, chifukwa choti m’chilengedwe zinthu zimadalirana m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Anthu nawonso amadalirana ndi zamoyo zambiri. Kuti muone umboni wa zimenezi, simuchita kufunikira kuyang’ana kutali ayi. Tangoganizirani zimene zimachitika m’thupi lanulo. Tizilombo tambirimbiri tosaoneka ndi maso paokha timagwira ntchito mwakachetechete m’mimba mwanu, kukuthandizani kukhala athanzi popha tizilombo todwalitsa ndiponso pothandiza kugaya zakudya ndi kupanga mavitamini ofunika m’thupi. Monga malipiro awo, inuyo mumapatsa tizilomboto zakudya ndi malo abwino okhala.

Pakati pa zinyama palinso mgwirizano wofanana ndi umenewu, makamaka pakati pa nyama zimene zimabzikula, monga ng’ombe, mphalapala, ndi nkhosa. M’chigawo choyamba cha chifu chawo chokhala ndi zigawozigawo, mumakhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana timene timagwira ntchito mogwirizana. Tizilombo timeneti timagaya udzu kuti usanduke chakudya. Ngakhale tizilombo tina timene timadya udzu, monga nsensenya, mphemvu, njenjete, chiswe, ndi mavu, timakhala ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso m’mimba mwawo kuti titithandize kugaya chakudya.

Zimenezi ndi zitsanzo za kudalirana kwa zamoyo za mitundu yosiyana. * Tom Wakeford ananena m’buku  lake lotchedwa Liaisons of Life kuti: “Migwirizano yoteroyo ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo za mtundu uliwonse zikule.” Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani kaye za dothi, chifukwa mu dothi ndi mmene zamoyo zambiri za padziko lapansi pano zimachokera.

Mu Dothi Mumakhala Zamoyo Zambiri

Baibulo limati dothi lili ndi mphamvu. (Genesis 4:12) Zimenezi n’zoonadi, chifukwa mu dothi mumakhala zamoyo zambiri. M’dothi mumamera zinthu zambiri, ndipo n’lodzazadi ndi zamoyo. Mu dothi lolemera kilogalamu imodzi yokha mukhoza kupezeka mabakiteriya opitirira mabiliyoni 500, mafangayi wani biliyoni, ndiponso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tokwana mamiliyoni 500, kuphatikizapo nyongolotsi. Zambiri mwa zamoyo zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kugaya zinthu monga masamba ndi ndowe n’kuzisandutsa chakudya cha zomera. Zimasinthanso zinthu zimenezi n’kuzisandutsa mpweya umene zomera zimagwiritsa ntchito kuti zipange zakudya zawo kuchokera ku dzuwa.

Zomera monga nyemba, mtedza, nsawawa, ndi soya zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mabakiteriya, ndipo mabakiteriyawa amalowa m’mizu ya zomera zimenezi. Koma m’malo mowononga zomerazi, mabakiteriyawa amathandiza mizuyo kumera tinthu tinatake tozungulira. Kenaka mabakiteriyawa amalowa m’tinthu timeneti ndipo amakula kwambiri. Ntchito yawo ndi yothandiza kuti zakudya za munthaka zisinthe, zikhale zoti zomera zikhoza kugwiritsa ntchito. Monga malipiro awo, mabakiteriyawo amapeza chakudya kuchokera ku zomerazo.

Mafangayi nawonso amathandiza kwambiri kuti zomera zikule. Ndipotu, pafupifupi mtengo uliwonse, chitsamba chilichonse, kapena udzu uliwonse, uli ndi mgwirizano winawake ndithu ndi mafangayi. Mafangayiwa nawonso amalowa m’mizu, mmene amakathandiza zomera kuyamwa madzi ndi michere ina yofunika ya mu nthaka. Monga malipiro awo, mafangayiwo, omwe sangathe kupanga chakudya pawokha chifukwa alibe mphamvu yopanga chakudya kuchokera ku dzuwa, amapeza chakudya chawo ku zomerazo.

Pali maluwa enaake amene amadalira kwambiri mafangayi. Akamamera m’tchire, mgwirizano wa maluwa amenewa ndi mafangayi umayamba ndi nthanga zokhala ngati fumbi za maluwawo, zimene zimafunika thandizo lochokera ku mafangayi kuti zithe kumera. Mafangayi amathandizanso mtengo wa maluwawa chifukwa choti mizu yake imakhala yaing’onoing’ono. Wakeford anati, mafangayi “amakhala ndi dongosolo labwino kwambiri lopezera chakudya limene limathandiza maluwawa kupeza zakudya zonse zomwe amafunikira. Monga malipiro, [mafangayiwa] amapeza mavitamini pang’ono ndi zakudya zina zofunika kuchokera ku mtengo wa maluwawa. Koma thandizo limene maluwawa amapatsa mafangayiwo lili ndi polekezera pake. Mafangayiwo akayamba kulowerera ku mbali zina za mtengowo kuchoka ku mizu ya maluwawa kumene amayenera kukhala, maluwawa amawapopera mankhwala achilengedwe owaletsa kuti asalowerere kumtengo wa maluwawa.”

Zomera zimene zimatulutsa maluwa zimakhala ndi migwirizano ndi zamoyo zina kuwonjezera pa migwirizano ya mu dothi. Zimakhalanso ndi migwirizano ina yoonekera kunja.

Kugwirizana Kumathandiza Kuti Zamoyo Ziziberekana

Njuchi ikatera pa duwa, imakhala itayambitsa mgwirizano ndi mtengo womwe watulutsa maluwawo. Njuchiyo imapeza timadzi totsekemera ndi mungu kuchokera ku duwalo pamene duwalo limawazidwa mungu wochokera ku maluwa ena a mtundu womwewo. Zimenezi zimathandiza zomera zotulutsa maluwa kuti ziberekane. Maluwa akawazidwa mungu wochokera ku maluwa ena, amasiya kupanga chakudya. Kodi tizilombo timadziwa bwanji kuti duwa ili lasiya kupanga chakudya? Maluwawo amatiuza tizilomboto m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwina amasiya kununkhira, amayoyoka, kapena amayang’ana mbali ina kapena kusintha mtundu, mwina posiya kuwala. Mwina zimenezi zingatikhumudwitse ifeyo, koma zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri kwa njuchi zimene zimagwira ntchito mwakhama, chifukwa tsopano zikhoza kumakafuna maluwa ena amene akupangabe chakudya.

M’zaka zaposachedwapa, tizilombo timene timanyamula mungu, makamaka njuchi, tayamba kutha kwambiri m’madera ena. Zimenezi n’zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri, chifukwa zomera zambiri zimene zimatulutsa maluwa zimadalira tizilombo kuti tizinyamula mungu wawo kupititsa ku zomera zina. Kuwonjezera apo, chakudya chambiri chimene ifeyo timadya chimachokera ku zomera zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi njuchi kuti zifalitse mungu wawo n’kutha kuberekana.

Nyerere Zopezeka M’munda

Palinso nyerere zinazake zimene zili ndi mgwirizano ndi zomera. Pothokoza chifukwa chopeza chakudya ndi malo abwino okumba mauna awo, nyerere zimenezi zikhoza kubweretsa mungu kwa zomerazo  kuti zithe kubereka, kufalitsa nthanga zake, kuthandiza kuzipezera zakudya, kapena kuziteteza ku nyama zodya zomera, kapenanso tizilombo. Mtundu winawake wa nyerere umene umakhala mkati mwa minga za mtengo wa kesha umawononga ziyangoyango zomwe zingawononge mtengowo. Nyererezo zimaona ziyangoyangozo zikamayenda pamalo ozungulira mtengowo. Mtengo wa keshawo umathokoza nyererezo pozipatsa timadzi totsekemera chifukwa cha ntchito yake yabwino youlimirira.

Koma pali nyerere zina zimene zimakonda ntchito yoweta nyama, ndipo nyama zimene zimawetazo ndi nsabwe za m’masamba zimene zimatulutsa timadzi totsekemera zikakandidwa ndi tinyanga ta nyerere. Ponena za nsabwe za m’masamba, buku lotchedwa Symbiosis limati: “Nyerere zimasamalira nsabwe zimenezi ngati ng’ombe chifukwa tingati zimakama timadzi totsekemera ta nsabwezo ngati zikukama mkaka ndipo zimaziteteza ku nyama zodya zinzawo.” Mofanana ndi momwe mlimi wa ng’ombe za mkaka angaikire ng’ombe zakezo m’khola usiku, nyerere nthawi zambiri zimanyamula nsabwe za m’masamba kuzipititsa ku mauna awo otetezeka usiku, ndipo m’mawa zimakazisiya ku busa. Nthawi zambiri zimakazisiya pamalo pamene pali masamba anthete ndi opatsa thanzi. Ndipo sikuti nyererezi zimangosamalira nsabwe zowerengeka chabe ayi. Nyerere zikhoza kumaweta nsabwe zambirimbiri, zokwana masauzande angapo mu una umodzi.

 Mitundu inayake ya gulugufe ikakhala ikadali mbozi imasamaliridwanso ndi nyerere. Mwachitsanzo, gulugufe winawake wamkulu wa buluu ali ndi mgwirizano ndi linthumbu. Ndipotu gulugufe ameneyu sangathe kukula popanda kuthandizidwa ndi linthumbu. Akakhala mbozi zimene zikakula zimadzasanduka gulugufeyo, amalipira linthumbulo polipatsa zinthu zotsekemera zimene amatulutsa. Kenaka, mbozizo zikakula gulugufe n’kutuluka mu chikwa, amachoka mu una wa linthumbulo bwinobwino popanda kupwetekedwa.

Kukhala ndi Nyama Zolusa

Inuyo mutakhala mbalame, kodi mungabweretse njoka yamoyo m’chisa chanu? Mwina mungayankhe kuti, “sindingayerekeze!” Komatu pali kadzidzi winawake amene amachita zimenezo. Amabweretsa njoka ya chilele m’chisa chake. M’malo mopweteka anapiye a kadzidziyo, njokayo imadya nyerere, ntchentche, ndi tizilombo tina ndi mbozi kapena zikwa za tizilombo timeneti. Malinga ndi lipoti limene linalembedwa mu magazini ya New Scientist, anapiye oleredwa ndi chilele m’chisa mwawo “amakula msanga ndipo savutika akachoka m’chisamo n’kukhala paokha” kusiyana ndi amene analeredwa popanda njoka imeneyi. Njokayi imagwira ntchito yokonza m’chisamo kuti mukhale moyera.

Mbalame inayake yokhala m’mphepete mwa mtsinje imakhalira limodzi ndi ng’ona osati njoka, ndipo imakonda kumanga chisa chake pafupi ndi ng’ona. Iyo imatero ngakhale kuti ng’ona zimakonda kudya mbalame zinazake. Komabe, m’malo modyedwa ndi ng’onayo, mbalame imeneyi imakhala ngati mlonda wa ng’onayo. Kukamabwera choopsa kufupi ndi chisa cha mbalameyo kapena ng’onayo, mbalameyi imalira pochenjeza ng’onayo. Ngati ng’onayo inachoka, ikamva kulirako imabwera mothamanga.

Kuchotsa Nthata ndi Tizilombo Tina

Kodi munaonapo mbalame monga akakowa atakwera pamsana pa mbawala, ng’ombe, kadyansonga, akujompha pakhungu pawo? M’malo movutitsa nyamazo, mbalamezo zimakhala zikuzithandiza podya nsabwe, nthata, ndi tizilombo tina timene nyamazo sizingathe kuchotsa pazokha. Mbalamezi  zimadyanso minofu yowola ndi mphutsi. Ndipo mbalame zina mpaka zimafika polira pofuna kudziwitsa nyamazo kukamabwera zoopsa.

Chifukwa choti mvuu zimakhala m’madzi, zimatsukidwa ndi mbalame komanso nsomba. Mvuu ikakhala m’madzi, nsomba zinazake zimaichotsa ndere, mfundu, ndi tizilombo, tingoti chilichonse chomwe chamatirira pa khungu la mvuuyo. Zimatsuka ngakhale mano ndi nkhama za mvuuyo! Palinso nsomba za mitundu ina zimene zimathandiza pa ntchito imeneyi. Zina zimatsuka zilonda ndipo zina zimagwiritsa ntchito milomo yawo italiitali kujompha pakati pa zala za mvuuyo ndi pamalo ena ovuta kufikira.

Koma nsomba nazonso zimakopa zinthu zina zimene zimamatirira pakhungu pawo ndipo zimafunika wina woti azichotse zinthu ngati nkhanu, ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso tokhala pakhungu, nsabwe, ndi minofu yowola. Kuti zichotsedwe zinthu zimenezi, nsomba nthawi zambiri zimapita pa malo amene zimakatsukidwa. Zikafika pamenepo, nsomba zosiyanasiyana zooneka zowala ndi zina zangati nkhanu zimazitsuka bwinobwino, ndipo monga malipiro ake, nsomba zotsuka zinzakezi zimapezapo chakudya. Nsomba zikuluzikulu mwina zimakhala ndi gulu la nsomba zambirimbiri zozitsuka.

Nsomba zimene zikufuna kutsukidwa zili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosonyezera kuti zikufuna kutsukidwa. Mwachitsanzo, zina zimaima modabwitsa kwambiri, mwina kuika mutu pansi, mchira m’mwamba. Kapena mwina zimatsegula kukamwa ndiponso makutu awo, ngati kuti zikunena kuti: “Lowani. Sindikulumani.” Nsomba zotsuka zinzawozo zimalowadi msangamsanga, ngakhale nsomba imene ikufuna kutsukidwayo ikhale yoopsa yodya zinzake, monga mkunga kapena shaki. Nsomba zina zikamatsukidwa zimasintha mtundu, mwina kuti tizilombo tomwe tili pakhungu lawo tizioneka bwino. Buku lotchedwa Animal Partnerships limati nsomba za m’nyanja ya m’chere zokhala m’malo owetera nsomba mmene mulibe nsomba zotsuka zinzawo, “zimangoti tizilombo kholophethe! pakapita nthawi ndipo zimadwala. Koma akangoika nsomba yotsuka zinzake m’malo owetera nsombawo, imayamba kuzitsuka bwinobwino, ndipo nsomba zina zimakhala pamzere wodikirira kuti nazonso zitsukidwe, ngati kuti zikudziwa chomwe chikuchitika.”

Tikamaphunzira zambiri, m’pamenenso timangoti kukamwa yasa!, kusowa chonena, poona mgwirizano ndi kudalirana komwe kuli m’chilengedwe. Mofanana ndi anthu oimba mu bandi, chamoyo chilichonse chili ndi ntchito imene chimachita, kupangitsa kuti moyo, kuphatikizapo moyo wa anthu, ukhale wotheka ndiponso wosangalatsa. Zoonadi, umenewu ndi umboni woti zinthu zinakonzedwa mwanzeru kwambiri ndi Wokonza Zinthu Waluso Kwambiri!—Genesis 1:31; Chivumbulutso 4:11.

Amene Amasokoneza Mgwirizano

N’zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri kuti anthu nthawi zambiri amasonyeza kuti alibe mgwirizano ndi zachilengedwe. Mosiyana ndi zinyama, zimene nthawi zambiri zimangochita zinthu motsatira mmene zinalengedwera, anthu amachita zinthu pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Zifukwa zake ndi monga chikondi ndi makhalidwe ena abwino, komanso chidani ndi kudzikonda.

Popeza kuti anthu ambiri masiku ano akuoneka kuti akuchita zinthu chifukwa chodzikonda, anthu ambiri akuda nkhawa akaganizira za tsogolo la dziko lathuli. (2 Timoteo 3:1-5) Koma amaiwala zoti kunja kuno kuli Mlengi. Zolinga za Mulungu zikadzakwaniritsidwa padziko lapansi, zinthu zonse zizidzayenda bwino m’chilengedwe. Padzakhalanso mgwirizano wabwino kwambiri pakati pa zamoyo zonse, kuphatikizapo anthu.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Zomera Zamitundu Iwiri Zolumikizana

Zinthu zokhakhala zooneka ngati bowa, zotuwa kapena zooneka ngati ndere zimene mumaziona nthawi zambiri pa miyala kapena pa makungwa a mitengo mwina ndi zomera zimene ena amazitcha kuti matchwe. Anthu ena amati n’kutheka kuti pali mitundu 20,000 ya matchwe. Matchwe akhoza kuoneka ngati chinthu chimodzi, koma zoona zake n’zoti ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi zinthu za mitundu iwiri, bowa ndi ndere.

Kodi n’chifukwa chiyani zinthu ziwirizi zimalumikizana? Bowa sungathe kupanga wokha chakudya. Choncho pogwiritsa ntchito timaulusi tosaoneka ndi maso, bowa umalumikizana ndi ndere, zomwe zimatha kupanga chakudya kuchokera ku dzuwa. China mwa chakudyachi chimatuluka mu nderemo ndipo chimalowa m’bowawo. Nderezo zimapindulapo chifukwa zimalandira chinyezi kuchokera kwa bowawo ndipo zimatetezedwa ku dzuwa lamphamvu.

Wasayansi wina mwa nthabwala anati matchwe ndi “bowa umene watulukira luso lolima zakudya.” Ndipotu tingati matchwe amaudziwadi bwino ulimiwu, chifukwa malinga ndi buku lotchedwa Liaisons of Life, matchwe “amakuta dera lalikulu kuwirikiza kateni kuposa limene nkhalango za kumalo otentha zimakuta padziko lonse lapansi.” Amapezeka ku malo ozizira a kumpoto kwenikweni mpaka kummwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi ndipo amathanso kumera pamsana pa tizilombo tina!

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 8]

 Mgwirizano Wodabwitsa wa Pansi pa Nyanja

Matanthwe a pansi pa nyanja opangidwa ndi zamoyo amakhala ndi tizilombo ting’onoting’ono ndi ndere. Nderezo zimamera paliponse pamene zapeza kampata m’thupi mwa tizilomboto, ndipo n’zimene zimachititsa kuti matanthwewa azioneka okongola kwambiri. Ndipo nthawi zambiri nderezo zimalemera kwambiri kuposa tizilomboto, mwina kuwirikiza katatu, choncho matanthwewa amakhala ndi ndere zambiri kuposa tizilombo. Ntchito yaikulu ya nderezo ndi yopanga chakudya kuchokera ku dzuwa. Chambiri mwa chakudyachi nderezo zimapatsa tizilombo timene tikuzisungato ngati malipiro a malo amene zikukhalapowo. Tizilomboto timafunikira chakudyachi osati kuti tikhale ndi moyo chabe komanso kuti tizipanga mafupa olimba amene timamangira matanthwe a pansi pa nyanjawo.

Nderezo zimapindula ndi mgwirizano umenewu m’njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri. Njira yoyamba n’njakuti zimapeza chakudya kuchokera ku manyowa ndi mpweya umene tizilomboto timatulutsa. Njira yachiwiri n’njakuti zimatetezedwa ndi mafupa olimba a tizilomboto. Ndere zimafunikanso kuwala kwa dzuwa, choncho matanthwe a pansi pa nyanja amapezeka m’malo okhala ndi madzi oyera momwe kuwala kwa dzuwa kumafika pansi.

Matanthwe a pansi pa nyanjawa akamawonongeka, mwina chifukwa cha kutentha kwa madzi, tizilomboto timakankhira nderezo kunja kwa thupi lake ndipo mtundu wa tizilomboto umasintha. Zikatero tizilomboto tikhoza kufa chifukwa chosowa zakudya. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, asayansi aona kuti matanthwe a pansi pa nyanja akuwonongeka kwambiri m’njira imeneyi padziko lonse lapansi.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Kutsanzira Mgwirizano wa Mbalame

Ndege ziwiri zinauluka m’malere ngati mbalame zomwe zikuulukira limodzi moyandikana kwambiri. Koma uwu sunali ulendo wamba. Anali kafukufuku wa sayansi wotsanzira zomwe anapeza atafufuza mbalame zinazake zokhala ngati atsekwe. Ochita kafukufuku anapeza kuti mbalamezi zikamaulukira limodzi moyandikana zimakwera m’mwamba kwambiri chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi mbalame zomwe zili patsogolo pawo. Zotsatira zake n’zoti mitima yawo sigunda kwambiri ngati mmene imagundira zikakhala kuti zikuuluka pazokhapazokha. Kodi ndege zingathenso kuuluka bwino potsatira njira yomweyi?

Kuti apeze yankho, akatswiri a sayansi anaika zida zamagetsi zapamwamba mu ndege inayake yoyeserera. Zidazo zinathandiza woyendetsa ndegeyo kutha kuyendetsa ndege yakeyo pakamtunda kenakake kosatalikirana kwambiri ndi ndege ina imene inali patsogolo pake pa mtunda wa mamita 90. Kodi zotsatirapo zake zinali zotani? Ndegeyo inkathamanga bwino kwambiri kusiyana ndi momwe inkachitira ikakhala yokha, ndiponso sinkatha mafuta kwambiri. Ochita kafukufuku akukhulupirira kuti zimene apezazi zingadzathandize ndege za nkhondo ndi za anthu wamba m’tsogolo muno.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Jets: NASA Dryden Flight Research Center; birds: © Joyce Gross

[Zithunzi patsamba 5]

M’chifu cha ng’ombe mumakhala tizilombo tambirimbiri tosiyanasiyana timene timagwira ntchito mogwirizana (atikulitsa pachithunzi chapambalicho)

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Inset: Melvin Yokoyama and Mario Cobos, Michigan State University

[Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Njuchi zimathandiza zomera zokhala ndi maluwa kuti ziberekane

[Chithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Ng’ombe ndi kakowa

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Nyama yokhala ngati nkhanu yamadonthomadontho yotsuka zinzake ili pa chamoyo chinachake chokhala m’madzi

[Chithunzi patsamba 10]

Nsomba yokhala ngati gulugufe ili ndi kansomba kotsuka zinzake