“Ntchito Imene Anthu Ambiri Amagwira Padziko Lonse”

Chaka chilichonse, anthu opitirira 600 miliyoni amapita kukayenda ku mayiko ena. Anthu enanso ambirimbiri amayenda m’dziko mwawo momwemo, kuti akagwire ntchito kapena akasangalale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mabizinesi okhudzana ndi ntchito zokopa alendo, amene amaphatikizapo mahotela, makampani a ndege, makampani okonza za maulendo, ndi mabizinesi ena amene amathandiza anthu a paulendo, amadziwika kuti ndi “ntchito imene anthu ambiri amagwira padziko lonse.”

PADZIKO lonse lapansi, malonda okhudzana ndi ntchito zokopa alendo amabweretsa ndalama zokwana pafupifupi madola mathililiyoni anayi chaka chilichonse. Anthu amene ali paulendo wokaona malo enaake ochititsa chidwi sangaganize kuti ali mbali ya gulu lolimbikitsa mtendere, koma mmenemo ndi mmene bungwe la United Nations loona zokopa alendo lotchedwa UN World Tourism Organization limafotokozera ntchito zokopa alendo. M’chaka cha 2004, Francesco Frangialli, yemwe ndi mkulu wa bungweli, anauza anthu amene anasonkhana pa msonkhano wokonzedwa ndi nduna ina yaikulu ku Middle East kuti: “Ntchito zokopa alendo n’zogwirizana kwambiri ndi ntchito zolimbikitsa mtendere. Mphamvu zimene ntchito zokopa alendo zili nazo n’zazikulu kwambiri moti zikhoza kusintha zinthu zimene zinkaoneka ngati sizingasinthe ndipo zikhoza kubweretsa mgwirizano pamalo pamene pankaoneka ngati sipangakhale mgwirizano.”

Kodi ntchito zokopa alendo, zimene zili ndi mphamvu yaikulu choterezi, zinayamba bwanji? Kodi n’zoonadi kuti ntchito zokopa alendo zimathandiza anthu? Ndipo kodi “mphamvu zimene ntchito zokopa alendo zili nazo” zingabweretsedi mtendere?

Nthawi Imene Ntchito Zokopa Alendo Zinafika Pachimake

Ntchito zokopa alendo zamakono ku mayiko a azungu zinayamba kwenikweni m’zaka za m’ma 1800. Chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ntchito za mafakitale, anthu opeza bwino anachuluka ku Ulaya ndi ku  United States. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ambiri akhale ndi ndalama komanso nthawi yoti akhoza kupita kokayenda.

Kuwonjezera apo, njira zoyendera zinapita patsogolo kwambiri. Sitima zamphamvu zinayamba kutenga anthu pakati pa mizinda ikuluikulu, ndipo sitima zapanyanja zikuluzikulu zinayamba kutenga anthu okayenda ku makontinenti ena. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu apaulendo kumeneku, mahotela akuluakulu anamangidwa pafupi ndi masiteshoni a sitima ndi madoko ofikira sitima zapanyanja.

M’chaka cha 1841, Mngelezi wina wabizinesi dzina lake Thomas Cook anaona kuti akhoza kuphatikiza mabizinesi onsewa pamodzi. Iye anali munthu woyamba kukonzera anthu apaulendo zonse zokhudza mayendedwe, malo okhala, ndi zinthu zokachita ku malo kumene akupitako akakhala patchuthi. Mkulu wina wa boma la Britain dzina lake William Gladstone ananenapo m’zaka za m’ma 1860 kuti: “Chifukwa cha njira yomwe anaitulukira a Cook, anthu ambiri osiyanasiyana kwa nthawi yoyamba apezeka kuti angathe kupita ku mayiko ena ndipo awadziwa bwino mayikowa. Zimenezi sizinawachititse kuti asiye kuwakonda mayikowa, koma m’malo mwake zawachititsa kuti aziwamvetsa bwino.”

Kupita Patsogolo M’zaka za M’ma 1900

N’zomvetsa chisoni kuti ngakhale kuti anthu anayamba kudziwana bwino ndi anthu a m’mayiko ena chifukwa cha ntchito zokopa alendo, zimenezi sizinalepheretse kuyambika kwa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900. Koma m’malo mowononga ntchito zokopa alendo, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi kupita patsogolo pa ntchito za luso kumene kunayamba chifukwa cha nkhondo zimenezo, kunachititsa kuti ntchito zokopa alendo zipite patsogolo kwambiri.

Ulendo wa pandege unakhala wotsika mtengo ndiponso wofulumira kwambiri, misewu yodutsa mayiko ambirimbiri inamangidwa, ndipo magalimoto anafala. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1900, kupita ku tchuthi ndi kupita kokaona malo zinakhala zinthu zofala pakati pa anthu a kumayiko a azungu, ndipo anthu olemera ndi osauka omwe ankakwanitsa kuchita zimenezi. Kuwonjezera apo, anthu ambiri anagula ma TV ndipo anayamba kuona zithunzi za malo okongola a m’mayiko ena. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kufunitsitsa kupita ku madera amenewo.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1960, anthu amene ankapita kukayenda ku mayiko ena anakwana 70 miliyoni pachaka. Pofika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1990, chiwerengero chimenecho chinawonjezeka kwambiri n’kufika pa anthu opitirira 500 miliyoni! Padziko lonse lapansi, malo ambirimbiri ogona alendo anamangidwa kuti alendo ochokera ku mayiko kwina ndi ochokera m’dziko momwemo azikhalako. Anthu amene sanali kuchita bizinesi yokopa alendo mwachindunji anapindulanso, chifukwa anthu odzacheza kuchokera ku mayiko ena amagula zakudya ndi zakumwa zochuluka ndipo amawononganso ndalama zambiri pogula ndi kulipirira zinthu zina zambiri.

Masiku ano ntchito zokopa alendo n’zofunika kwambiri pa chuma cha mayiko oposa 125. Posonyeza phindu limene ntchito zokopa alendo zingabweretse, lipoti limene bungwe la UN World Tourism Organization linatulutsa mu 2004 linafotokoza kuti ntchito zokopa alendo zikhoza kuthetsa umphawi mwa kuyambitsa mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono okhudzana ndi kukopa alendo. Anthu akamagwira ntchito zimenezi, zingawachititse kuti “aziganizira kwambiri za chilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe.”

Koma mwina mungafunse kuti: ‘Kodi ntchito zokopa alendo zingachite bwanji zinthu zimenezi? Ndipo kodi zingathandize bwanji zinthu zachilengedwe?’

Kulimbikitsa Anthu Kukaona Zachilengedwe N’cholinga Choteteza Zachilengedwezo

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, asayansi ena ndi anthu opanga mafilimu anayamba kulimbikitsa zoteteza nkhalango ndi matanthwe a pansi pa nyanja opangidwa ndi zamoyo zing’onozing’ono, komanso zinyama zimene zimadalira zinthu zachilengedwe zimenezi. Malipoti amene anafalitsidwa komanso mafilimu a zachilengedwe amene anatulutsidwa chifukwa cha zimenezi anachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azifuna kupita kukaona zinthu zachilengedwe zochititsa chidwizi. Mabizinesi ang’onoang’ono amene anayamba pofuna kusamalira asayansi ndi anthu opanga mafilimuwa anawonjezeka n’kuyambanso kusamalira anthu ambiri okonda zachilengedwe amene anabwera kudzaona zimenezi.

 Maulendo okaona zachilengedwe afala kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zokonza maulendo amenewa ndi zimene zikuwonjezeka kwambiri kuposa ntchito zina zonse zokopa alendo. Ndipo kulimbikitsa anthu kukaona zinthu zodabwitsa zachilengedwe kwabweretsa phindu lalikulu la ndalama. Mtolankhani wina dzina lake Martha S. Honey anafotokoza kuti: “M’mayiko ena, ntchito zokopa alendo zokhudzana ndi zachilengedwe zinawonjezeka kwambiri ndipo n’zimene zinayamba kubweretsa ndalama zambiri zochokera kunja kuposa ntchito zina zilizonse. Zinaposa ndalama zochokera ku ulimi wa nthochi ku Costa Rica, ulimi wa khofi ku Tanzania ndi ku Kenya, ndi zochokera ku nsalu ndi zibangili, ndolo, ndi zina zotero ku India.”

Choncho ntchito zokopa alendo zachititsa anthu kukhala ofunitsitsa kuteteza zomera ndi zinyama chifukwa zikuwabweretsera ndalama. Honey anati “ku Kenya, akuti mkango umodzi umabweretsa ndalama zokwana madola 7,000 pachaka zochokera kwa anthu odzacheza m’dzikomo, ndipo gulu la njovu limabweretsa ndalama zokwana madola 610,000 pachaka.” Matanthwe a pansi pa nyanja opangidwa ndi zamoyo zing’onozing’ono a ku Hawaii akuti amabweretsa ndalama zokwana madola 360 miliyoni chaka chilichonse zochokera kwa anthu amene amabwera kudzaona malo okongolawa.

Kudziwa Ulendo Umene Ulidi Wokaona Zachilengedwe

Lipoti la United Nations Environment Programme lotchedwa Ecotourism: Principles, Practices and Policies for Sustainability linati: “Mabizinesi ambiri a maulendo ndi zokopa alendo akukonda zomalemba kuti, ‘kukaona zachilengedwe’ m’mabuku awo, ndipo mayiko ambiri agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri mawu amenewa potsatsa mayiko awowo kwa anthu ofuna kukaona malo. Koma onsewa amachita zonsezi popanda kukhazikitsa ngakhale zinthu zochepa zokha zimene zimafunika kuti ulendo ukhaledi [wokaona zachilengedwe].” Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati ulendo umene mukufuna kuyenda ndi wokaonadi zachilengedwe?

Megan Epler Wood, amene analemba lipoti limeneli, anati ulendo wokaonadi zachilengedwe uyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: Ulendowo usanachitike, amakuuzani zinthu zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chilengedwe cha ku malo amene mukupitawo komanso malangizo a kavalidwe kabwino ndi khalidwe loyenera. Amakonza zoti anthu amene akupita ku ulendowo auzidwe bwinobwino zinthu zokhudza kaonekedwe ka malowo, chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi zinthu zandale za kumalo kumene akupitako ndiponso amakonza zoti anthuwo akakumane ndi anthu okhala m’deralo ali kumakomo kwawo osati ali ku malo okhala alendo kokhako. Amaonetsetsa kuti ndalama zonse zolipira polowa m’malo osunga zomera ndi zinyama zalipiridwa zonse. Amaonetsetsanso kuti malo amene mukagone akhale ogwirizana ndi kumaloko ndiponso asamawononge kukongola kwa chilengedwe kwa deralo.

Phindu Limene Maulendo Okaona Zachilengedwe Abweretsa

Ulendo wokaona zachilengedwe nthawi zambiri sikuti umangokhala ulendo wopita ku malo enaake ochititsa chidwi basi. Akuti ndi “ulendo womwe cholinga chake n’kupita ku malo achilengedwe kuti mukamvetsetse chikhalidwe cha anthu kumeneko, ndi mbiri yokhudza zomera ndi zinyama za kumaloko, popanda kusintha kapena kuwononga chilengedwe, koma m’malo mwake kubweretsa ndalama zimene zimathandiza kuti kuteteza zachilengedwezo kuzipindulitsa anthu okhala m’deralo.”

Kodi maulendo okaona zachilengedwe akwanitsadi zolinga zapamwamba zimenezo? Martin Wikelski, wa ku yunivesite ya Princeton anati: “Maulendo okaona zachilengedwe ndi chinthu chimodzi chomwe chikuchititsa kuti [zilumba za] Galapagos zikhale zotetezeka.” M’dziko la ku Africa kuno la Rwanda, akuti maulendo okaona zachilengedwe ndi amene athandiza kuti anyani a m’phiri asathe, chifukwa amabweretsa ndalama  zimene zachititsa anthu a m’derali kusiya kupha anyaniwa. M’mayiko ena a mu Africa muno, madera osungako nyama zakutchire amayendetsedwa ndi ndalama zimene anthu odzaona malowa amabweretsa.

Padziko lonse lapansi, maulendo okaona zachilengedwe athandiza kuti chilengedwe chitetezedwe ndiponso kuti miyoyo ya anthu ipite patsogolo, ndipo ntchito zokopa alendo mosachita kufunsa zabweretsadi phindu lalikulu la ndalama. Koma kodi ntchito zimenezi nthawi zonse zimakhala zothandiza anthu? Kodi m’tsogolo muno maulendo opita ku mayiko ena adzakhala bwanji?

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Malangizo kwa Anthu Amene Akupita ku Mayiko Ena *

Musananyamuke

1. Lembani ndandanda ya zinthu zofunika—zokhudza pasipoti yanu, manambala a makadi anu a ngongole, manambala a matikiti anu a ndege, ndi zokhudza macheke anu a paulendo. Siyani chipepala chimodzi chomwe mwalembapo zimenezi kunyumba, ndipo inuyo mutenge china.

2. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi pasipoti yoti sinathe masiku ake ndi visa yoyenera; mulandire akatemela onse amene angafunike.

3. Onetsetsani kuti muli ndi inshuwalansi yokwanira ya matenda, chifukwa kulandira chithandizo chamankhwala mwadzidzidzi kapena kuyenda mutadwala mwadzidzidzi kuchokera kunja kungakuwonongereni ndalama zambiri. Ngati mumadwala matenda enaake, tengani kalata yochokera kwa dokotala wanu yofotokoza matenda anuwo ndi mankhwala amene mumamwa. (Dziwani izi: Mayiko ena amaletsa kupititsamo mankhwala enaake. Kuti mudziwe zambiri, funsani ku ofesi ya pafupi nanu yoimira dziko limene mukufuna kupitalo.)

Pamene muli paulendo

1. Musatenge zinthu zimene zili zofunika kwambiri mukamayenda.

2. Muziika pasipoti yanu ndi zinthu zina zofunika, pafupi ndi thupi lanu, osati m’chikwama kapena m’matumba oonekera kunja. Musapatse munthu mmodzi wa m’banja mwanu mapepala onse ofunikira.

3. Ngati mwaika kachikwama ka ndalama m’thumba, mukakulunge ndi timphira kapena timalamba ta labala zomwe zingachititse kuti wakuba avutike kukasolola m’thumbamo.

4. Muziwerengetsera zinthu zimene mukugula pa ngongole ndi khadi lanu, ndipo musapitirire ndalama zimene mukufuna kuwononga. M’mayiko ena akhoza kukumangani mukawononga ndalama zoposa zomwe mumaloledwa kuwononga pa khadi lanulo.

5. Muzisamala pojambula zithunzi za asilikali kapena nyumba za asilikali, kapenanso zomangamanga zina, monga doko, njanji, kapena pokwerera ndege. M’mayiko ena amaona ngati kuchita zimenezi n’kuopseza chitetezo chawo.

6. Musalole kukatula phasulo ya munthu amene simukumudziwa bwino.

Mukamagula zinthu zodzakukumbutsani ulendowo

1. Kumbukirani kuti mayiko ambiri amaletsa kubweretsa m’dzikomo kuchokera kunja zinthu monga minyanga, zigoba za akamba a m’madzi, zomera, ubweya, ndi zinthu zina, ngakhale zikhale zazing’ono zoti mukungofuna kuti zizidzakukumbutsani ulendowo.

2. Muzisamala pogula zinthu zoumba zopakidwa utoto, chifukwa zinthu zina zoterozo zikhoza kukhala za poizoni ngati sanazipange bwinobwino.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 21]

Anthu ayamba kukonda kwambiri maulendo okaona zachilengedwe