Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Olemera ndi Osauka

MAYIKO otukuka kwambiri, okhala ndi ntchito zambiri za mafakitale, ndiponso amene chuma chawo chikuyenda bwino, anthu ake amakhala moyo wawofuwofu. Koma mayiko amene alibe ntchito zambiri za mafakitale, amenenso chuma chawo sichikuyenda bwino kwambiri, anthu ake amakhala moyo wovutika. Zimachita kukhala ngati anthu a m’mayiko olemera ndi a m’mayiko osauka sakukhala m’dziko lapansi limodzimodzi lomweli.

Inde, ngakhale m’dziko limodzi, anthu ena amakhala moyo wawofuwofu pamene ena akukhala moyo wovutika. Taganizirani za mayiko olemera amene tawatchula mu nkhani yapita ija. M’mayiko amenewa muli anthu olemera ndi osauka omwe. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, mbali yaikulu ya chuma cha dzikolo imapita kwa anthu ochepa okha olemera kwambiri. Koma anthu ambirimbiri osauka m’dzikolo amagawana kambali kochepa chabe ka chuma cha dzikolo. Mwina m’dziko limene mukukhala inuyo zinthu zilinso choncho, makamaka ngati anthu omwe si olemera komanso si osauka ali ochepa. Koma ngakhale  m’mayiko amene anthu omwe si olemera komanso si osauka alipo ambiri, maboma mpaka pano akulephera kuthetseratu kusiyana kumene kulipo pankhani ya zachuma pakati pa anthu olemera ndi osauka.

Mbali Zonse Ziwiri Zili ndi Ubwino ndi Kuipa Kwake

Kaya munthu akukhala m’dziko lolemera kapena losauka, palibe amene anganene kuti zinthu zonse zikumuyendera bwino pamoyo wake. Taganizirani za mavuto odziwikiratu a anthu amene akukhala m’mayiko osauka. Chithandizo cha mankhwala chimakhala choperewera kwambiri. Mayiko 9 olemera kwambiri amene atchulidwa pabokosi lomwe lili patsamba lino amakhala ndi dokotala mmodzi pa anthu oyambira pa 242 mpaka 539 alionse, pamene m’mayiko 18 osauka kwambiri zinthu n’zosiyaniranatu ndi zimenezi. M’mayiko amenewa, pamakhala dokotala mmodzi pa anthu oyambira pa 3,707 mpaka 49,118 alionse. Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti m’mayiko olemerawa, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi moyo zaka 73 kapena kuposa pamenepo, pamene m’mayiko opitirira theka la mayiko osauka kwambiriwo, anthu ambiri sakwanitsa n’komwe zaka 50.

 M’mayiko osauka, mwayi wa maphunziro umakhalanso wochepa kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri ana saphunzira motero amakhala amphawi. Kuperewera kwa maphunziroku kumaonekera tikaona chiwerengero cha anthu amene amatha kulemba ndi kuwerenga. M’mayiko 7 mwa mayiko 9 olemera kwambiriwo, anthu onse amatha kulemba ndi kuwerenga (m’mayiko ena awiriwo anthu amene amatha kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndi 96 pa 100 alionse m’dziko limodzilo ndi 97 pa 100 alionse m’dziko linalo). M’mayiko 18 osauka kwambiriwo, dziko limene lili ndi anthu ambiri otha kulemba ndi kuwerenga, alipo 81 pa 100 alionse. Ndipo dziko limene lili ndi anthu ochepa kwambiri otha kulemba ndi kuwerenga, alipo 16 pa 100 alionse. Mayiko 10 mwa mayiko osauka kwambiriwa, anthu osakwana theka la anthu onse ndiwo amatha kulemba ndi kuwerenga.

Koma anthu okhala m’mayiko olemera nawonso ali ndi mavuto awo. Anthu amene ali m’mayiko osauka mwina amasowa chakudya, pamene anthu okhala m’mayiko opeza bwino nthawi zina amafa chifukwa chodya kwambiri. Buku linalake lotchedwa Food Fight linati, “kudya kwambiri kwasanduka vuto la zakudya lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lokhudza zakudya ndipo kwalowa m’malo mwa kudya moperewera.” Ndipo magazini yotchedwa The Atlantic Monthly inati: “Anthu a ku United States okwana pafupifupi nayini miliyoni tsopano ndi ‘onenepa modwalitsa,’ kutanthauza kuti thupi lawo lanenepa mopitirira muyezo ndi makilogalamu 45 kapena kuposa pamenepo, ndipo anthu pafupifupi 300,000 amafa msanga chifukwa cha mavuto obwera ndi kunenepa kwambiri m’dziko limenelo.” Magazini yomweyo inati, “posachedwapa, kunenepa kwambiri kungapose njala ndiponso matenda opatsirana n’kukhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lokhudza thanzi la anthu.” *

N’zoona kuti anthu okhala m’mayiko olemera amakhala moyo wawofuwofu, komabe ambiri amaona kuti katundu amene ali naye ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa maubwenzi awo ndi anthu ena. Motero amaona kuti kukhala ndi zinthu n’kofunika kwambiri kuposa kusangalala ndi moyo. Anthu amenewa amaganiza kuti kufunika kwa munthu kumadalira ntchito yake, ndalama zimene amalandira, kapena katundu wake, osati zinthu zimene munthuyo amadziwa, nzeru zake, luso lake, ndi makhalidwe ake abwino.

Pogogomezera mfundo yoti kukhala ndi moyo wosalira zambiri n’kumene kumabweretsa chimwemwe, magazini inayake ya ku Germany yotchedwa Focus inali ndi nkhani yomwe mutu wake unali funso lakuti: “Bwanji Mutachepetsako Katunduyo?” Nkhaniyo inati: “Anthu ambiri okhala m’mayiko olemera sikuti ndi achimwemwe kwambiri panopa kuposa mmene analili zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, ngakhale kuti panopa alemera kwambiri. . . . Aliyense amene waika mtima wake wonse pa katundu, mosakayikira adzakhala munthu wopanda chimwemwe.”

Kuthetsa Kusiyanako

Indedi, zochitika zikusonyezeratu kuti kulemera ndi kusauka komwe, kuli m’pokomera ndi poipira pake. Moyo wa anthu ena okhala m’mayiko osauka umakhala woperewera zambiri, pamene wa anthu okhala m’mayiko olemera umakhala wolira zambiri. Zikanakhala bwino kwambiri ngati anthu a m’mayiko olemera ndi osauka akanamathandizana nzeru kuti pankhani ya zachuma onse afike pakatikati, popanda wosauka kwambiri kapena wolemera kwambiri. Koma kodi zimenezi n’zothekadi?

Tikatengera pa nzeru za anthu, mungaganize kuti cholinga chimenechi, ngakhale kuti n’chabwino, n’choti anthu sangachikwanitse. Ndipo zimene zakhala zikuchitika m’mbiri ya anthu zikusonyeza kuti simukulakwa kuganiza choncho. Komabe, sikuti zinthu sizingasinthe. Mwina simunaganizireko kuti pali njira yachidziwikire yothetsera vuto limeneli. Kodi njira imeneyo ndi iti?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Posachedwapa, kunenepa kwambiri kungapose njala ndiponso matenda opatsirana n’kukhala vuto lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lokhudza thanzi la anthu.”—Inatero magazini yotchedwa The Atlantic Monthly

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Mayikowa alembedwa Zaka Zimene Amuna

motsatira alifabeti Ambiri Amakhala ndi Moyo Anthu Otha

Kuwerenga (pa 100 Alionse)

Mayiko 9 Belgium 75.1 100

Olemera Canada 76.4 96.6

Kwambiri Denmark 74.9 100

Iceland 78.4 100

Japan 78.4 100

Luxembourg 74.9 100

Norway 76.5 100

Switzerland 77.7 100

United States 74.4 95.5

Mayiko 18 Benin 50.4 37.5

Osauka Burkina Faso 43 23

Kwambiri Burundi 42.5 48.1

Chad 47 53.6

Congo, Rep. Of 49 80.7

Ethiopia 47.3 38.7

Guinea-bissau 45.1 36.8

Madagascar 53.8 80.2

Malawi 37.6 60.3

Mali 44.7 40.3

Mozambique 38.9 43.8

Niger 42.3 15.7

Nigeria 50.9 64.1

Rwanda 45.3 67

Sierra Leone 40.3 36.3

Tanzania 43.3 75.2

Yemen 59.2 46.4

Zambia 35.3 78

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Source: 2005 Britannica Book of the Year.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 4]

© Mark Henley/Panos Pictures