Kuuza Anthu Nkhani

PAFUPIFUPI zaka 2,000 zapitazo, Luka, yemwe anali wolemba nkhani, ananena kuti: “Aatene onse ndi alendo akukhalamo anakhalitsa nthawi zawo, osachita kanthu kena koma kunena kapena kumva chatsopano.” (Machitidwe 17:21) Zaka 100 nthawi imeneyo isanafike, boma la Roma linaona kuti anthu ambiri ankafuna kuti azimva nkhani zimene zachitika motero linayamba kumata nkhani zochitika tsiku lililonse, m’malo odziwika kwambiri ndipo nkhanizi ankazitcha kuti Acta Diurna.

Pofika zaka za m’ma 600 anthu a ku China anali kufalitsa nyuzipepala yosindikizidwa yoyamba padziko lonse, dzina lake Dibao (Pao). Ku Ulaya, komwe panthawiyo anthu ambiri sankadziwa kuwerenga, anthu oyendayenda ofalitsa nkhani ankafalitsa nkhani za nkhondo, mavuto, umbanda, ndi zina zotero. Kenako, nyuzi zolembedwa pamanja ndiponso nyuzi zokhala ndi zithunzi zodindidwa ndi matabwa ojambulapo zithunzi ankazigulitsa m’misika ndi m’zionetsero zamalonda.

M’kupita kwa nthawi, makampani a zamalonda anayamba kukometsera zikalata zofotokoza malonda awo polembamo nkhani zofunika zimene zachitika. Kenaka, nkhani zimenezi anayamba kuzilemba pa pepala lapadera lomwe ankaliperekanso kwa anthu.

Chiyambi cha Nyuzipepala

Kumayambiriro kwa m’ma 1600, nyuzipepala ziwiri za ku Germany zinayamba kufalitsidwa mosadukiza. Nyuzipepala ya Relation (kufotokoza nkhani), ya ku Strasbourg, anaisindikiza koyamba mu 1605, pamene nyuzi ya AvisaRelation oder Zeitung (kudziwitsa anthu nkhani), ya ku Wolfenbüttel, anayamba kuifalitsa mu 1609. Nyuzipepala yoyamba yotuluka tsiku ndi tsiku ku Ulaya inali ya Einkommende Zeitungen (Nkhani Zofika Kumene) ndipo inayamba kutuluka mu 1650, mumzinda wa Leipzig, ku Germany.

Nyuzipepala ya ku Leipzig imeneyi inali ndi masamba anayi aang’ono otha kulowa m’thumba la chovala. Ankalembamo nkhani zosiyanasiyana mosakaniza, popanda kuzigawa m’magulumagulu. Nyuziyi inali yotsika mtengo koma kuti munthu alembetse kuti aziilandira kwa chaka chonse anayenera kumawononga ndalama zokwana malipiro a mwezi wathunthu a munthu wolipidwa ndalama zambiri. Komabe, anthu ofuna nyuzi anawonjezeka kwambiri. Pofika chaka cha 1700, ku Germany kokha kunali nyuzi 50 kapena 60 zotuluka nthawi zonse, ndipo anthu ochuluka ankawerenga nyuzi zimenezi.

Poyamba, nkhani zolembedwa m’nyuzi zimenezi ankazitenga m’makalata kapena kwa anthu a ntchito za mtengatenga ndi mtokoma amene ankalandira nkhani zotumizidwa pa positi n’kuzikopera. Nthawi zina zinkakhala mphekesera zimene ofalitsa nkhani amva m’malo osiyanasiyana opezeka anthu ambiri. Komabe chifukwa cha mpikisano, makampani ofalitsa nyuzi anayamba kuyesetsa kufalitsa nyuzi zochuluka ndiponso zolembedwa bwino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, iwowa analemba anthu ntchito ya ukonzi wa nyuzipepala. Ndipo chifukwa choti makampani  ambiri otere sakanakwanitsa kukhala ndi njira zochuluka zopezera nkhani ndiponso kukhala ndi atolankhani ambirimbiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu ofuna kuwerenga nyuzi kunachititsa kuti pabwere mabungwe ogulitsa nkhani kwa makampani onse a nyuzi amene analembetsa ku mabungwewa.

Anatulukira Njira Zothandiza

Bizinesi ya nyuzipepala siikanatheka chipanda njira zothandiza zimene anazitulukira, makamaka njira imene anatulukira Johannes Gutenberg yosindikiza mabuku pogwiritsa ntchito zilembo zazitsulo. Njira zinanso zimene anazitulukira zinachititsa kuti anthu azitha kufalitsa nyuzipepala mosavuta komanso motsika mtengo. Mwachitsanzo, m’ma 1860, makina osindikizira ogwiritsa ntchito chimpukutu chamapepala anatheketsa kusindikiza pa mpukutu wosadukiza wa pepala. Posakhalitsa, anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito makina otha kukonzeratu masamba oti asindikizidwe. Kenaka, zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, anayamba kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta pokonza masamba oti asindikizidwe, ndipo izi zinapeputsa kwambiri ntchito yapamanja, yomwe inali yowonongetsa ndalama zambiri.

Munthawi yomweyi, nkhani zinayamba kufika mwamsanga kwambiri m’madera osiyanasiyana chifukwa choti kunabwera telegalamu m’ma 1840, makina otayipira m’ma 1870. Telefoni nayo inabwera cha panthawi yomweyo. Chaposachedwapa, ambirife titabadwa kale, nyuzi zambiri zayamba kupeza nkhani polandira mauthenga pa kompyuta, ndiponso pa makina a fakisi. Atolankhani amafika mwamsanga pamene pakuchitika nkhanizo mwina pokwera sitima zapamtunda, galimoto, ndiponso ndege. Ndipo chifukwa choti masiku ano pali njira zofulumira za mayendedwe, nyuzi nazo zikupezeka zochuluka.

Kodi M’nyuzipepala Amalembamo Zotani?

Kupeza nkhani zokwanira n’kosavuta masiku ano m’madera ambiri chifukwa choti njira zolankhulirana zikumka zichuluka. Koma malingana ndi zimene ananena akonzi a nyuzipepala ya Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, “vuto lalikulu ndilo kusankha nkhani zabwino pa nkhani zambirimbiri zomwe zimakufikani nthawi zonse.” Tsiku lililonse, mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani amapereka nkhani zokwana pafupifupi 2,000 ku makampani a nyuzi a ku Germany. Ndiponso, akonzi a manyuzipepala amalandiranso nkhani zochuluka kuchokera kwa atolankhani, kudzera pa mawailesi ndi ma TV, komanso kudzera m’njira zina.

Mbali yaikulu ndithu ya nyuzi imakhala yolengeza zinthu, monga nkhani zofunika kuti anthu onse azidziwe, malipoti okhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana, monga zoimbaimba, zamasewero, ndiponso misonkhano. Akonzi ayenera kudziwa kuti anthu owerenga nyuzi zawo ndi anthu otani, pofuna kuti m’nyuzimo muzikhala nkhani zimene anthuwo akufuna kudziwa, monga nkhani zokhudza mmene anthu akololera, zikondwerero zochitika pachaka, ndi zikondwerero zinanso.

Anthu ambiri okonda nyuzi amakonda kuwerenga mbali zokhala ndi nkhani zamasewera, nkhani zoseketsa, zojambula zandale, ndiponso ndemanga za akonzi. Nkhani zapadera, malipoti ochokera m’mayiko ena, ndiponso mbali zofunsa anthu otchuka ndi akatswiri odziwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana n’zophunzitsa kwambiri komanso zimasangalatsa.

Manyuzipepala Ali Pavuto

“Makampani opanga nyuzipepala ku Germany akumana ndi vuto lalikulu la ndalama lomwe sanakumanepo nalo n’kale lonse,” inatero nyuzipepala yotchedwa Die Zeit m’chaka cha 2002. Ndipo m’chaka cha 2004 bungwe loona zofalitsa nkhani la Swiss Press Association linanena kuti anthu ogula nyuzi m’chaka chimenechi anachepa kwambiri kuyerekezera ndi chaka chilichonse pa zaka teni zam’mbuyo. Kodi n’chiyani chachititsa kuti anthu asamafune kwambiri nyuzi?

 Chifukwa choyamba n’chakuti chuma cha padziko lonse chinayamba kulowa pansi, motero kutsatsa malonda m’nyuzi, komwe kunkapatsa makampani a nyuzi ndalama zambiri, kunachepa. Pakati pa chaka cha 2000 ndi 2004, nyuzipepala ya ku United States ya Wall Street Journal inalephera kupeza pafupifupi theka la ndalama zimene inkapeza potsatsa malonda. Kodi chuma chikayamba kuyenda bwino adzayambanso kutsatsa malonda kwambiri? Masiku ano, mauthenga achidule ambiri omwe ankalembedwa m’nyuzi, otsatsa zinthu monga nyumba, mapuloti, ntchito, kapenanso magalimoto amangoikidwa pa Intaneti. Motero nyuzi zimapikisana ndi wailesi, TV, komanso Intaneti.

Komabe pali anthu ambiri amene amafuna kumva nkhani. Axel Zerdick yemwe ndi pulofesa wa kayendedwe ka zachuma m’makampani ofalitsa nkhani ananena mawu atsatirawa kwa atolankhani a nyuzipepala ina ya mu mzinda wa Frankfurt, ku Germany: “Sikuti zinthu zaipa kwambiri ngati mmene atolankhani ambiri akuganizira.” Mkonzi wamkulu wa gawo linalake m’nyuzipepala ina yotuluka tsiku ndi tsiku ku Germany, ananenaponso maganizo omwewa. Iye anati: “Nyuzi yam’dera lathuli ikupitirira kuyenda bwino kwambiri.”

Ngakhale zitakhala zoona kuti nyuzi ndizo zimalongosola nkhani mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri ndiponso ndizo zimayambitsa nkhani zambiri zimene anthu amakambirana, mafunso otsatirawa n’ngofunikabe mayankho abwino: Kodi zimene zimalembedwa m’nyuzi n’zoti mungazikhulupirire? Kodi mungatani kuti mupindule kwambiri ndi nyuzi zimene mumawerenga?

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 22]

UTOLANKHANI NDI NTCHITO YOVUTA

Utolankhani anthu ena amaukhumbira. Mtolankhani wina wa ku France, amene wagwira ntchitoyi kwa nthawi yaitali, anavomereza kuti: “Mtolankhani amadzimva kuti ndi munthu wotchuka akaona dzina lake likutchulidwa pa nkhani zimene iyeyo walemba.” Komatu utolankhani uli ndi poipira pake. Mwachitsanzo nthawi zina nkhani imene mtolankhani akulemba imapezeka kuti yafalitsidwa kale ndi atolankhani ena, mwinanso mtolankhani amatha kukanidwa akafuna kufunsa anthu enaake mafunso, komanso amatha kutaya nthawi yambiri kudikirira zochitika zinazake zomwe zimapezeka kuti zalephereka.

Wolemba nyuzipepala wina ku Poland anatchulaponso vuto lina. Iye anati: “Sitidziwa n’komwe kuti tipuma nthawi yanji ndiponso kuti tigwira ntchito nthawi yanji. Nthawi zina timalephera kuchita zinthu patokha mosasokonezedwa ndi anthu, ndipo nthawi zina ntchito imathina kwambiri moti imasokoneza moyo wathu wam’banja.” Ndipo munthu wina amene kale anali mtolankhani m’dziko limene linkadziwika kuti Soviet Union anatchulapo chinthu chimodzi chimene mwina chili chovuta kwambiri kwa atolankhani. Iye anati: “Ndinachita khama kwambiri polemba nkhaniyo, koma mapeto ake sanaisindikize n’komwe.”

Mtolankhani wina wolemba nkhani zamasewera m’nyuzipepala yaikulu kwambiri ku Netherlands anati: “Nthawi zambiri ndimanenedwa kuti ndine mbuli. Anthu ena owerenga nkhani zanga amandipsera mtima kapena amakhumudwa nazo, ndipo monga mukudziwira kuti anthu ena mitima yawo imakwera chifukwa cha nkhani zamasewera, ena akapsa mtima choncho amandiopseza kuti adzandipha.” Ndiyeno kodi n’chiyani chimene chimalimbikitsa atolankhani kupitiriza ntchito yawo?

N’zoona kuti ambiri amagwira ntchitoyi chifukwa chofuna malipiro koma sikuti onse amangofuna malipiro okhawo ayi. Mtolankhani wina amene amagwira ntchito ku kampani yolemba nyuzipepala ku France ananena kuti iye amakonda kulemba. Mtolankhani winanso wa ku Mexico anati: “Umadziwitsa anthu zinthu zofunika kuzidziwa.” Ndipo ku Japan mtolankhani wamkulu wa nyuzipepala yachiwiri yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse pa nyuzipepala zotuluka tsiku ndi tsiku ananena kuti: “Ndimasangalala ndikaona kuti ndathandiza anthu ndiponso kuti chilungamo chachitika.”

Koma sikuti ntchito yopanga nyuzipepala imangogwiridwa ndi atolankhani okha. Malingana ndi kukula ndiponso dongosolo la kampani yofalitsa nyuzipepalayo, pamatha kukhala akonzi, anthu ochonga nkhanizo kuona ngati zalembedwa bwino, otsimikizira kuti mfundo zonse zimene zalembedwa n’zolondola, ndi anthu osunga nkhani zakale. Ndiye pali anthu ena ambiri amene amagwiranso ntchito mwakhama kwambiri, koma omwe mayina awo salembedwa m’nyuzimo omwenso amathandiza kuti inuyo muthe kupeza nyuzi yoti muwerenge.

[Zithunzi patsamba 20]

Nyuzipepala yakale ya ku Germany ndiponso malo ogulitsirapo nyuzi amakono

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Early German newspaper: Bibliothek für Kunst - und Antiquitäten-Sammler, Vol. 21, Flugblatt und Zeitung, 1922