Vuto Lopezera Chakudya Anthu Okhala M’mizinda

“Ntchito yopezera anthu okhala m’mizinda chakudya chokwanira ikuvuta kwambiri masiku ano, ndipo ikufunika mgwirizano pakati pa anthu olima chakudya, onyamula chakudyacho, eni masitolo ndi oyang’anira misika, ndi anthu enanso ambirimbiri amene amagulitsa chakudya kwa anthu.”—ANATERO JACQUES DIOUF, MKULU WA NTHAMBI YA BUNGWE LA UNITED NATIONS YOONA ZA CHAKUDYA YA FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO).

AKATSWIRI oona za ntchito yonyamula chakudya afika mpaka ponena kuti kupezera anthu okhala m’tawuni chakudya chokwanira kukhoza kukhala “vuto lalikulu kwambiri lokhudza anthu” m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino.

Kukhala n’chakudya chokwanira akuti kumatanthauza kuti “nthawi zonse anthu onse azitha kukhala n’chakudya chopatsa thanzi chokwanira kuti azitha kugwira ntchito zomwe munthu amafunika kuchita pamoyo.” Panopa, chakudya chimene chilipo padziko lonse lapansi chikhoza kukwanira anthu onse, ngati aliyense akanati apatsidwe chakudya chongomukwanira iyeyo. Komabe, panopa anthu pafupifupi 840 miliyoni amagona ndi njala tsiku lililonse. Ambiri a iwo amakhala m’mizinda. Taganizirani mbali zingapo za vuto limeneli.

Mizinda Ikuluikulu Imafunika Chakudya Chochuluka

Mizinda ikamakula, minda yapafupi ndi mizindayi imayamba kutha pang’ono ndi pang’ono chifukwa cha nyumba, mafakitale ndi misewu yatsopano. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, mizinda ikukhala kutali kwambiri ndi minda imene kumalimidwa chakudya chomwe anthu a m’mizindayo amadya. Nthawi zambiri, m’mizindayo salimamo chakudya, kapena amangolima chochepa chabe, ndipo nyama imachokera ku midzi yakutali. M’mayiko ambiri osauka, misewu imene chakudya chimadzera kuchokera ku minda kupita ku mizinda imakhala yosalongosoka. Zimenezi zimatalikitsa ulendo ndi kuwonongetsa chakudya chochuluka paulendowo, ndipo zikatero, anthu ogula chakudyacho amachigula pamtengo wokwera. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewa amakhala osauka.

Mizinda ina m’mayiko osauka ndi yaikulu kale, ndipo ipitirizabe kukula. Pofika chaka cha 2015, mzinda wa Mumbai (womwe kale unkatchedwa Bombay) akuti udzakhala ndi anthu 22.6 miliyoni, mzinda wa Delhi anthu 20.9 miliyoni, wa Mexico City anthu 20.6 miliyoni, ndipo wa São Paulo anthu 20 miliyoni. Akuti mzinda wa anthu teni miliyoni, monga Manila kapena Rio de Janeiro, umayenera kuitanitsa chakudya chokwana matani 6,000 patsiku.

Kuchita zimenezo si kophweka, ndipo kukuvutiravutira, makamaka m’madera amene anthu akuchuluka mofulumira. Mwachitsanzo,  mu mzinda wa Lahore, ku Pakistan, anthu amabadwa ochuluka kwambiri (pa anthu 100 alionse, pamabadwa ana pafupifupi atatu chaka chilichonse), komanso kumasamukira anthu ambiri kuchokera m’madera akumidzi. M’mayiko ambiri osauka anthu ambirimbiri akusamukira ku mizinda imene ili yodzaza kale ndi anthu pofuna moyo wabwinopo, ntchito, ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu koteroko, mu mzinda wa Dhaka, ku Bangladesh, akuti m’tsogolo muno, chaka chilichonse kuziwonjezeka anthu wani miliyoni kapena kuposa pamenepo. Malinga ndi kafukufuku amene wachitika, pofika chaka cha 2025, ku China, kumene panopa anthu awiri pa anthu atatu alionse amakhala kumudzi, anthu ambiri azidzakhala m’tawuni. Pofika chaka chomwecho, anthu 600 miliyoni akuti azidzakhala m’mizinda ku India.

Kusamuka kwa anthu kupita m’mizinda kukusinthiratu malo ambiri padziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, kumadzulo kwa Africa, mu 1960 ndi anthu 14 okha pa anthu 100 alionse amene ankakhala m’tawuni. Pofika mu 1997, anthu okhala m’tawuni analipo 40 pa anthu 100 alionse, ndipo pofika mu 2020, akukhulupirira kuti nambala imeneyo idzakwera kufika pa anthu 63 pa anthu 100 alionse. Kum’mawa chakumpoto kwa Africa, anthu okhala m’tawuni akuti adzawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri pa zaka teni zikubwerazi. Ndipo akuti m’tsogolo muno m’mayiko osauka, pa anthu 100 alionse owonjezeka, 90 azidzawonjezeka m’matawuni ndi m’mizinda.

Kuwonjezera chakudya chimene chimapita m’mizinda kuti anthu onsewa adye ndi chintchito chadzaoneni. N’chofunika mgwirizano pakati pa alimi, olongedza chakudya, ochitenga m’magalimoto, amalonda, ndi anthu osamala chakudyacho chikafika. Pamafunikanso magalimoto ambirimbiri. Komabe, m’madera ena kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya chimene chikufunika m’tawuni kukuchititsa kuti madera ozungulira matawuniwo azilephera kulima chakudya chokwanira. Kuwonjezera apo, m’mizinda yambiri m’mayiko osauka, zinthu monga magalimoto onyamula katundu, nyumba zosungira katunduyo, misika, ndi nyumba zophera ziweto panopa n’zoperewera kale.

Kufalikira kwa Umphawi

Ntchito yodyetsa anthu amene akuchulukirachulukira imavuta kwambiri kumene anthu ambiri alinso osauka. Mizinda ikuluikulu yambiri m’mayiko osauka, monga Dhaka, Freetown, Guatemala City, Lagos, ndi La Paz, ili  kale ndi anthu osauka okwana theka la anthu onse okhala m’mizindayi, kapena kuposa pamenepo.

Pa nkhani yopezera chakudya anthu okhala m’mizinda, anthu ochita kafukufuku amasiyanitsa pakati pa chakudya chimene chilipo ndi chakudya chimene anthu angathedi kugula. Chakudya chikhoza kumagulitsidwa m’misika ya m’mizinda, koma anthu osauka sangathe kugula chakudyachi ngati mtengo wake uli woti sangaukwanitse. Zomwe zimachitika n’zoti anthu ena okhala m’mizinda akayamba kupeza ndalama zambiri, amayamba kufuna ndiponso kugula zakudya zambiri ndiponso zosiyanasiyana. Koma anthu osauka okhala m’mizindayo amalephera kugula chakudya chokwanira chomwe amafunikira kapena chomwe amakonda. Mabanja osauka oterowo ndalama zawo zambiri mwina zimangothera kugulira chakudya.

Mwina mtengo wogulira zakudya ukanakhala wotsikirapo anthu akanati azitha kugula chakudya chambiri nthawi imodzi, koma zimenezo n’zosatheka ngati alibe ndalama zokwanira. Mabanja ambiri sapeza ngakhale zakudya zimene munthu amafunikira kudya tsiku lililonse, ndipo chifukwa cha zimenezi amadwala matenda a kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi. Mwachitsanzo, m’mizinda ya kum’mwera kwa Sahara mu Africa muno, vuto la kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi akuti ndi “vuto lalikulu lofala.”

Amene amavutika kwambiri ndi anthu ongobwera kumene m’tawuni kuchokera kumidzi amene amavutika kuti azolowere moyo watsopanowu. Anthu ake ndi monga amayi amene akulera okha ana, anthu amaudindo apansi ogwira ntchito m’boma amene amalipidwa mochedwa chifukwa cha kuvuta kwa ndalama m’boma, olumala, okalamba, ndi odwala. Anthu oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala m’madera opanda zinthu zofunika pamoyo wa munthu monga magetsi, madzi a m’mipope, zimbudzi zabwino, misewu, ndi kotaya zinyalala. Kumadera kumeneku anthu ambiri amakhala m’zisakasa kapena m’nyumba zina zoika moyo pangozi. Anthu ambirimbiri amene amakhala moyo woterewu n’kumavutika kuti apeze zosowa za pamoyo wawo ndi amene amakhudzidwa kwambiri chakudya chikamasowa kapena chikamavuta kupeza pa zifukwa zina. Anthu oterewa nthawi zambiri amakhala kutali ndi misika ndipo sangachitire mwina koma kugula chakudya chosalongosoka pa mitengo yokwera. Moyo wawo ndi womvetsadi chisoni.

Kukhala Mopanda Dongosolo Ndiponso Mwauve

M’madera ambiri si zachilendo kuti mizinda ikule popanda dongosolo lililonse ndiponso mosavomerezedwa ndi boma. Zikatere, anthu amayamba kukhala m’malo auve ndiponso opanda chitetezo, komwe kuli umbanda wochuluka. Chikalata cha bungwe la FAO chotchedwa Feeding the Cities chinati: “Nthawi zambiri, akuluakulu oyang’anira mizinda m’mayiko osauka amavutika chifukwa choti m’madera enaake anthu amachuluka mopyola muyezo.”

M’madera ambiri ku Africa kuno, misika simangidwa mwadongosolo koma imangoyambika mwachisawawa. Anthu amayamba kugulitsa  katundu wawo paliponse pomwe anthu akumufuna. Choncho, misika imene imayambika imakhala yopanda zinthu zimene zimafunika kukhalapo pamsika.

Mu mzinda wa Colombo, ku Sri Lanka, misika yogulitsa katundu kwa anthu amalonda ndi anthu wamba imamangidwa pa malo oipa ndipo imakhala yodzaza kwambiri. Madalaivala a galimoto zonyamula katundu amadandaula kuti zimawatengera nthawi yaitali zedi kuti afike ndi kuchoka pamsika waukulu. Malo oimika magalimoto, ndiponso okweza ndi kutsitsa katundu amakhala osakwanira.

Kumadera kwina misika saikonza ndiponso saiyendetsa mwadongosolo. Malo auve chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinyalala angathe kudwalitsa anthu. Meya wa mumzinda wina kum’mwera kwa Asia anati “mavuto amenewa amachititsa kuti moyo wa anthu uziipiraipira.”

Kuopsa kwa uve ndiponso kusasamala malo kunaonekera bwino ndi zomwe anapeza atachita kafukufuku wa nyama imene inali kugulitsidwa mu mzinda wina kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Asia. Kumeneko sizachilendo kuona nyama “ataiyala pansi padothi pomwe pakuyenderera madzi akuda.” Atayeza nyama ya nkhumba ndi ya ng’ombe anapeza kuti inali ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana toyambitsa matenda. Anapezanso kuti nyama ina inali ndi zinthu zina zodwalitsa.

 Chifukwa cha kusowa ndiponso kusapezekapezeka kwa chakudya, anthu okhala m’mizinda ina, ngati a ku Kano ku Nigeria, amayesa kulima malo alionse opanda kanthu omwe angawapeze. Komabe, anthu ambiri oterewa amakhala oti malo amene akulimawo si awo. Choncho akuluakulu a boma akhoza kuwathamangitsapo komanso kuwawonongera zinthu zimene avutika kulimazo.

Olivio Argenti, katswiri wa bungwe la FAO woona zopezera chakudya anthu okhala m’mizinda, anafotokoza zomwe anapeza atakayendera dera limene amalimako mbewu mumzinda winawake ku Mexico, pafupi ndi mtsinje umene mumayenda zinthu zochokera m’chimbudzi za m’mudzi wapafupi. Alimi ankathirira ndiwo zawo zamasamba ndi madzi a mumtsinje umenewo, ndiponso m’minda yawoyo ankaikamo dothi lochokera mumtsinjewo. Argenti analemba kuti: “Ndinafunsa akuluakulu a boma ngati amadziwa za kuopsa kochita zimenezi, ndipo anayankha kuti sakanatha kuchitapo kalikonse chifukwa analibe ndalama ndiponso zinthu zina zofunika kuthetsera vuto limeneli.” Mavuto ngati amenewa si achilendo m’mayiko osauka.

Mizinda Ikuvutika

Mavuto amene mizinda, imene ikukula mwamsanga kwambiri, ikukumana nawo akuoneka kuti ndi ambiri zedi. Mabungwe a padziko lonse, anthu okonza mapulani a m’tsogolo, ndi akuluakulu oyendetsa zinthu akuchita zomwe angathe kuti awathetse. Zina zomwe akuchita ndi monga kulimbikitsa anthu a m’midzi kuti azilima chakudya ndiponso kupeza njira zoti anthu azitha kupeza chakudya mosavuta, komanso kumanga misewu, misika, ndi nyumba zophera ziweto. Amaona kuti m’pofunika kulimbikitsa anthu kumanga nyumba zosungiramo katundu, kupeza njira zoti alimi, anthu amalonda, ndi anthu onyamula katundu azitha kupeza ngongole mosavuta, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino a malonda ndi ukhondo. Komabe, anthu ochita kafukufuku akuti ngakhale kuti anthu ayesetsa kuchita zonsezi, mabungwe ambiri a boma amalephera kumvetsa  bwinobwino nkhani zimenezi ndi kuchitapo kanthu. Ngakhale akafuna kuchitapo kanthu, ndalama ndi zinthu zina zofunika zimakhala zosakwanira kuthetsa mavutowo.

Kukula kwa mavuto amene mizinda ikukumana nawo, makamaka ya m’mayiko osauka, kwachititsa kuti paperekedwe machenjezo oti pakufunika kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga. Malinga ndi bungwe lotchedwa International Food Policy Research Institute, la ku Washington, D.C., “anthu okhala m’mizinda azingowonjezekabe, ndipo mavuto amenewa [omwe ndi njala, kuperewera kwa zakudya m’thupi, ndi umphawi] nawonso azingowonjezeka, pokhapokha titachitapo kanthu panopa.” Ponena za tsogolo la mizinda ya m’mayiko osauka, Janice Perlman, pulezidenti wa bungwe lotchedwa Mega-Cities Project, lomwe linapangidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana a padziko lonse omwe cholinga chawo n’kupeza njira zothetsera mavuto a anthu okhala m’mizinda, anati: “N’kale lonse sitinafunikirepo kudyetsa, kusunga, kulemba ntchito, ndi kupeza magalimoto okwera anthu ambiri okhala mothithikana chonchi, pamenenso tili ndi mavuto a zachuma ndi a zachilengedwe. Mizinda yadzaza kwambiri moti anthu atsala pang’ono kufika poti sangakhalemonso bwinobwino.”

Komabe, pali zifukwa zabwino zokhulupirira kuti mavuto a kapezedwe ndi kanyamulidwe ka zakudya atha posachedwapa.

[Bokosi patsamba 21]

MIZINDA IKUKULA

▪ Zikuoneka kuti anthu amene adzawonjezeke padziko lonse mu zaka 30 zikubwerazi ambiri adzawonjezeka m’mizinda.

▪ Akuti pofika m’chaka cha 2007, anthu okhala m’mizinda adzapitira theka la anthu padziko lonse.

▪ Akuti padziko lonse, pa anthu 100 aliwonse okhala m’mizinda, pazidzawonjezeka anthu pafupifupi awiri chaka chilichonse. Kuwonjezeka koteroko kukutanthauza kuti anthu okhala m’mizinda adzawonjezeka kuwirikiza kawiri m’zaka 38.

▪ Mizinda yokhala ndi anthu mamiliyoni asanu kapena kuposa pamenepo akuti iwonjezeka kuchoka pa 46 mu 2003 kufika pa 61 mu 2015.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Source: World Urbanization Prospects—The 2003 Revision, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division

[Bokosi patsamba 22]

ZINA ZOCHITITSA KUTI CHAKUDYA CHIZISOWA NDI ZOTSATIRAPO ZAKE

▪ “Mtengo wa zakudya ukakwera kwambiri panthawi yochepa, n’zodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi kuti m’matawuni mumakhala zipolowe ndiponso zipwirikiti.”—Anatero Jacques Diouf, mkulu wa nthambi ya bungwe la United Nations yoona za zakudya yotchedwa Food and Agriculture Organization.

▪ Mu 1999, mphepo za mkuntho zotchedwa Georges ndi Mitch zinawomba mwamphamvu ku dera lozungulira nyanja ya Caribbean ndi ku Central America, ndipo zinawononga zinthu zambiri n’kusokoneza moyo wa anthu, komanso n’kuchititsa kuti zakudya ziyambe kusowa.

▪ Zipolowe zomwe anthu anachita pokwiya ndi kukwera kwa mtengo wa mafuta ku Ecuador mu 1999 ndi ku Britain mu 2000 zinasokoneza kwambiri ntchito yonyamula chakudya.

▪ Nkhondo nazonso zimachititsa kuti chakudya chizisowa.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 23]

CHITSANZO CHIMODZI CHABE

CONSUELO ndi ana ake 13 amakhala m’mudzi wokhala ndi tinyumba tazisakasa tokhatokha (womwe tausonyeza pamwambapa) mphepete mwa mzinda wa Lima ku Peru. Ana ake atatu akudwala TB. Iye anati: “Tinkakhala ku mapiri. Ndiye tsiku lina usiku anthu ambirimbiri a m’mudzi wathu anasamukira ku tawuni. Tinkaganiza kuti, ‘ku Lima, ana athu azikapita kusukulu ndipo azikavala nsapato. Akakhala ndi moyo wabwinopo.’” Choncho anthu a m’mudzimo analuka mikeka ndipo tsiku lina usiku anthu onsewo anasamukira ku tawuni n’kumanga nyumba zamikeka. Pofika m’mawa, panali nyumba zazisakasa zambiri moti akuluakulu a mzindawo sakanatha kuwathamangitsa anthu onsewo.

Nyumba ya Consuelo ili ndi chibowo chachikulu padenga ndipo ndi yozira. Pakhomo pakepo panali kuyendayenda nkhuku ndipo iye anati: “Ndikuweta nkhukuzi kuti ndizigulitsa kwa anthu olemera. Ndinkafuna ndipeze ndalama zoti ndigulire mwana wanga wamkazi nsapato. Koma tsopano ndiyenera kulipirira kuchipatala ndi kugulira mankhwala.”

Chakudya chokhacho chomwe Consuelo anali nacho ndi anyezi wochepa chabe. Ntchito imavuta kupeza, ndipo alibe ngakhale ndalama zoti azigulira madzi nthawi zonse. Pa nyumba yake yawedewedeyo palibe mpope ndiponso palibe chimbudzi. Iye anafotokoza kuti: “Timagwiritsa ntchito mphika uwu ngati chimbudzi. Kenaka usiku ndimatuma ana anga kuti akawukhuthule penapake. Palibenso china chomwe tingachite.”

Consuelo salandira chithandizo chilichonse kuchokera kwa mwamuna wake, amenenso samuonaona. Consuelo ali ndi zaka za m’ma 30, koma amaoneka ngati wachikulire kwambiri. Wolemba nkhani wina amene analankhula naye anati: “Nkhope yake inkachita kuonekeratu kuti maganizo ake ali kutali, ndipo ankaoneka kuti anali wotaya mtima.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AP Photo/Silvia Izquierdo

Source: In Context

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 25]

“KODI NDISAMUKIRE KU TAWUNI?”

ALIYENSE amene akuganiza zosamukira ku tawuni angachite bwino kuganizira kaye zinthu zingapo. Chikalata cha nthambi ya bungwe la United Nations yoona za zakudya ya Food and Agriculture Organization chotchedwa Feeding the Cities chinati: “Chinthu chimodzi chimene chimakopa anthu ambiri ndicho kukakhala ndi moyo wabwino poyerekezera ndi moyo wakumudzi.” Komabe, “kusintha kwa moyoko kukhoza kutenga nthawi yaitali kuti kuchitike, mwina mpaka mbadwo wotsatira, kapenanso kupitirira pamenepo.”

Zoona zake n’zakuti, anthu ambiri amene amachoka kumudzi kusamukira ku tawuni amapezeka kuti alibe pokhala, ali paulova, ndiponso ali paumphawi kuposa umene anali nawo kumudzi, ndipo zonsezi zimawachitikira m’malo oti sanawazolowere. Choncho, ngati mukuganiza zosamuka, kodi mukukhulupiriradi kuti kusamukako kukuthandizani kusamalira banja lanu? Ntchito ya m’tawuni, ngati mungaipeze n’komwe, nthawi zambiri malipiro ake amakhala ochepa. Kodi kugwira ntchito maola ambiri kuti mungopeza zofunika pamoyo wanu kungakuchititseni inuyo kapena anthu a m’banja mwanu kunyalanyaza zinthu zimene mumaziona kuti n’zofunika?—Mateyu 28:19, 20; Ahebri 10:24, 25.

Makolo ena asamuka n’kusiya mabanja awo kumudzi. Kodi zimenezo n’zanzeru? Makolo achikristu ali ndi udindo wosamalira mabanja awo, koma kodi kulekana koteroko kungakhudze bwanji chimwemwe cha banjalo ndiponso moyo wawo wauzimu? (1 Timoteo 5:8) Kodi bambo angathe kupitirizabe kulera ana ake “m’maleredwe ndi chilangizo cha Ambuye”? (Aefeso 6:4) Kodi kulekana kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi sikungawaike pachiyeso choti akhoza kuchita chiwerewere?—1 Akorinto 7:5.

Zili kwa munthu kusankha zosamuka kapena ayi. Akristu asanaganize zosamuka ayenera kuganizira kaye mofatsa ndipo ayenera kupemphera kuti Yehova awatsogolere.—Luka 14:28.

[Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

M’mizinda muli uve ndiponso magalimoto ochuluka zedi

India

Niger

Mexico

Bangladesh

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

M’mabanja ambiri osauka a m’tawuni, ngakhale ana amafunika kugwira ntchito

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 24]

India: © Mark Henley/Panos Pictures; Niger: © Olivio Argenti; Mexico: © Aubrey Wade/Panos Pictures; Bangladesh: © Heldur Netocny/ Panos Pictures; bottom photo: © Jean-Leo Dugast/Panos Pictures