Michael Agricola “Anasintha Zinthu Kwambiri”

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU FINLAND

“Palibe buku lina limene lakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe, mfundo zachikhalidwe ndi maganizo a anthu a ku Finland kuposa Baibulo.”—“Biblia 350—The Finnish Bible and Culture.”

KODI muli ndi Baibulo m’chinenero chanu? N’zotheka kuti muli nalo chifukwa chakuti Baibulo lonse lathunthu kapena mbali yake chabe likupezeka m’zinenero zoposa 2000. Ndipo zimenezi sizinachitike mwangozi. Kuyambira kalekale, amuna ndi akazi ambiri agwira ntchito molimbika kumasulira Baibulo m’zinenero za anthu wamba. Achita zimenezi ngakhale pamene akumana ndi zopinga zazikulu. Michael Agricola anali mmodzi wa anthu amenewa.

Agricola anali katswiri amene anagwira ntchito yomasulira Baibulo m’Chifinishi. Zomwe analemba zinathandiza kwambiri kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Finland chikhale mmene chilili masiku ano. N’chifukwa chake zili zosadabwitsa kuti akutchedwa munthu amene anasintha zinthu kwambiri.

Agricola anabadwa cha m’ma 1510 m’mudzi wa Torsby kum’mwera kwa Finland. Bambo ake anali ndi famu, ndipo n’chifukwa chake dzina la bambo ake linali Agricola. Dzinali likuchokera ku liwu la Chilatini lotanthauza “mlimi.” Chifukwa chokulira m’dera limene ankalankhula zinenero ziwiri, n’kutheka kuti Agricola ankalankhula zinenero ziwiri, Chiswidishi ndi Chifinishi. Anaphunziranso Chilatini pamene anali pa sukulu ya Chilatini m’tawuni ya Vyborg. M’kupita kwa nthawi anasamukira ku Turku, kumene panthawiyo kunali maofesi a boma a dziko la Finland. Kumeneku anali kugwira ntchito monga mlembi wa Martti Skytte, bishopu wa tchalitchi cha Katolika ku Finland.

Chipembedzo ndi Ndale za m’Nthawi Yake

Panthawi imeneyi, ku Scandinavia kunali chipwirikiti. Dziko la Sweden linali kuyesetsa kuti lichoke mu mgwirizano umene ankautcha Kalmar Union, umene unali wa mayiko a Norway, Sweden ndi Denmark. Mu 1523, Gustav Woyamba anaikidwa kukhala mfumu ya Sweden. Zimenezi zinakhudza kwambiri dziko la Finland, lomwe panthawiyo linali chigawo cholamulidwa ndi dziko la Sweden.

Mfumu yatsopanoyi inafuna kwambiri kulimbitsa ulamuliro wake. Kuti ikwaniritse cholinga chakechi, inayamba kutsatira mfundo za nyengo ya kukonzanso zinthu, zomwe zinali kufalikira kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Chifukwa chosintha chipembedzo m’dziko lake kuti mukhale cha Lutheran m’malo mwa Chikatolika, mfumuyi inasiya kugwirizana ndi Papa. Iye anapeputsa mphamvu za mabishopu achikatolika ndipo anatenga chuma cha tchalitchichi. Mpaka lero anthu ambiri ku Sweden ndi Finland ndi achipembedzo cha Lutheran.

Cholinga chachikulu cha  Chipulotesitanti chinali kuchititsa mapemphero a tchalitchi m’zinenero za anthu wamba m’malo mwa Chilatini. Chotero, mu 1526 Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu, kapena kuti “Chipangano Chatsopano,” anafalitsidwa mu Chiswidishi. Koma ku Finland mphamvu za Chipulotesitanti zinali zochepa. Panthawiyo, anthu analibe chidwi kwenikweni chomasulira Baibulo mu Chifinishi. Chifukwa chiyani?

Ntchito “Yaikulu ndi Yotopetsa”

Chifukwa chachikulu chinali choti panalibe mabuku alionse olembedwa mu Chifinishi. Chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1500, mapemphero achikatolika ochepa okha ndi omwe anali olembedwa mu Chifinishi. Chotero, ntchito yomasulira Malemba Oyera mu Chifinishi inafunika kupeza njira yolembera mawu ambiri ndiponso kupanga mawu ena atsopano. Ndipo panafunika kuchita zimenezi popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mabuku achinenero. Ngakhale zinthu zinali choncho, Agricola anayamba kumasulira Baibulo.

Mu 1536, Skytte, bishopu wa tchalitchi cha Akatolika ku Finland, anatumiza Agricola ku Wittenberg, m’dziko la Germany, kuti akawonjezere maphunziro ake a zaumulungu ndiponso chinenero. Malinga ndi kunena kwa nkhani zina, akuti zaka 20 m’mbuyomo, munali mu mzinda umenewu mmene Luther anakhomera pachitseko cha tchalitchi mfundo zake 95 zodziwika kwambiri.

Nthawi imene Agricola anali ku Wittenberg, anachita zinthu zina kuwonjezera pa zimene anapitira kumeneko. Iye anayamba ntchito yaikulu yomasulira Baibulo mu Chifinishi. Mu 1537, m’kalata yomwe analembera mfumu ya ku Sweden, anati: “Malinga ngati Mulungu akutsogolera maphunziro anga, ndidzayesetsa kupitiriza kumasulira Chipangano Chatsopano mu chinenero cha anthu a ku Finland, monga momwe ndinanenera poyamba.” Atabwerera ku Finland, anapitiriza ntchito yake yomasulira, ndipo anali kugwiranso ntchito monga mkulu wa pa sukulu.

Kumasulira Baibulo kunali kovuta kwa Agricola monga momwe kunalili kwa omasulira Mabaibulo ena oyambirira. Ngakhale Luther anali atanenapo kuti: “Kumasulira mawu a Chihebri mu Chijeremani ndi ntchito yaikulu ndiponso yotopetsa.” N’zoona kuti Agricola anatha kugwiritsa ntchito Mabaibulo omasuliridwa ndi anthu ena, koma vuto lake lalikulu linali chinenero cha Chifinishi. Ndipotu, chinenero chimenechi chinali chisanalembedwepo kwambiri.

Chotero, zinali monga ngati Agricola anali kumanga nyumba popanda pulani ya kamangidwe kake, kungogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochepa kwambiri. Kodi anatha bwanji kuchita zimenezi? Agricola anayamba kusankha mawu a Chifinishi cha m’madera osiyanasiyana ndipo anawalemba monga momwe anthu anali kuwatchulira. Mosakayikira, anali Agricola amene anapanga mawu a Chifinishi a “boma,” “wonyenga,” “zolembedwa pamanja,” “gulu la nkhondo,” “chitsanzo,” ndi “mlembi.” Anapanga mawu mwa kuphatikiza mawu angapo, ndipo anapanga mawu atsopano ochokera ku mawu ena ndiponso obwerekera ku zinenero zina, makamaka Chiswidishi. Ena mwa mawu amenewa anali enkeli (mngelo), historia (mbiri), lamppu (nyali), marttyyri (wofera chikhulupiriro), ndi palmu (mtengo wa mgwalangwa).

Mawu a Mulungu kwa Anthu a M’dziko Lake

Pomaliza, mu 1548, chigawo choyamba cha Baibulo la Agricola chinafalitsidwa, ndipo chinatchedwa Se Wsi Testamenti (Chipangano Chatsopano). Anthu ena amanena kuti Baibulo limeneli linamalizidwa zaka zisanu m’mbuyo mwake koma chifukwa  cha vuto la ndalama anachedwa kulifalitsa. Zikuoneka kuti Agricola ndi amene anapereka ndalama zambiri kuti lisindikizidwe.

Patapita zaka zitatu, Agricola anamasulira Dauidin Psaltari (Masalmo), ndipo zikuoneka kuti analimasulira mothandizidwa ndi anzake. Iye analinso woyamba kumasulira mabuku ena a Mose ndi mabuku aulosi a Malemba Achihebri.

Posonyeza kudzichepetsa kwake, Agricola analemba moona mtima kuti: “Ndikupempha kuti pasapezeke Mkristu kapena munthu woopa Mulungu kapenanso wowerenga aliyense wa Buku Loyera wokhumudwa ngati m’Baibulo lomasuliridwa ndi munthu amene n’koyamba kugwirapo ntchito yomasulira mupezeka chinthu cholakwika, kapena chachilendo ndiponso chosasangalatsa kapena cholembedwa modabwitsa.” Ngakhale kuti zolakwa zina zingapezeke m’mabuku amene Agricola anamasulira, tikuyamikira kwambiri khama lake lomwe linachititsa kuti Baibulo lipezeke kwa anthu wamba.

Zimene Agricola Anasiyira Anthu

Kuchiyambi kwa chaka cha 1557, Agricola, amene panthawiyo anali wa tchalitchi cha Lutheran ndiponso bishopu ku Turku, anasankhidwa kukhala mmodzi wa anthu amene anatumidwa ku Moscow kukathetsa mkangano wa malire pakati pa mayiko a Sweden ndi Russia. Ntchitoyi inayenda bwino, koma zikuoneka kuti mavuto amene anakumana nawo paulendo wake wobwerera anachititsa kuti Agricola adwale mwadzidzidzi. Anafa ali ndi zaka 47, paulendo wobwerera kwawo.

Panthawi ya moyo wake waufupi, Agricola anafalitsa mabuku a mu Chifinishi okwana teni chabe, onse pamodzi anali ndi masamba 2,400. Koma anthu ambiri amakhulupirira kuti munthu amene “anasintha zinthu kwambiri” ameneyu anapititsa patsogolo chikhalidwe cha ku Finland. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, chinenero cha ku Finland ndiponso anthu a m’dzikoli apita patsogolo kwambiri pa zaumisiri ndi sayansi.

Chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chimene Michael Agricola anasintha ndicho kuthandiza anthu olankhula Chifinishi kuti azimvetsa bwino Mawu a Mulungu. Zimenezi zinalembedwa mwachidule mu ndakatulo yom’kumbukira imene inalembedwa m’Chilatini iye atamwalira. Inati: “Sanasiye chikalata wamba chofotokoza ntchito yake. M’malo mwake anamasulira mabuku opatulika m’Chifinishi, ndipo afunikira kumuyamikira kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito imeneyi.”

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Baibulo la Chifinishi

Baibulo lathunthu loyamba la Chifinishi linafalitsidwa mu 1642. Baibulo limeneli linalembedwa makamaka mwa kugwiritsa ntchito zimene Michael Agricola analemba. M’kupita kwa nthawi linakhala Baibulo lovomerezedwa mu tchalitchi cha Lutheran cha ku Finland. Kwa zaka zambiri, Baibuloli linangosinthidwa m’malo ochepa chabe mpaka mu 1938. Alikonzanso chaposachedwapa mu 1992.

Baibulo lina lathunthu m’Chifinishi ndi la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, lofalitsidwa ndi Mboni za Yehova. Linatulutsidwa mu 1995. Zaka 20 m’mbuyomo, mu 1975, Mboni zinafalitsa Baibulo lawo la Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu. Baibulo la New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures limatsatira kwambiri malemba oyambirira. Kufika panopa Mabaibulo amenewa okwana 130,000,000 asindikizidwa.

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Michael Agricola ndi Baibulo la Chifinishi loyambirira. Khadi lolembedwa mu 1910

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National Board of Antiquities/Ritva Bäckman

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Baibulo la Agricola la “Chipangano Chatsopano”

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National Board of Antiquities