Alhambra—Nyumba Yachisilamu Yokongola Kwambiri ya ku Granada

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU SPAIN

“Pali miyambo ndi nthano zambiri, zoona ndi zochititsa chidwi; pali nyimbo zambiri, m’Chiarabu ndi Chisipanishi, zachikondi ndi nkhondo ndi chamuna, zokhudza nyumba yaikulu yomangidwa mwachisilamu imeneyi!”—Anatero Washington Irving, wolemba mabuku wa m’zaka za m’ma 1800 wa ku America.

MALO otchuka omwe anachititsa munthuyu kunena zimenezi ndi Alhambra, nyumba yachifumu yochititsa kaso kwambiri yomwe imakongoletsa mzinda wa Granada, ku Spain. Nyumbayi, yomwe ili kum’mwera kwa Ulaya, ndi chitsanzo cha mmene anthu amamangira ndi kukongoletsera nyumba ku Arabia ndi ku Persia. Asilamu otchedwa a Moor, omwe analamulira dziko la Spain kwa zaka zambiri, ndiwo anachititsa kuti nyumba yachifumuyi ikhale yokongola kwambiri choncho. *

Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu, dzina lake Zawí ben Zirí, anakhazikitsa ufumu wodziimira pawokha wa Granada m’zaka za m’ma 1000. Ufumuwu unatha zaka pafupifupi 500, ndipo panthawi imeneyi unapita patsogolo kwambiri pantchito zaluso ndiponso zachikhalidwe. Unatha mu 1492 pamene mafumu achikatolika, Ferdinand ndi Isabella, anathetsa ulamuliro wachisilamu m’dziko la Spain.

Mzinda wa Granada womwe a Moor anamanga unatukuka kwambiri asilikali achikristu atalanda mzinda wa Córdoba mu 1236. Granada anakhala likulu la dziko lachisilamu la Spain ndipo mafumu omwe analamulira m’mbuyo mwake anadzamanga nyumba yachifumu, ya Alhambra. Mu Ulaya yense munali musanamangidwepo nyumba ngati imeneyi. Poyamikira kukongola kwa nyumbayi, wolemba mabuku wina ananena kuti “nyumbayi ndi yokongola kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.”

Nawonso malo omwe pali nyumba ya Alhambra ndi okongola kwabasi. Mapiri a Sierra Nevada omwe ali kumbuyo kwa nyumbayi, ndipo n’ngotalika mamita oposa 3,400, komanso amakhala ndi chipale chofewa, amangooneka ngati chipilala chachikumbutso. Nyumba ya Alhambra ili paphiri lalitali la Sabika lokutidwa ndi mitengo, lotalika mamita pafupifupi 150. Ibn Zamrak, wolemba ndakatulo wa m’zaka za m’ma 1300, ataona mmene phiri la Sabika linayang’anizirana ndi mzinda wa Granada, anati phirili limakhala ngati mwamuna wonyadira akuyang’anitsitsa mkazi wake.

Mzinda M’kati mwa Mzinda Unzake

N’kutheka kuti dzina lakuti Alhambra, lomwe pa Chiarabu limatanthauza “chofiira,” limanena za mtundu wa njerwa zomwe a Moor anamangira zipupa za kunja kwa nyumbayi. Komabe, ena amagwirizana ndi zomwe olemba mbiri achiarabu amanena kuti pomanga Alhambra “ankachita kuunikira ndi miyuni” usiku. Iwo amati kuunikiraku kunapangitsa kuti zipupa zake zizioneka zofiirira, ndipo apa m’pamene panachokera dzina la nyumbayi.

Ku Alhambra kuli zinthu zinanso kuwonjezera pa nyumba yachifumu. Tingathe kunena kuti malowa ndi mzinda m’kati mwa mzinda wa Granada. Kuseli kwa mipanda yake kuli minda, malo amene anthu amatha kupitako n’kumakasangalala, nyumba yachifumu, Alcazaba (kapena kuti nsanja), ndiponso medina (kutanthauza tauni pa Chiarabu) yaing’ono. Mapulani omangira Alhambra amene a Moor analemba ndi zinthu zina zomwe anadzawonjezera pa nyumbayi pambuyo pake zinachititsa kuti ikhale yochititsa kaso kwambiri chifukwa inaphatikiza kakongoletsedwe kachiarabu komanso kakongoletsedwa ka ku Ulaya ka panthawi yomwe maphunziro ankatukuka.

Alhambra ndi yokongola kwambiri chonchi chifukwa cha njira imene a Moor ndiponso Agiriki akale ankagwiritsa  ntchito pa zomangamanga. Choyamba, ankaonetsetsa kuti miyala yofanana kukhakhala, mtundu, ndi kakulidwe aigwiritsira ntchito pamodzi. Kenako anakongoletsa chipupa cha kunja kwa nyumbayi. Mogwirizana ndi mmene katswiri wina anenera, “a Moor nthawi zonse ankatsatira mfundo yomwe akatswiri a zomangamanga amati ndi yofunika kwambiri, yomanga chinthu n’kuchikongoletsa, osati kumanga chinthu chokongoletsera.”

Kuyendera Nyumba ya Alhambra

Khomo lolowera ku nyumba ya Alhambra analimanga ngati chilembo cha U chozondoka, ndipo amalitcha Chipata cha Chilungamo. Dzinali limakumbutsa munthu za bwalo la milandu lomwe linkakhala pa chipatachi panthawi imene ku nyumbayi kunkakhala Asilamu, ndipo ku bwaloli ankamva mwamsanga milandu ing’onoing’ono. Kuweruzira milandu pa chipata kunali kofala ku Middle East ndipo kumatchulidwanso m’Baibulo. *

Nyumba ya Alhambra anaikongoletsa kwambiri ndi pulasitala wa mtundu winawake, ndipo pulasitala wamtunduwu amapezeka kwambiri m’nyumba zachifumu za Aarabu, ngati nyumba imeneyi. Akatswiri a  zogobagoba, anagoba pulasitalayu mobwerezabwereza moti amangooneka ngati chilezi cha nsalu. Zipupa za makomo ena zimangooneka ngati zili ndi madontho oyalana bwinobwino a madzi oti anali kuyenderera kenako n’kuuma chifukwa cha kuzizira. Nyumbayi ilinso ndi zillij, omwe ndi matailosi oduladula, osalala kwambiri, ndipo anawayala mochititsa kaso kwambiri. Matailosiwa amawalitsa kwambiri m’munsi mwa zipupa za nyumbayi ndipo mumaoneka mosiyana kwambiri ndi m’mwamba mwake momwe muli pulasitala uja.

Bwalo lochititsa chidwi kwambiri ku Alhambra ndi Bwalo la Mikango, lomwe anthu amati ndi “chitsanzo chapamwamba kwambiri chosonyeza luso la Aarabu ku Spain.” Buku lina lofotokoza za malo ochititsa chidwi a m’dzikolo linati: “Ntchito imene pagonadi ukatswiri, imakhala yovuta kuitengera. . . . Umu ndi mmene timamvera tikamaona Bwalo la Mikangoli.” Pakati pa bwaloli pali kasupe wa madzi yemwe anam’khazika pamwamba pa mikango 12 yamiyala, ndipo m’mbali mwake muli makomo ambirimbiri ooneka ngati zilembo za U zozondoka. Amenewa ndi amodzi mwa malo amene anthu amakonda kuwatola zithunzi kwambiri ku Spain.

Minda ya Maluwa Yotsitsimutsa Mtima

Ku Alhambra kulinso minda ya maluwa, akasupe a madzi, ndiponso maiwe okongola kwambiri. * Malinga ndi zomwe analemba Enrique Sordo m’buku lake lakuti Moorish Spain, “minda ya maluwa ya Aarabu n’chitsanzo cha paradaiso.” Mukayang’ana paliponse mumaona zinthu zachisilamu. Wolemba mabuku wina wa ku Spain, dzina lake García Gómez, anati: “Buku la Korani limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane Paradaiso wachisilamu kuti ndi munda wokongola . . . wothiriridwa ndi mitsinje yokongola kwambiri.” Ku Alhambra kuli malo ambiri opezeka madzi, ndipo izi n’zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa anthu oti anazolowera kukhala m’chipululu motentha ndi mosowa madzi. Olemba mapulani a mindayi anazindikira kuti madzi amatha kuziziritsa mpweya ndiponso kuti amachita kaphokoso kabwino kwambiri akamayenda. Maiwe okhala ndi mbali zinayi omwe amaoneka obiriwira mofanana ndi thambo a ku nyumbayi amapangitsa kuti munthu aziona ngati malowa ndi aakulu komanso owala.

 Kufupi ndi Alhambra kuli Generalife, nyumba ndi munda wa maluwa wa a Moor, zomwe zili chakumbaliko. Nyumba ndi mundawu zili pa phiri lina laling’ono lotchedwa Cerro del Sol, lomwe lili moyandikana ndi phiri la Sabika. Anthu amati malo a Generalife, omwe amasonyeza bwino kwambiri mmene Aarabu amakongoletsera malo, ndi “umodzi mwa minda yokongola kwambiri padziko lonse.” * Kale panali mlatho wochokera ku Generalife kupita ku nyumba yachifumu ya Alhambra, ndipo zikuoneka kuti kumeneku ndi komwe atsogoleri a Granada ankatha kukapumulako. Pali mpata womwe umakafika pa malo ena pomwe pali masitepe oyendamo madzi. Kumalo amenewa alendo amasangalala ndi kuwala kwake, zinthu zochititsa chidwi zomwe amaona, ndiponso kafungo kabwino ka maluwa.

Kuusa Moyo kwa Mfumu ya a Moor

Boabdil (Muḥammad XI), yemwe anali mfumu yomaliza ya Granada, atapereka mzindawu kwa Ferdinand ndi Isabella, iye ndi banja lake anafunika kuthawira kunja kwa dzikolo. Anthuwa atatuluka mu mzindawo, akuti anaima penapake pokwera kwambiri pomwe masiku ano pamatchedwa El Suspiro del Moro (Kuusa Moyo kwa Mmoor). Pamene ankaona komaliza nyumba yawo yofiira yachifumu, akuti amayi a Boabdil anauza mwana wawoyu kuti: “Lira ngati mkazi, polirira chimene sunathe kuteteza ngati mwamuna!”

Masiku ano ena mwa anthu mamiliyoni atatu omwe amakaona Alhambra pachaka amapitabe kumalo amenewa. Akafika pamenepa, ngati mmene anachitira Boabdil, amatha kuona bwino mzinda wa Granada m’munsi mwa phiri lomwe panamangidwa nyumba yachifumu yachiarabu, yomwe ndi yokongola kwambiri mumzindawo. Mutati mwapita ku Granada tsiku lina, nanunso mungakamvetsetse chisoni chomwe mfumu yomaliza ya a Moor inali nacho.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

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Alcazaba

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Bwalo la Mikango

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Minda ya maluwa ya Generalife

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Masitepe oyendamo madzi

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Line art: EclectiCollections

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All except top photo: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife

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All photos: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Above photos: Recinto Monumental de la Alhambra y Generalife; bottom photo: J. A. Fernández/San Marcos