Mtsinje wa Thames Wachita Zazikulu M’mbiri ya England

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU BRITAIN

Mtsinje wa Thames unayambira ku mitsinje ing’onoing’ono inayi m’mapiri okongola a Cotswold kum’mwera chapakati pa dziko la England. Mtsinjewu ndi wotalika makilomita 350, ndipo kuchokera ku mapiri a Cotswold umalowera chakum’mawa, ndipo mitsinje ina imathirira mu mtsinjewu mpaka pamene unakathirira m’nyanja ya North Sea. Pamalo pamene unathirira m’nyanjapo m’papakulu makilomita pafupifupi 29. Mmene mtsinje waufupi umenewu unakhudzira mbiri ya dziko la England ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi kwambiri.

JULIUS CAESAR anatsogolera nkhondo yoyamba imene Aroma anamenyana ndi dziko la England cha m’ma 55 B.C.E. Atabweranso chaka chotsatira, sanathe kupita patali chifukwa cha mtsinje umene anautcha Tamesis, umene panopa umatchedwa Thames. Mfumu ya Aroma Claudius ndi imene inadzatha kugonjetsa dziko la England patatha zaka 90 kuchokera pa nthawi imeneyi.

Panthawi imeneyo, m’mphepete monse mwa mtsinjewu munali madambo. Koma pamene madzi a m’nyanja olowa mu mtsinjewu amabwererera, makilomita 50 kuchoka pamene mtsinjewu unathirira m’nyanja, asilikali achiroma anadzamangapo mlatho wa mitengo. Pamalo amenewa, pa tsidya lakumpoto la mtsinjewu, anamangapo doko limene analitcha Londinium. *

Pa zaka 400 zotsatira, Aroma anafutukula malonda awo kufika ku madera ena a ku Ulaya ndipo ankawodetsa zinthu kuchokera ku dera lozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean, ngakhalenso matabwa ochokera ku Lebanon. Ankayendanso pa mtsinje wa Thames atanyamula katundu kupita naye ku London kuchokera ku madera a m’kati mwa dzikolo. Choncho, chifukwa cha misewu yochokera pakati pa mzindawu kulowera ku madera osiyanasiyana, posakhalitsa London anakhala malo ofunika kwambiri ochitirapo malonda.

Zomwe Anachita William I

Ufumu wa Aroma utagwa, magulu a nkhondo a Aroma anachoka ku Britain mu 410 C.E., ndipo mzinda wa London unakhala bwinja. Malonda a pa mtsinje wa Thames nawonso analowa pansi. Mafumu achingelezi ankalongedwa ufumu ku Kingston, malo amene anali pa mtunda wa makilomita 19 kuchokera ku London kulowera kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu. Pamenepa panali posavuta kuwoloka mtsinje wa Thames. Anakhala akulongedwa ufumu kumeneku mpaka m’zaka za m’ma 1000 pamene Mfumu  William I wa ku Normandy anagonjetsa dzikoli. William I atalongedwa ufumu ku Westminster mu 1066, anamanga Nsanja ya London m’kati mwa mpanda wa Aroma wozungulira mzindawu kuti azitha kulamulira bwino derali ndi kufutukula dera lochitira malonda komanso kuti azionetsetsa anthu obwera ndi kuchoka pa dokolo. Malonda anayambanso kuyenda bwino, ndipo anthu okhala ku London anawonjezeka kufika pa 30,000.

William I anamanganso nyumba yozunguliridwa ndi linga pamwamba pa kaphiri kokhala ndi miyala ya laimu pa mtunda wa makilomita 35 kumadzulo kwa London, kumene panopa kumatchedwa Windsor. Nyumba imeneyi inalowa m’malo mwa nyumba yachifumu ya Angelezi ndipo munthu akakhala pa nyumbayi amatha kuona bwino kwambiri mtsinje wa Thames. Nyumba yachifumuyi aisinthasintha kangapo, ndipo panopa imatchedwa Windsor Castle. Nyumbayi ndi malo amodzi amene alendo odzacheza ku Britain amakonda kudzaona.

M’chaka cha 1209 anamaliza ntchito yomanga mlatho wa miyala pa mtsinje wa Thames ku London, yomwe inatenga zaka 30. Mlathowu unali umodzi mwa milatho yoyamba ya mtundu umenewu ku Ulaya. Mlatho waukulu kwambiri umenewu, umene anamangaponso masitolo, nyumba, ngakhale tchalitchi, unali ndi mbali ziwiri zotha kutseguka. Unalinso ndi nsanja ku Southwark, kum’mwera kwake, kuti izithandiza pankhani za chitetezo.

Mfumu John ya ku England (1167-1216) inasaina chikalata chotchuka chotchedwa Magna Carta mu 1215 ku Runnymede, pa mtsinje wa Thames kufupi ndi Windsor. Mogwiritsa ntchito chikalata chimenechi, mfumuyo inakakamizika kupereka ufulu kwa Angelezi komanso makamaka kwa anthu a mu mzinda wa London, ndiponso inapereka ufulu wochita malonda pa doko la mzindawu.

Mtsinje wa Thames Unabweretsa Chitukuko

Pa zaka zambiri zotsatira, malonda ankayenda bwino kwambiri pa mtsinje wa Thames. Patapita nthawi, kuwonjezeka kwa malonda kunachititsa kuti zinthu zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mtsinjewu zikhale zosakwanira. Zaka 200 zapitazo, mtsinje wa Thames unali ndi malo okochezapo sitima 600 zokha pa doko lake, koma nthawi zina sitima zokwana 1,775 zinkakhala zikudikirira pa dokolo kuti zitsitse katundu wake. Chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa sitima kumeneku, umbava unavuta kwambiri. Usiku, mbava zinkadula zingwe zokochezera sitima n’kuba katundu wa m’sitimamo, ndipo panali mabwato ang’onoang’ono  amene ankanyamula katundu wakubayo n’kupita naye ku madera ena a m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu. Kuti athane ndi vuto limeneli, mzinda wa London unakhazikitsa apolisi oyamba oyang’anira mtsinje. Apolisi oterewa akadalipobe mpaka pano.

Koma panafunika zambiri kuti mpanipani umene unali pa dokoli uchepe. Choncho, m’zaka za m’ma 1800, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku England inavomereza kuti amange madoko otha kuwatseka amene anali aakulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Anamanga madokowa m’madera otsika a m’mbali zonse za mtsinjewu. Madoko otchedwa Surrey Commercial Docks, London Dock, ndiponso West ndi East India ndi amene anali oyamba kumalizidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1800. Kenaka anamanga doko la Royal Victoria Dock mu 1855, ndi linzake la Royal Albert Dock mu 1880.

Mainjiniya awiri, omwe anali bambo ndi mwana wake, Marc I. ndi Isambard K. Brunel, analumikiza tsidya limodzi la mtsinje wa Thames ndi linzake mu 1840 pokumba njira yoyamba pa dziko lonse yodutsa pansi pa madzi. Njirayi ndi yaitali mamita 459 ndipo mpaka pano njanji zina zapansi zimene zikugwirabe ntchito ku London zadutsa m’njira imeneyi. Mu 1894 anamaliza kumanga mlatho wotchedwa Tower Bridge umene alendo amakonda kwambiri kukauona masiku ano. Mlathowu uli ndi mbali ziwiri zimene zimatha kutseguka n’kupereka mpata wa mamita 76 kuti sitima zikuluzikulu zithe kudutsa pakati pa nsanja zake ziwiri. Mukakwera masitepe pafupifupi 300, mumakatulukira pa msewu wa pamwamba pa mlathowo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepa mumatha kuona bwinobwino malo ochititsa chidwi a m’mbali mwa mtsinjewo.

Pofika m’zaka za m’ma 1900, doko la London linkatha kulandira sitima zambirimbiri zimene zinkabwerako chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malonda amene ankachitika mu mzindawo. Pofika nthawi imene doko lomalizira, lomwe analipatsa dzina lakuti Mfumu George V, linamangidwa mu 1921, mzinda wa London unali utasanduka “doko lalikulu ndi lolemera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.”

Pa Mtsinjewu Pali Nyumba Zachifumu Ndiponso Pamachitika Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana Zachifumu

Panthawi imene mzinda wa London unali kukula, misewu yake inali ikadali yopanda tala, ndipo nthawi zambiri sinkadutsika m’nyengo yozizira. Choncho njira yabwino komanso yofulumira kwambiri ya kayendedwe inali mtsinje wa Thames, umene patapita nthawi unadzakhala wotanganidwa kwambiri. Oyendetsa mabwato a mumtsinje wa Thames ankakuwa kuti “Nkhafi!” akamaunjikana pa masitepe a m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu polimbirana anthu oti awawolotse mtsinjewu kapena apite nawo ku malo osiyanasiyana kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mtsinjewu. Ankatenganso anthu kupita nawo ku mitsinje yothira mu mtsinje wa Thames ya Fleet ndi Walbrook, imene panopa inakwiririka pansi pa misewu ya ku London yomwe ili ndi mayina amenewa.

Patapita nthawi, mzinda wa London unayamba kuoneka ngati mzinda wa Venice, chifukwa masitepe a nyumba zambiri zachifumu ankathera mu mtsinjewo. Anthu a m’banja lachifumu anayamba kuona kuti kukhala m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Thames n’chinthu chonyaditsa kwambiri, n’chifukwa chake nyumba zachifumu za Greenwich, Whitehall, ndi Westminster zili m’mphepete mwa mtsinjewu. Nayonso nyumba ya Hampton Court yakhala nyumba ya mafumu ndi mfumukazi za ku England m’mbuyomu, ndipo nyumba ya Windsor Castle, kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu, ikadali nyumba yachifumu mpaka pano.

Mu 1717, George Frideric Handel analemba nyimbo yotchedwa “Water Music” kuti asangalatse Mfumu George I pa nthawi imene kunali phwando lachifumu lochitira pamadzi. Bwato la mfumuyo linatsagana ndi “mabwato ena ambirimbiri, moti mtsinje wonsewo tingati unakutidwa,” inatero nyuzipepala ina ya panthawiyo. Bwato lomwe linayandikana ndi bwato la mfumu linanyamula oimba 50, amene anaimba nyimbo ya Handel ija katatu pamene ankayenda ulendo wa makilomita eyiti pamtsinjewo kuchoka ku Westminster kukafika ku Chelsea.

 Mtsinje Umene Uli ndi Malo Achisangalalo ndi Opumira

Mlatho wa Westminster usanamangidwe m’zaka za m’ma 1740, njira yokhayo yowolokera mtsinje wa Thames inali kuyenda pa Mlatho wa London, umene anadzaukonzanso kenako n’kumangapo wina m’zaka za m’ma 1820. Zipilala zambiri zimene zinali pa mlatho wa miyala woyambirirawo zinkalepheretsa kwambiri madzi a mumtsinjewu kuyenda bwinobwino. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, pa zaka 600 zimene mlathowu unalipo, madzi a mu mtsinje wa Thames anaundana nthawi zosachepera 8. Madziwa akaundana, anthu ankachita masewera osiyanasiyana pa madzi oundanawo. Ankaotcha nyama ya ng’ombe, ndipo anthu ankatha kuona a m’banja lachifumu akudya pamadzipo. Anthu ambiri ankagulanso mabuku ndi zidole zolembedwa kuti “zogulidwa pa mtsinje wa Thames.” Manyuzipepala ndi timapepala tolembapo Pemphero la Ambuye tinkasindikizidwa pa makina osindikizira amene ankawaika pa madzi oundanawo.

Masiku ano, chaka chilichonse amachita mpikisano wopalasa bwato wotchedwa University Boat Race, umene umachitika pakati pa ophunzira a ku yunivesite ya Oxford ndi ya Cambridge. Anthu amasonkhana m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Thames pakati pa Putney ndi Mortlake kuti akachemerere anthu ochita mpikisanowo, amene amakhalapo 8 pa bwato lililonse, akamapalasa bwato makilomita pafupifupi 7 mu mphindi zosakwana 20. Mpikisano woyamba unachitika mu 1829, kumtunda kwa mtsinjewu m’tawuni ya Henley. Atasamutsira kumunsi malo ochitira mpikisanowu, tawuni ya Henley inakonza mpikisano wakewake wopalasa bwato, womwe uli wakale ndiponso wotchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya konse wa mtundu umenewu. Ku mpikisano umenewu kumabwera amuna ndi akazi odziwa bwino kwambiri kupalasa bwato ochokera pa dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amapalasa bwato kwa mtunda wa mamita 1600. Mpikisano wa m’chilimwe umenewu tsopano watchuka kwambiri.

Buku lina lofotokoza za dziko la Britain limati mukakhala pa mtsinje wa Thames “mumaona zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa, pamene mtsinjewu ukudutsa m’madera a kumidzi a ku England okhala ndi mapiri ang’onoang’ono, nkhalango, madambo, nyumba za m’midzi, timidzi tokongola ndi timatawuni ting’onoting’ono. . . . Pali madera aakulu amene sipakhala msewu uliwonse, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala kanjira kakang’ono ka m’mphepete mwa mtsinje. Choncho, ngakhale n’zoona kuti munthu amene ali pagalimoto angaone kukongola kwa mtsinjewu ukamadutsa m’matawuni, kukongola kwenikweni kwa mtsinje wa Thames mungakuone kokha ngati muli pa bwato kapena ngati mukuyenda pansi.”

Kodi mukukonza zopita ku England? Ngati ndi choncho, mudzapatuleko nthawi yokaona mtsinje wa Thames ndi kuphunzirako za mbiri yake. Kuyambira ku madera a kumidzi okongola komwe unayambira mpaka ku mathero ake komwe kumakhala pikitipikiti, pali zambiri zomwe mungaone, kuchita, ndi kuphunzira. Mtsinje wa Thames sudzakukhumudwitsani.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 27]

M’MABUKU MULINSO NKHANI ZOKHUDZA MTSINJE WA THAMES

Jerome K. Jerome anafotokoza mmene munthu amasangalalira pa mtsinje wa Thames m’buku lake lotchedwa Three Men in a Boat. Bukuli limafotokoza za ulendo wa anthu atatu ogwirizana omwe anali patchuthi, akupalasa bwato pa mtsinjewu ndi galu wawo kuchokera ku nyumba ya Hampton Court kukafika ku Oxford. Bukuli linalembedwa mu 1889 ndipo linamasuliridwa m’zinenero zambiri. Mpaka pano, likadali “buku lotchuka ndiponso loseketsa.”

Nkhani inanso yotchuka ndi ya The Wind in the Willows, yomwe anthu achikulire ndi ana omwe amasangalala nayo. Kenneth Grahame, yemwe ankakhala ku Pangbourne, tawuni ya m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Thames, anamaliza kulemba bukuli mu 1908. M’bukuli muli nkhani yopeka yonena za nyama zimene zimakhala mu mtsinjewu kapena m’mphepete mwake.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 27]

MFUMU NDI MTSINJE WA THAMES

Mfumu James I, imene inalamulira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1600, nthawi inayake inalamula bungwe loyang’anira mzinda wa London la Corporation of London kuti limupatse ndalama zokwana mapaundi 20,000. Meya wa mzindawu atakana kupereka ndalamazi, mfumuyo inaopseza kuti: “Ndiwononga iweyo ndi mzinda wakowu mpaka kalekale. Ndichotsa makhoti anga, Nyumba yanga yachifumu, ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kuti zipite ku Winchester kapena ku Oxford, ndipo ku Westminster kukhala ngati ku chipululu. Zikatero tiona zomwe zitakuchitire!” Atamva zimenezi, meyayo anayankha kuti: “Koma pali chinthu chimodzi chomwe chizitonthoza mtima amalonda a ku London: inuyo a Mfumu simungathe kutenga mtsinje wa Thames kupita nawo.”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

From the book Ridpath’s History of the World (Vol. VI)

[Mapu patsamba 24]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

ENGLAND

London

Mtsinje wa Thames

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Map: Mountain High Maps® Copyright © 1997 Digital Wisdom, Inc.

[Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Wotchi yotchedwa Big Ben ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ku Westminster, ku London

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Mlatho wa London womangidwa ndi miyala, mu 1756

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

From the book Old and New London: A Narrative of Its History, Its People, and Its Places (Vol. II)

[Chithunzi patsamba 26]

Chithunzi ichi cha mu 1803 chikusonyeza mtsinje wa Thames ndi sitima zambirimbiri zitakocheza pa doko

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Corporation of London, London Metropolitan Archive

[Chithunzi pamasamba 26, 27]

Chithunzi chosonyeza masewera a pamtsinje, madzi ataundana mu 1683

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

From the book Old and New London: A Narrative of Its History, Its People, and Its Places (Vol. III)