Chilumba Chokongola Kwambiri cha Mchenga

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU AUSTRALIA

MU 1770, Mngelezi wina wofufuza malo dzina lake Kaputeni James Cook anayenda panyanja kugombe lakum’mawa kwa Australia. Iye anadutsa chilumba chachikulu cha mchenga chakufupi ndi gombe chimene panopa kumapita alendo 300,000 pachaka. Kuchokera pa chilumbachi, pali makilomita opitirira pang’ono chabe pa 150 kukafika kumpoto kwa mzinda umene panopa umatchedwa Brisbane. Koma Cook sanachilabadire n’komwe chilumbachi. Ndipotu, iye ndi anthu ena ankaganiza kuti sichinali chilumba, koma kuti mtunda unangolowerera m’madzi. Patapita zaka zingapo, munthu wina wofufuzanso malo dzina lake Matthew Flinders anaima pachilumbachi. Iye analemba kuti: “Sindinaoneponso malo opanda madzi ngati chilumba chimenechi.”

Cook ndi Flinders akanakhala kuti anapitirira gombe lalitali ndi zulu za mchenga zomwe anaonazo, akanakhala ndi maganizo osiyana kwambiri. Akanaona nkhalango zokongola, nyanja za madzi oyera kwambiri opanda mchere, zitunda zokhala ndi mchenga wokongola wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana. Chilumba chimenechi, chomwe ndi chilumba cha mchenga chachikulu kwambiri padziko lonse, tsopano chimatchedwa chilumba cha Fraser. N’chochititsa chidwi kwambiri moti mu 1992 anachiika m’gulu la malo ofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. *

Chilumbachi Chinayambira M’mapiri

Chilumba cha Fraser n’chachitali makilomita 120 m’litali ndi makilomita okwana 25 m’lifupi. Dera lake n’lalikulu maekala 395,200. Chili ndi mapiri akuluakulu a mchenga otalika pafupifupi mamita 240, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti chilumbachi ndicho chilumba cha mchenga chachitali kwambiri padziko lonse. Kodi ndi mphamvu zotani zimene zinapanga chilumba chochititsa chidwi chimenechi?

Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti mchenga wambirimbiri umene unapanga chilumbachi unachokera ku mdadada wa mapiri otchedwa Great Dividing Range, omwe anayala gombe lonse lakum’mawa kwa Australia. M’kupita kwa nthawi, mvula yambiri inakanganula zidutswa za miyala kuchokera m’mapiriwa n’kuzikokololera m’mitsinje mpaka kukafika kunyanja. Madzi a m’nyanjamo poyenda ananyenya tizidutswato mpaka kutisandutsa mchenga ung’onoung’ono, umene pang’ono ndi pang’ono unali kusuntha kulowera chakumpoto. Mchengawo unakumana ndi zitunda ndi miyala ikuluikulu yapansi panyanja ndipo unaunjikika. M’kupita kwa nthawi unachuluka ndipo chilumba cha Fraser chinapangika.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nyanja yamchere ya Pacific yapitiriza kubweretsa mchenga watsopano pamagombe a chilumbachi. Kuchokera pamenepa, mphepo imakankhira mchengawo m’kati, kumene umakapanga zulu za mchenga. Zuluzi zimamka zisuntha mtunda wokwana mita imodzi pachaka, ndipo zimakwirira chilichonse chomwe chinali m’njira imene zikudutsa.

Nyanja ndi Nkhalango Zochititsa Chidwi

N’zochititsa chidwi kuti pa zulu za mchenga zomwe zili pachilumbachi panapangika nyanja 40 za madzi opanda mchere. Zina mwa nyanjazi zili pamwamba pa zulu zitalizitali, pomwe pali polowa. Kodi n’chiyani chimachititsa kuti madziwo asalowe pansi? Ndi zinyalala, makungwa, ndi nthambi za mitengo zowolerana zomwe zinakuta pansi pa mchengawo.

Pachilumbachi palinso nyanja zamtundu wina zomwe zimapangika malo olowa mumchenga muja akakafika pamene pamakhala madzi a pansi panthaka. Madziwa amalowa m’malo olowawo, ndipo amapanga nyanja za madzi oyera kwambiri a pansi panthaka, osefeka ndi mchenga.

Nyanja za pachilumbachi zimakhala zodzaza chifukwa pamagwa mvula yokwana mamilimita 1,500 pachaka. Madzi amene sanathire m’nyanja kapena amene sanalowerere mu mchenga amasanduka mitsinje imene imakathira m’nyanja ya mchere. Pali mtsinje wina umene akuti umathira madzi okwana malita 5 miliyoni pa ola limodzi m’nyanja ya mchere ya Pacific.

 Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madziku, chilumba cha Fraser n’chobiriwira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, kumadera kumene kumagwa mvula yambiri nkhalango sizikhala m’malo a mchenga, momwe mumakhala mopanda chonde. Koma chilumba cha Fraser ndi chimodzi mwa malo ochepa padziko lapansi kumene mitengo m’nkhalango imakula bwino pa mchenga. Ndipotu, panthawi inayake nkhalangoyi inali yowirira kwambiri moti kwa zaka zoposa 100, anthu ankadulamo mitengo yosiyanasiyana yopangira matabwa. Wopanga matabwa wina mu 1929 ananena kuti: “Munthu wapaulendo amapeza nkhalango yowirira ndi mitengo italiitali yopangira matabwa yotalika mpaka mamita 45 . . . Mitengo ikuluikulu ya m’nkhalangoyi ndi yaikulu mamita awiri mpaka atatu m’mimba mwake.” Mitengo ina yolimba ya m’nkhalangoyi anaigwiritsa ntchito pomanga makoma a ngalande ya Suez Canal. Koma masiku ano mitengo ya pa chilumba cha Fraser ili pamtendere chifukwa analetsa kudulapo mitengo.

Chilumba Chokongola Chokhala ndi Mbiri Yomvetsa Chisoni

Dzina la chilumbachi linabwera patachitika zinthu zomvetsa chisoni. Mu 1836, Kaputeni James Fraser ndi mkazi wake, Eliza, anapulumuka sitima yawo yotchedwa Stirling Castle itasweka panyanja ndipo anakafika pagombe la chilumbachi. Anthu okhala pa chilumbachi akuti mwina anapha kaputeniyo, koma Eliza anadzapulumutsidwa. Pokumbukira zinthu zomvetsa chisoni zimenezi, dzina la chilumbachi analisintha kuti lisakhalenso Great Sandy Island (Chilumba Chachikulu cha Mchenga) koma likhale chilumba cha Fraser.

Anthu okhala pa chilumbachi anakumananso ndi tsoka. Panthawi inayake, Aaborijini okwana 2,000 ankakhala pa chilumba cha Fraser. Akuti anali adzitho ndi amphamvu. Malo awo okhalawa ankawatcha K’gari, kapena kuti Paradaiso. Nthano inayake yachiaborijini yofotokoza momwe chilumbachi chinalengedwera imati chilumbachi ndi malo okongola kwambiri kuposa ena alionse omwe anapangidwapo. Koma n’zomvetsa chisoni kuti matenda obwera ndi Azungu anapulula anthuwo. Komanso, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1900, ambiri mwa Aaborijini omwe anatsala anawasamutsira kumalo ena kumtunda.

Malo Abwino Okhala Nyama

Masiku ano, pachilumbachi pali nyama zambiri. Nyama zina zotchuka kwambiri zapachilumbachi ndizo agalu a m’tchire a ku Australia. Popeza agalu amenewa sanakumanepo ndi agalu oweta, pa chilumba cha Fraser ndi malo okhawo kum’mawa konse kwa Australia pamene pali agalu a m’tchire a mtundu umodzi wokha. Amaoneka ngati agalu oweta, koma si oweta, choncho muyenera kusamala nawo ndi kuwapatsa ulemu.

Pali mitundu ya mbalame yoposa 300 imene yaonedwapo pa chilumbachi. Pali nkhwazi zoyera kumimba ndi mbalame zina zimene zimauluka pagombe, ndi zinanso zobiriwira zodya nsomba zimene zimauluka pamwamba pa nyanja. Palinso mbalame zina zimene zimachita kubwera kuchokera kwina, zomwe zimaberekana ku Siberia ndipo zimapita kum’mwera m’nyengo yozizira. Zimapuma kwakanthawi pa chilumba cha Fraser zisanamalize ulendo wawo. Kuwonjezera apo, palinso mbalame zina zotuwa kumutu zokwana 30,000 kapena kuposa pamenepa. Mbalamezi zili ngati mileme, n’zazikulu ngati akhwangwala, ndipo zimabwera pachilumbachi m’nyengo zina. Zimabwera kuti zidzamwe timadzi tonzuna ta m’maluwa a mitengo yofanana ndi ya bulugamu.

M’madzi ozungulira chilumba cha Fraser mulinso nyama zambirimbiri. Zina mwa izo ndi anamgumi a linunda amene amakhala akuchokera ku Antarctica, komwe ndi kozizira kwambiri, kupita ku matanthwe a m’nyanja opangidwa ndi zamoyo zing’onozing’ono otchedwa Great Barrier Reef. Kumeneko amakabereka ana ndiponso anamgumi aakazi amakumana ndi aamuna. Paulendo wawo wobwerera, anamgumiwa amachita chionetsero chachikulu podziponya m’mwamba n’kugwa mwamkokomo, zomwe zimachititsa madzi ambirimbiri kuthovokera m’mwamba, ndipo madziwa amatha kuoneka kutali kwambiri. Imeneyi imakhaladi ngati sailuti yamphamvu kwambiri yolemekeza chilumba chochititsa chidwi chimenechi!

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mapu patsamba 14]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

NYANYA YA MCHERE YA PACIFIC

Chilumba cha Fraser

 [Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Kumanja, kuchokera pamwamba kupita pansi:

Pamathero pa mtsinje wa Kurrnung

Pa chilumba cha Fraser pali nyanja za madzi opanda mchere zosiyanasiyana zokwana 40

N’zachilendo kwambiri kuti nkhalango zipezeke pamalo a mchenga

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

All photos: Courtesy of Tourism Queensland

 [Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Galu wam’tchire ndi nyama yotchedwa koala

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Courtesy of Tourism Queensland

[Chithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Gombe lalitali makilomita 120 pa chilumba cha Fraser ndi limodzi mwa magombe aatali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Nkhwazi yoyera kumimba

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Mbalame zotchedwa kookaburra

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Mbalame zotchedwa pelican

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Anamgumi a linunda akupuma pang’ono pa ulendo wawo wopita ku Antarctica

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Eagle: ©GBRMPA; all other photos except pelicans: Courtesy of Tourism Queensland