Nthanga Imene Inazungulira Dziko

Buku lotchedwa “All About Coffee” linati nkhani ya kudzipereka kwa munthu wina posamalira kamtengo kakang’ono ka khofi, ena amaiona kuti ndi “mbali yochititsa chidwi kwambiri m’mbiri ya kufalikira kwa khofi.” Kamtengo kakang’ono kamodzi kameneko kanachita zazikulu poyambitsa malonda a khofi amasiku ano, amene amapanga ndalama zokwana madola 70 biliyoni pachaka. Malonda a khofi amaposedwa ndi malonda a mafuta okha tikatengera ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malonda ake padziko lonse lapansi, malinga ndi zomwe inanena magazini yotchedwa “Scientific American.”

NKHANI yochititsa chidwi ya khofi ikuyambira ku mapiri a ku Ethiopia, komwe kunali khofi wam’tchire. Mwa khofi yense amene amalimidwa padziko lapansi, woposa theka ndi wamtundu wotchedwa Coffea arabica, amene anatengedwa ku khofi wam’tchire uja. Sizikudziwika kuti anthu anatulukira liti kukoma kwa nthanga za khofi zokazinga, koma khofi wa arabika anali kulimidwa ku Arabia pofika zaka za m’ma 1400. Ngakhale kuti ankaletsa kutumiza kwina nthanga za mbewu, Adatchi anapeza mitengo kapena nthanga za mbewu ya khofi m’chaka cha 1616. Pasanapite nthawi yaitali anakhazikitsa mafamu a khofi ku Ceylon, kumene tsopano ndi ku Sri Lanka, ndi ku Java, kumene tsopano ndi mbali ya dziko la Indonesia.

Mu 1706 Adatchi anatenga kamtengo kakang’ono ka khofi ku mafamu awo ku Java kupita nako ku minda ya ku Amsterdam, m’dziko la Netherlands. Mtengowo unakula bwino. Mitengo ina yochokera ku mtengo umenewu inatumizidwa ku madera olamulidwa ndi Adatchi ku Suriname ndi ku madera ozungulira nyanja ya Caribbean. Mu 1714, meya wa mzinda wa Amsterdam anapatsa Mfumu Louis wa nambala 14 wa ku  France mtengo umodzi wa khofi. Mfumuyi inaubzala m’nyumba yobzalamo mbewu, m’munda wachifumu wotchedwa Jardin des Plantes, ku Paris.

Afalansa ankafunitsitsa kuyamba kuchita nawo malonda a khofi. Anagula mitengo ndi nthanga n’kuzitumiza ku chilumba cha Réunion. Nthangazo zinakanika kumera, ndipo malinga ndi zomwe ena anena, mitengo yonseyo inafa, kupatulapo mtengo umodzi wokha. Komabe, nthanga 15,000 zochokera ku mtengo umodzi umenewo zinabzalidwa mu 1720, ndipo kenaka anakhazikitsako famu. Mitengo imeneyi inali yamtengo wapatali kwambiri moti aliyense wopezeka akuwononga mtengo wa khofi ankapatsidwa chilango cha imfa! Afalansa ankafunanso kukhazikitsa mafamu m’madera ozungulira nyanja ya Caribbean, koma atayesera kawiri analephera.

Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu, msilikali wapamadzi wachifalansa amene anali patchuthi ku Paris, anafunitsitsa kutenga mtengo umodzi kuti apite nawo ku famu yake ku Martinique pa ulendo wake wochokera ku France. Ananyamuka ulendo wopita ku chilumba cha Martinique m’mwezi wa May mu 1723, atatenga kamtengo kochokera ku mbewu za mtengo wa ku Paris uja.

Paulendowo, de Clieu anaika mtengo wake wofunika kwambiriwo m’bokosi lopangidwa ndi galasi mbali imodzi kuti mtengowo uzikhala mowala ndiponso uzikhala wofunda kunja kukachita mitambo, limafotokoza choncho buku lotchedwa All About Coffee. Munthu wina amene anakwera nawo sitimayo, amene mwina ankamuchitira nsanje de Clieu ndipo sankafuna kuti zinthu zimuyendere bwino, anayesera kumulanda mtengowo, koma analephera. Mtengowo unapulumuka. Unapulumukanso pamene sitimayo inakumana ndi anthu a ku Tunisia oba zinthu m’masitima, pamene inakumana ndi namondwe woopsa, ndipo choposa zonsezi, pamene madzi akumwa anali osowa panthawi imene sitimayo inkakanika kuyenda itafika ku dera lopanda mphepo. De Clieu analemba kuti: “Madzi akumwa ankasowa kwambiri moti kopitirira mwezi umodzi ndinkagawana ndi kamtengoko timadzi tanga takumwa tochepa, chifukwa chiyembekezo changa chonse chinagona pa kamtengo kameneka ndipo kankandipatsa chimwemwe chosaneneka.”

Khama la de Clieu linamupindulira. Kamtengo kakeko kanafika ku Martinique kali bwinobwino, ndipo kanamera ndi kuberekana m’dera lotentha limeneli. Gordon Wrigley analemba m’buku lake lotchedwa Coffee kuti: “Kuchokera ku mtengo umenewu, dziko la Martinique linatumiza nthanga za khofi mwachindunji kapena mwa njira zina ku mayiko onse a ku America kupatulapo Brazil, French Guiana ndi Surinam[e].”

Panthawi imeneyi, mayiko a Brazil ndi French Guiana nawonso ankafuna mitengo ya khofi. Ku Suriname, Adatchi anali akadali ndi mitengo ya khofi yochokera ku mtengo wa ku Amsterdam uja, koma ankaiteteza kwambiri. Koma mu 1722, dziko la French Guiana linapeza nthanga kwa munthu amene anathawa kundende n’kupita ku Suriname. Ali kumeneko anabako nthanga za khofi. Akuluakulu a boma ku French Guiana anavomera kumumasula posinthanitsa ndi nthanga zakezo, ndipo anamulola kubwereranso kwawo.

Poyamba, anthu atayesera kupititsa nthanga mwakabisira ku Brazil sanaphule kanthu. Kenako pakati pa dziko la Suriname ndi la French Guiana panabuka mkangano wolimbirana malire ndipo  mayikowa anapempha dziko la Brazil kuti liwapatse munthu woti awathandize kuthetsa mkanganowo. Dziko la Brazil linatumiza Francisco de Melo Palheta, yemwe anali msilikali, ku French Guiana, ndipo linamuuza kuti akathetse mkanganowo ndiponso akabweretse mitengo ya khofi.

Makambiranowo anathandiza, ndipo wolamulira wa ku French Guiana anakonzera Palheta phwando lotsanzikana naye. Pothokoza mlendo wapaderayu, mkazi wa wolamulirayo anapatsa Palheta maluwa okongola. Koma m’kati mwa maluwawo anabisamo nthanga ndi timitengo ta khofi. Choncho tinganene kuti malonda a khofi ku Brazil, amene panopa amapanga ndalama madola mabiliyoni ambiri pachaka, anayambira m’maluwa amenewa mu 1727.

Motero kamtengo kakhofi kamene kanachoka ku Java kupita ku Amsterdam mu 1706, limodzi ndi mtengo wochokera ku mtengo umenewu wa ku Paris, n’kumene kunachokera mbewu zonse za khofi zimene zinapita ku Central ndi ku South America. Wrigley anafotokoza kuti: “N’chifukwa chake khofi yense wa arabika ali wofanana kwambiri.”

Masiku ano, m’mafamu oposa 25 miliyoni omwe mabanja ali nawo, m’mayiko pafupifupi 80, muli mitengo ya khofi pafupifupi 15 biliyoni. Khofi wawoyu amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makapu 2.25 biliyoni a khofi amene amamwedwa tsiku lililonse.

N’zodabwitsa kuti masiku ano vuto lalikulu lomwe lilipo ndilo kuchuluka kwa khofi. Vutoli lakula chifukwa cha ndale, zachuma, ndi mabungwe oyang’anira malonda, zomwe zachititsa kuti alimi m’mayiko ambiri akhale osauka kapenanso akhale pa umphawi wadzaoneni. Zimenezi n’zodabwitsadi, makamaka tikaganizira za de Clieu akugawana timadzi take takumwa ndi kamtengo kamodzi ka khofi zaka 300 zapitazo.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 20]

MITUNDU IWIRI YA KHOFI YOFALA KWAMBIRI

“Nthanga za khofi zimabala pa mitengo yomwe ili m’gulu la mitengo yotchedwa Rubiaceae, momwe muli mitundu 66 ya khofi,” inatero magazini yotchedwa Scientific American. “Mitundu iwiri ya khofi amene amagulitsidwa ndiyo Coffea arabica, amene amakhala wopitirira theka la khofi yense amene amalimidwa padziko lapansi, ndi C[offea] canephora, yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa khofi wa robusita, amene amakhala wosakwana theka la khofi yense amene amalimidwa padziko lapansi.”

Khofi wa robusita ali ndi fungo lamphamvu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala waufa wosavuta kusungunula. Mtengo wake umabala kwambiri ndipo umapirira matenda. Umakula mpaka kufika mamita 12, kuwirikiza kawiri kutalika kwa mtengo wa khofi wa arabika womwe umakhala wosadulira, wofunika kuusamala kwambiri, ndiponso wosabala kwambiri. Potengera kulemera kwake, nthanga ya khofi wa robusita imakhala ndi mankhwala opezeka mu khofi okwanira 2.8 peresenti, pamene khofi wa arabika sapitirira 1.5 peresenti. Ngakhale kuti khofi wa arabika ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi khofi wa robusita ndiponso khofi wina yense wakutchire, nthawi zina amathabe kumukwatitsa ndi khofi wa mitundu inayo kuti apange khofi wosakaniza.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 20]

“KUBATIZA” KHOFI

Khofi atangofika kumene ku Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1600, ansembe ena achikatolika ankati ndi chakumwa cha Satana. Ankamuona ngati chakumwa chomwe chingathe kulowa m’malo mwa vinyo, amene malinga ndi maganizo awo, anayeretsedwa ndi Kristu. Komabe, Papa Clement wa nambala 8, akuti analawa chakumwachi ndipo nthawi yomweyo anachikonda, malinga ndi zomwe limanena buku lotchedwa Coffee. Papayu anathetsa vuto lachipembedzo lomwe linalipolo mwa kubatiza khofiyo mophiphiritsira, n’kumuchititsa kukhala wovomerezeka kwa Akatolika.

[Tchati/Mapu pamasamba 18, 19]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

KUFALIKIRA KWA KHOFI

1. M’ma 1400 Khofi wa arabika alimidwa ku Arabia

2. 1616 Adatchi apeza mitengo ya khofi kapena nthanga za

khofi

3. 1699 Adatchi apititsa mitengo ya khofi ku Java ndi ku

zilumba zina za ku East Indies

4. M’ma 1700 Khofi alimidwa ku Central America ndi ku madera

ozungulira nyanja ya Caribbean

5. 1718 Afalansa apititsa khofi ku Réunion

6. 1723 G. M. de Clieu atenga mtengo wa khofi ku France

kupita nawo ku Martinique

7. M’ma 1800 Khofi alimidwa ku Hawaii

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Source: From the book “Uncommon Grounds”

[Chithunzi pamasamba 18, 19]

Paulendo wopita ku Martinique mu 1723, Gabriel Mathieu de Clieu akugawana madzi ake akumwa ndi kamtengo ka khofi

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 19]

Map: © 1996 Visual Language; De Clieu: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal