Masiponji ndi Zamoyo Zoderereka Koma Zochititsa Chidwi

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU AUSTRALIA

KODI mungakonde kudzikhula ndi nyama yakufa posamba? Zimenezi zingaoneke zosasangalatsa. Komatu, siponji imene anthu ambiri amasambira ndi nyama yakufa. *

Magazini ya National Geographic News inati: “Masiponji ali m’gulu lakale ndiponso lotsika kwambiri la zinyama.” Zimenezi zachititsa anthu ena kunena kuti mwina anthu ndiponso zinyama zinachokera ku siponji inayake yakale. Ndipotu pulogalamu inayake ya pa TV inafika mpaka ponena kuti “kwa zinyama, [masiponji] ali ngati mmene Hava alili kwa anthu,” ndi kuti “zamoyo zonse zinachokera” ku masiponji.

Kodi asayansi aphunzira chiyani zokhudza masiponji? Kodi masiponji ndi zinyama wamba, kapena amasonyeza umboni woti anapangidwa mwaluso?

Alibe Mtima, Alibe Ubongo, Koma Amakhala Bwinobwino

Masiponji amaoneka ngati zomera, koma Aristotle ndi Pliny Wamkulu ananena molondola kuti masiponji ndi zinyama. Akatswiri akuti mwina pali mitundu 15,000 ya masiponji yomwe imapezeka m’nyanja ndi m’nyanja za mchere padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo amakhala oumbidwa mosiyanasiyana ndi a mitundunso yosiyanasiyana yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Pali masiponji ena amene amakhala aatali ndi oonda ngati zala, ena ndi oumbidwa ngati mgolo, ena ndi otambalala ngati mkeka, ena ndi ooneka ngati fani yokongola ya m’manja yodzikupizira, ndipo ena ali ngati matambula okongola oikamo maluwa, kungotchula zitsanzo zochepa chabe za kaumbidwe kawo. Ena amakhala aang’ono kwambiri kuposa njere ya mpunga, pamene ena amatalika kuposa munthu. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti masiponji ena akhalapo kwa zaka mahandiredi ambiri.

Buku la Encyclopædia Britannica limati: “Pa kapangidwe kawo, kagwiridwe kawo ka ntchito, ndi kakulidwe kawo, masiponji ndi osiyana ndi nyama ina iliyonse.” Ndi osiyana bwanji? Mosiyana ndi zinyama zina, masiponji alibe ziwalo za m’kati mwa thupi. Popeza alibe mtima, ubongo, kapena fupa la pamsana ndi minyewa yotumiza mauthenga, kodi masiponji amakhala bwanji ndi moyo? Timaselo ting’onoting’ono ta m’kati mwa siponjiyo timagwira ntchito zimene zimachititsa siponjiyo kukhala ndi moyo. Maselo apadera amagwira chakudya, kunyamula chakudyacho chikagayidwa, kapena kuchotsa zonyansa m’thupi mwake. Ena amaumba mafupa kapena khungu lake. Maselo ena amatha kusintha n’kusanduka a mtundu wina ngati pakufunika kutero.

Masiponji ndi osiyana ndi zinyama zina m’njira zinanso. Mutati munyenye siponji yamoyo mu sefa, maselo ake amalumikizananso pamodzi n’kupanga siponji yoyambirira ija. Mukasinjira pamodzi masiponji awiri, maselo ake amalekana pang’onopang’ono n’kupanganso siponji iliyonse yoyambirira ija payokha. Magazini ya National Geographic News inati: “Palibe chomera kapena chinyama china chilichonse chimene chimatha kudzibwezeretsa kumoyo m’njira imeneyi.”

Masiponji amathanso kuberekana m’njira zambirimbiri. Masiponji ena amatumiza maselo awo m’malere atakulungidwa mu chikopa cholimba kuti akakhazikike ku malo ena. Maselowo akamayenda amakhala ngati akomoka kaye, ndipo kenako amakatera, kutsitsimuka, kenako n’kuchoka mu chikopa chawocho n’kupanga siponji yatsopano. Masiponji ena amaberekana mwa kugonana, ndipo amatha kusintha n’kukhala mwamuna kapena mkazi ngati akufunika kutero. Masiponji ena amaikira mazira. Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Paul Morris anati: “Tikamaphunzira zambiri zokhudza zinyama zooneka zoderereka zimenezi, m’pamene timaona kuti ndi zovuta kwambiri kuzimvetsa.”

Amayeretsa M’nyanja

Katswiri wina wa moyo wa zinyama dzina lake Allen Collins anati masiponji ali ndi “njira yakadyedwe yosiyana ndi zinyama zina zonse.” Ali ndi timabowo ting’onoting’ono pakhungu pawo timene timakathera mu tingalande ndi timphako tambirimbiri timene tili mu  thupi lonse la siponjiyo. M’kati mwa tingalande ndi timphako timeneti muli maselo ang’onoang’ono mamiliyoni ambiri amene amatha kupalasa. Selo lililonse lili ndi kansonga kangati kachikwapu kamene kamayenda uku ndi uku. Wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Ben Harder anati: “Mofanana ndi anthu amene akupalasa bwato ndi nkhafi, [maselo amenewa] amakankha madzi kuti adutse m’maselo ena a siponjiyo, omwe anapangidwa m’njira yoti amatha kugwira ndi kugaya zakudya zomwe zimapezeka m’madziwo.” Pa ola lililonse, siponjiyo imapopa madzi ochuluka kuwirikiza kateni saizi yake, ndipo imachotsamo zakudya,  poizoni, komanso pafupifupi mabakiteriya onse amene amakhala m’madziwo. Siponji ikhozanso kusintha kapopedwe kake ka madzi kapena kuyamba kupopa madzi kulowera kumbali ina kuti igwirizane ndi mbali imene madziwo akulowera kapena kuti ichotsemo matope. Dr. John Hooper anati: “Masiponji ndi . . . amene amadziwa bwino kwambiri kuyeretsa m’nyanja kuposa chinthu china chilichonse.”

Popeza nthawi zonse chakudya ndi madzi zimakhala zikuyenda m’thupi la siponji, thupilo limakhala malo abwino kwambiri okhala nkhanu ndi tizinyama tina ting’onoting’ono ta m’madzi. Siponji inayake inapezeka kuti m’thupi mwake munali tizinyama 17,128. Mabakiteriya, ndele, ndi nguwi zambirimbiri zimasangalala kukhala m’thupi la siponji n’kumathandiza siponjiyo kwinakunso izozo zikuthandizidwa. Siponjiyo ikakhala yonyowa, pafupifupi theka la kulemera kwake konse kukhoza kukhala kwa mabakiteriya.

Asayansi apeza kuti masiponji ndi zamoyo zina zimene zimakhala m’thupi lawo angakhale ndi mankhwala atsopano ndiponso abwino kwambiri. Ena akukhulupirira kuti mankhwala ngati amenewo angathandize kuthetsa Edzi, khansa, malungo, ndi matenda ena. Ponena za mankhwala amodzi otero, wochita kafukufuku wina dzina lake Shirley Pomponi anati: “M’chilengedwe muli zinthu zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa zimene tingathe kupanga mothandizidwa ndi makompyuta.”

Amapanga Timagalasi

Mosiyana ndi siponji yofewa ndi yatimabowotimabowo yoti n’kusambira, masiponji ambiri amakhala okhakhala kapena olimba. Masiponji amenewa amakhala ndi timinga ting’onoting’ono tagalasi tambirimbiri. Timinga timeneti akationera pa makina okuza zinthu, timaoneka tosiyanasiyana ndiponso tokongola mogometsa. Tikalumikizana m’njira zosiyanasiyana, timingati timapanga mafupa olowanalowana, zikopa zolimba zodzitetezera, ndiponso ngakhale zingwe zimene zimatha kukhala zazitali mamita atatu ndi zokhuthala sentimita imodzi. Siponji ina yodya zinyama zinzake imapanga ukonde womata umene imagwirira zakudya zake.

Siponji ina yopezeka pansi pa nyanja yooneka ngati basiketi imagwiritsa ntchito timinga take tagalasi kuluka chinthu chooneka ngati tambula, chokongola koopsa. Timaulusi tagalasi toyera kwambiri timene imaluka timafanana kwambiri ndi zingwe zagalasi zimene anthu amapanga. Wasayansi wina anati: “Zingwe zagalasi zachilengedwe zimenezi n’zolimba kwambiri. Mutha kuzimanga mfundo zolimba ndipo sizithetheka, mosiyana ndi zingwe zochita kupanga.” Asayansi sakudziwabe momwe zingwe zapamwambazi zimapangikira m’madzi a m’chere ndiponso ozizira kwambiri a m’nyanja. Cherry Murray, bwana wina wamkulu pa kampani yopanga zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito pazomangamanga yotchedwa Bell Laboratories anati: “Pa nkhani imeneyi, masiponji, omwe ndi chamoyo choderereka, atha kupeza njira yopangira zinthu zamagetsi, zagalasi, ndi zina zogwiritsa ntchito pazomangamanga, zomwe anthufe timavutika kwambiri kuzipanga.”

Kodi Masiponji Anangokhalapo Mwangozi Kapena Anachita Kulengedwa?

Ataona chibadwa chochititsa chidwi kwambiri cha masiponji, Hooper anati: “Siponji, imene timanena kuti ndi ‘chamoyo choderereka,’ kwenikweni ndi [chinyama] chovuta kwambiri kuchimvetsa, chimene ngakhale panopa sitichimvetsa bwinobwino.” Choncho m’pomveka kufunsa kuti: Kodi zinachitika bwanji kuti zinyama zimenezi zikhale zogometsa chonchi, nanga n’chifukwa chiyani zili zotere? Kodi zinangochitika mwangozi? Kapena kodi masiponji amapereka umboni wabwino kwambiri wakuti anachita kulengedwa ndi Mlengi wanzeru?

Ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri safuna kuvomereza zoti kunja kuno kuli Mlengi, ambiri amavomerezana ndi zimene ananena wamasalmo wakale kuti: “Ntchito zanu zichulukadi, Yehova! Munazichita zonse mwanzeru; dziko lapansi lidzala nacho chuma chanu. . . . Zamoyo zazing’ono ndi zazikulu.”—Salmo 104:24, 25.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

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Mmene m’kati mwa masiponji ambiri mumakhalira. Chithunzi chokulitsidwa cha maselo opopa madzi

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Timinga ta masiponji

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Siponji yangati basiketi

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Sea horse: Rudie H Kuiter; 3 right-hand inset photos: Dr. John Hooper, Queensland Museum

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Top: Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.; bottom: Kim Taylor / Warren Photographic