Mbiri Yodzaza ndi Kukhetsa Magazi

ZAKA zochepa zokha zapitazo, uchigawenga unkaoneka ngati unali kuchitika m’malo ochepa okha, monga kumpoto kwa Ireland, ku Basque Country kumpoto kwa Spain, ndi ku madera ena a ku Middle East. Koma panopa, uchigawenga wafalikira mwamsanga padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka kuchokera panthawi imene zigawenga zinaphulitsa nsanja ziwiri ku New York pa September 11, 2001. Zauchigawenga zachitikaponso pa chilumba chokongola kwambiri cha Bali; mu mzinda wa Madrid ku Spain; mu mzinda wa London ku England; ku Sri Lanka; ku Thailand; ngakhalenso ku Nepal. Komabe, uchigawenga sunayambe lero. Kodi mawu oti “uchigawenga” amene akufotokozedwa mu nkhani zino amatanthauza chiyani?

Uchigawenga aufotokoza kuti ndi “zimene munthu kapena gulu la anthu limachita pogwiritsa ntchito, kapena poopseza kuti likufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, mphamvu kapena chiwawa mophwanya lamulo n’kuvuluza anthu ena kapena kuwononga katundu wawo n’cholinga chochititsa mantha kapena kukakamiza anthu kapena maboma, nthawi zambiri n’cholinga chofuna kulimbikitsa mfundo zinazake kapena pa zifukwa za ndale.” (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Komabe, mlembi wina dzina lake Jessica Stern anati: “Munthu amene akuphunzira kuti adziwe kuti uchigawenga n’chiyani amapeza matanthauzo ambiri a uchigawenga . . . Koma chimene chimasiyanitsa uchigawenga ndi mitundu ina ya chiwawa ndi mfundo ziwiri basi.” Kodi mfundo ziwiri zimenezi n’ziti? “Choyamba, uchigawenga umalimbana ndi anthu wamba, osati asilikali. . . . Chachiwiri, zigawenga zimagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa kuti zidzidzimutse anthu: cholinga chawo chachikulu chimakhala kuchititsa mantha anthuwo osati kuwavulaza. Kuchititsa dala anthu mantha kumeneku n’kumene kumasiyanitsa uchigawenga ndi kupha kapena chiwawa wamba.”

Chiwawa Chinayamba Kalekale

Zaka pafupifupi 2000 zapitazo, ku Yudeya kunali gulu linalake lachiwawa lotchedwa Azeloti lomwe linkafuna kuti Ayuda asiye kulamulidwa ndi Aroma. Otsatira ake ena otengeka kwambiri anayamba kutchedwa Asikariyi, kapena kuti, onyamula mipeni, chifukwa cha timalupanga tifupitifupi tomwe ankabisa m’zovala zawo. Asikariyi amenewo ankalowa m’kati mwa magulu a anthu  obwera ku madyerero ku Yerusalemu n’kucheka adani awo pakhosi kapena kuwabaya kumbuyo. *

Mu 66 C.E., Azeloti ena analanda malinga a Masada pafupi ndi Nyanja Yakufa. Anapha asilikali achiroma ndipo pamwamba pa phiripo anasandutsapo likulu lawo. Kwa zaka zingapo, anakhala akuukira  ndi kuzunza asilikali achiroma kuchokera paphiripo. Mu 73 C.E., kagulu kena ka asilikali achiroma kotsogoleredwa ndi Gavanala Flavius Silva kanalandanso Masada, koma sikanagonjetse Azeloti. Wolemba mbiri wina wa nthawi imeneyo anati m’malo mogonjera Aromawo, pafupifupi Azeloti onse amene anali paphiripo anadzipha. Amene anafa analipo anthu 960, ndipo anapulumuka ndi akazi awiri ndi ana asanu basi.

Anthu ena amaona kuti kupanduka kwa Azeloti ndiko kunali chiyambi cha uchigawenga wa masiku ano. Kaya zimenezo n’zoona kapena ayi, kuyambira panthawi imeneyo kufikira panopo, uchigawenga wasintha kwambiri moyo wa anthu.

Matchalitchi Achikristu Agwiritsa Ntchito Uchigawenga

Kuyambira mu 1095 mpaka zaka mahandiredi awiri zotsatira, asilikali achikristu nthawi zambiri ankayenda m’dera lapakati pa Ulaya ndi Middle East. Adani awo anali asilikali achisilamu ochokera ku Asia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa. Nkhani imene anali kumenyanirana inali yokhudza kulamulira Yerusalemu, ndipo mbali iliyonse inkafuna kuti izilamulira ndi iyoyo. Pa nkhondo zambiri zimene anamenyana, asilikali amene ankadzitcha “ankhondo opatulika” amenewo anaphana pokhapana ndi mipeni. Anakhapanso anthu wamba osalakwa ndi malupanga ndi mipeni yawoyo. Mtsogoleri wina wachipembedzo wa zaka za m’ma 1100 dzina lake William wa ku Tyre, anafotokoza motere mmene asilikali achikristuwo analowera mu Yerusalemu m’chaka cha 1099:

“Ankayenda chigulu m’misewu malupanga ndi mikondo ili m’manja. Akakumana ndi munthu aliyense ankamubaya ndi kumupha. Sankasiya aliyense, kaya akhale mwamuna, mkazi, kapena mwana. Anapha anthu ambirimbiri m’misewu moti munali milu ya mitembo, ndipo paliponse pamene ungayende pankakhala mitembo ya anthu. . . . Magazi ankachita kuyenda m’ngalande za m’tawuniyo, ndipo m’misewu yake yonse munali mitembo yokhayokha.” *

Patatha zaka zambiri, zigawenga zinayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mabomba ndi mfuti, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zoopsa ndiponso zinaphetsa anthu ambiri.

Anthu Mamiliyoni Anaphedwa

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amaona kuti deti la June 28, 1914, n’limene panasinthira zinthu m’mbiri ya ku Ulaya. Mnyamata wina, amene anthu ena amamuona ngati munthu amene anachita zinthu zabwino kwambiri, anawombera mwana wa mfumu ya ku Austria amene anali woti alowe ufumu, dzina lake Archduke Francis Ferdinand. Atachita zimenezo, nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inayambika. Pomatha Nkhondo Yaikuluyo, anthu 20 miliyoni anali atafa.

Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inatsatizana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Pa nkhondo yachiwiriyi, anthu anatumizidwa ku ndende zozunzirako anthu, anthu wamba anaphedwa ndi mabomba oponyedwa kuchokera m’mwamba, ndipo asilikali anabwezera adani awo popha anthu ena osalakwa. Nkhondoyo itatha, kupha anthu kunapitirirabe. Anthu opitirira wani miliyoni anafa pankhondo ku Cambodia m’ma 1970. Ndipo anthu a ku Rwanda zimawawawabe akakumbukira kupululuka kwa anthu a m’dzikomo oposa 800,000 m’zaka za m’ma 1990.

Kuyambira mu 1914 mpaka nthawi yathu ino, anthu avutika ndi zochita za zigawenga m’mayiko ambiri. Komabe, anthu ambiri masiku ano amachita zinthu ngati kuti sanatolepo phunziro lililonse pa zimene zachitika m’mbiri ya anthu. Nthawi zambirimbiri, uchigawenga umaphetsa anthu mahandiredi ambiri, umapundula anthu masauzande ambiri, ndipo umachititsa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri kusowa mtendere mumtima ndiponso kumva kuti ndi osatetezeka. Mabomba amaphulika m’misika, midzi imatenthedwa, akazi amagwiriridwa, ana amatengedwa ukapolo, anthu amafa. Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo oletsa zimenezi, ndipo anthu m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amadana nazo, zinthu zankhanzazi zikupitirirabe. Kodi pali chiyembekezo choti uchigawenga udzatha?

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

Pa June 28, 1914 Nkhondo Inabuka pa Dziko Lonse Lapansi

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

KU ISTANBUL PA NOVEMBER 15, 2003

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

KU MADRID PA MARCH 11, 2004

[Chithunzi patsamba 5]

KU LONDON PA JULY 7, 2005

[Chithunzi pamasamba 4, 5]

KU NEW YORK PA SEPTEMBER 11, 2001

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 5]

From left to right: AP Photo/​Murad Sezer; AP Photo/​Paul White; Photo by Peter Macdiarmid/​Getty Images

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 6]

Culver Pictures