N’chifukwa Chiyani Madzi a M’nyanja Zikuluzikulu Amakhala Amchere?

MCHERE wonse wa m’nyanja zikuluzikulu utamwazidwa mofanana padziko lonse, ungathe kufika mamita 150, moti n’kukwirira nyumba ya nsanjika zokwana pafupifupi 44. Popeza pali mitsinje yambirimbiri yomwe imathirira m’nyanjazi, ndiye kodi mchere wochuluka chonchiwu umachokera kuti? Akatswiri a sayansi apeza malo osiyanasiyana komwe mcherewu umachokera.

Ena mwa malo omwe kumachokera mcherewu ndi m’dothi ndi m’miyala. Madzi a mvula akamalowa pansi pa nthaka ndi m’miyala, amasungunula zinthu zing’onozing’ono zosiyanasiyana zomwe zilimo, kuphatikizapo mchere, n’kuzitenga kupita nazo m’nyanja zikuluzikulu podzera m’mitsinje (1). N’zoona kuti madzi ena a m’nyanja zing’onozing’ono amakhalanso amchere, koma kungoti umakhala wochepa kwambiri moti sitingaumve.

Chinanso chomwe chimachititsa kuti m’nyanjazi mukhale mchere wambiri ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zopanga mchere zomwe zimapezeka m’thanthwe la pansi panthaka m’nyanja zikuluzikulu. Madzi a m’nyanjazi amadutsa m’ming’alu kupita pansi, n’kukatentha kwambiri, kenako amabwerera m’nyanja, ndipo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere yomwe inali m’madziwo  imakhala itasungunuka. Madziwo amabwerera m’nyanja kudzera mu akasupe a m’nyanja (2).

Njira inanso yomwe imabweretsa mchere m’nyanja ndi kuphulika kwa chiphala chotentha m’nyanjazi, ndipo chiphalachi chimakhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana (3). Chinanso chomwe chimachititsa kuti m’madzi mukhale zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi mphepo yomwe imatenga zinthuzi kuchokera kumtunda (4). Zonsezi zimachititsa kuti m’madzi musungunukire pafupifupi zinthu zonse zomwe timazidziwa. Komabe, zambiri mwa zinthuzi ndi mchere, ndipo n’chifukwa chake madzi a m’nyanja zikuluzikulu amakhala amchere.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Mcherewu Suchepa Kapena Kuwonjezekamo?

M’nyanja mumakhala mchere wambiri chifukwa chakuti madzi omwe amauluka monga nthunzi amakhala opanda china chilichonse. Zinthu zina zonse zimatsalira. Komanso mchere wambiri umakhala ukubwera m’nyanjazi; komabe mcherewu suchepa kapena kuwonjezekamo. Ndiye n’zosakayikitsa kuti mlingo wa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo mchere umene umalowa m’nyanjazi ndi wofanana ndi mlingo wa zinthu zimene zimachokamo. Izi zikutipatsa funso lakuti, Kodi zinthu zimenezi zimapita kuti?

Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapanga mchere zimapita m’matupi a zinthu zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, nkhono za m’nyanja, ndiponso nkhanu zimadya mchere womwe ndi wofunika ku zikamba ndi mafupa ake. Ndere zina zing’onozing’ono kwambiri zimadya mchere womwe amagwiritsa ntchito popanga magalasi. Mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo tina timadya zinthu zina zosungunuka. Zamoyo zimenezi zikafa kapena kudyedwa, zinthu zina kuphatikizapo mchere womwe unali m’matupi mwawo zimakakhala pansi pa nyanja ngati zinthu zakufa kapena ndowe (5).

Mchere wina womwe sunachoke m’nyanja mwanjira tatchulazi, umachokamo mwanjira zina. Mwachitsanzo, dothi lonyata ndiponso zinthu zina zochoka kumtunda n’kupita m’nyanja podzera m’mitsinje kapena m’madzi oyenda a mvula, ndiponso chiphala chotentha chomwe chaphulika, zingathe kutenga mchere wina n’kupita nawo pansi pa nyanja. Mchere wina umamamatira ku matanthwe. Motero, chifukwa cha zochitika zosiyanasiyana, mchere wambiri umapita pansi pa nyanja (6).

Akatswiri ambiri ofufuzafufuza amakhulupirira kuti pamatenga zaka zambirimbiri kuti mchere womwe unali m’nyanja ubwererenso m’nyanjamo. Pansi pa dzikoli pali matanthwe akuluakulu kwambiri. Ena mwa matanthwewa anakumana pamalo ena pomwe thanthwe lina linalowa pansi pa linzake, n’kupita m’kati mwa dzikoli momwe ndi motentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri thanthwe la pansi pa nyanja zikuluzikulu limakhala lolemera kwambiri ndipo limalowa pansi pa thanthwe lochoka kumtunda. Apa, thanthwe la pansi pa nyanjalo limapita ndi mchere womwe lili nawo m’kati mwa dziko motentha muja. Mwanjira imeneyi mbali yaikulu ya matanthwe a pansi padziko imakonzedwanso pang’onopang’ono (7). Zivomezi, kuphulika kwa chiphala chotentha, kugawikana kwa dziko n’zinthu zosonyeza zimenezi. *

 N’zodabwitsa Kuti Suchepa Kapena Kuwonjezeka Mphamvu

M’nyanja, mchere umasiyanasiyana kuchuluka kwake komanso umasinthasintha malinga ndi nyengo. Madzi amchere kwambiri osazunguliridwa ndi mtunda ali ku gombe la Perisiya ndiponso m’Nyanja Yofiira, kumene madzi ambiri amauluka monga nthunzi. Madera amene amalandira madzi opanda mchere kuchokera m’mitsinje ikuluikulu kapena chifukwa cha mvula yambiri ali ndi mchere wocheperapo poyerekeza ndi madera ena ambiri. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi madzi akufupi ndi miyala ya madzi oundana ya kumpoto ndi kum’mwera kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansili. Madzi amenewa ndi oundana ndipo alibe mchere. Koma madzi akaundana m’madera akufupi ndi maderawa, amakhala amchere kwambiri. Komabe, nthawi zambiri mchere m’nyanja zikuluzikulu suchepa kapena kuwonjezeka mphamvu.

Komanso nthawi zambiri, asidi m’nyanja zikuluzikulu sawonjezeka kapena kuchepamo. M’nyanjazi muli mlingo wabwino wa asidi. (Mlingo wake susiyana kwambiri ndi mlingo wa asidi wa m’magazi a anthu.) Zinthu zingaipe kwambiri ngati asidiyu atachulukamo kapena kuchepamo. Komano imeneyi ndiye nkhani yomwe akatswiri ena a sayansi akuda nayo nkhawa. Mpweya wambiri womwe anthufe timatulutsa tikamapuma umapita m’nyanja zikuluzikulu, kumene umakaphatikizana ndi madzi n’kupanga asidi. Motero, anthufe tingachititse kuti pang’ono ndi pang’ono m’nyanja zikuluzikuluzi mukhale asidi wambiri.

Zambiri mwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika kuti mitundu ya mchere isachepe kapena kuwonjezeka m’nyanja sizikudziwika bwinobwino. Komabe, zomwe taonazi zikutsindika mfundo ya kuya kwa nzeru za Mlengi, yemwe amasamalira zomwe anapanga.—Chivumbulutso 11:18.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)

Mvula

↓↓

↓↓

4 Mphepo

1 Mchere wa ↓

m’miyala ↓ 6 Kuphulika kwa

․․․↓․․․․․․․․․․․․․․↓․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․chiphala․․

3 Kuphulika kwa 5 Ndere zing’ono zing’ono kwambiri↓

NYANJA YA MCHERE chiphala m’nyanja ↓ ↓

↑ ↓ ↓

2 Kasupe wa ↑ ↓ ↓

m’nyanja ↑ ↓ ↓

․․․․․․․․․․↑․․․․․․․․․↑․․․PANSI PA NYANJA․․․․↓․․ ․․․․․↓․․․․

↑ ↑ 7 ←← POMWE THANTHWE

↑THANTHWE LA PANSI PANTHAKA ←← LINALOWA PANSI PA LINZAKE

↑ ←←

․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Vent: © Science VU/​Visuals Unlimited; eruption: REUTERS/​Japan Coast Guard/​Handout

Diatoms: Dr. Neil Sullivan, USC/​NOAA Corps; volcano photo: Dept. of Interior, National Park Service

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Mitundu ya Mchere Yopezeka M’nyanja Zikuluzikulu

Ngakhale kuti akatswiri a sayansi akhala akuphunzira za madzi a m’nyanja zikuluzikulu kwa zaka zambiri, panopa iwo sanadziwebe bwinobwino zinthu zimene zimapanga madzi amenewa. Komabe, iwo apeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mchere yomwe ili m’nyanjazi ndi kuchuluka kwake. Ina mwa mitunduyi ndi:

[Chithunzi]

55% Chloride

30.6 Sodium

7.7 Sulfate

3.7 Magnesium

1.2 Calcium

1.1 Potassium

0.4 Bicarbonate

0.2 Bromide

ndi inanso, monga borate, strontium, ndi fluoride.

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 18]

Muli Mchere Wambiri Kuposa M’nyanja Zikuluzikulu

M’nyanja zina zing’onozing’ono muli mchere wambiri kuposa m’nyanja zikuluzikulu. Chitsanzo chabwino pamfundoyi ndi Nyanja Yakufa, yomwe ili ndi mchere wambiri kuposa nyanja zonse zing’onozing’ono za padziko lapansi. Madzi amalowa m’Nyanja Yakufa, yomwe m’nthawi za m’Baibulo inkatchedwa Nyanja ya Mchere, ali ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo mchere. (Numeri 34:3, 12) Chifukwa chakuti gombe la Nyanja Yakufa ndi malo otsika kwambiri padziko lonse, njira imodzi yokha yomwe madzi amachokera m’nyanjayi ndi mwa kuuluka monga nthunzi. Nthawi zina, zimenezi zimachititsa kuti m’chilimwe mlingo wa madzi m’nyanjayi uzitsika ndi mamilimita 25 patsiku.

Motero, madzi a pamwamba m’nyanjayi n’ngamchere kwambiri kuposa a m’nyanja ya Mediterranean. Popeza kuti madzi amalemera kwambiri akakhala ndi mchere wambiri, anthu osambira m’nyanjayi amayandama kwambiri kuposa m’nyanja zina. Moti, angathe kugona chagada n’kumawerenga nyuzipepala popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chothandizira kuti munthu asamire.

[Bokosi patsamba 18]

Mchere Umayeretsa Mpweya

Kafukufuku akusonyeza kuti tinthu ting’onoting’ono toipitsa mpweya timalepheretsa mvula kuti igwe kumtunda. Koma, mitambo yomwe ili ndi tinthu toipitsa mpweyati ikakhala kunyanja yaikulu imagwetsa mvula bwinobwino. Chimene chimachititsa izi ndi timadontho ta madzi amchere tomwe timapangika madzi akamathovoka m’nyanjazi.

Madontho a madzi okhala ndi tinthu toipitsa mpweya mu mlengalengamu amakhala ang’onoang’ono kwambiri moti sangagwe monga mvula. Motero madonthowo amangokhala mu mlengalengamu basi. Timadontho ta madzi amchere othovoka m’nyanja zikuluzikulu timakoka madontho a madzi okhala ndi tinthu toipitsa mpweya, n’kupanga madontho akuluakulu. Zikatero kumagwa mvula, yomwe imachotsanso zinthu zina zoipitsa mpweya mu mlengalengamu.