Kodi Kuika Magazi Anthu Odwala Kudzapitirirabe?

“Kuika magazi anthu odwala kudzapitirirabe kufanana ndi kuyenda m’nkhalango yowirira. M’nkhalango yotere mumakhala njira zodziwika bwino ndiponso zoyera koma pamafunikabe kuti muziyendamo mosamala, chifukwa zoopsa zatsopano zobisika zikhoza kukhala zitabisala pakona patsogolopo kuti zigwire anthu osasamala.”—Anatero Ian M. Franklin, pulofesa wodziwa za kuchiritsa anthu powaika magazi.

M’ZAKA za m’ma 1980, mliri wa Edzi utachititsa anthu kuyamba aganiza kaye kawiri pankhani yoika anthu magazi, ntchito yoyesayesa kuchotsa “zoopsa zatsopano zobisika” za m’magazi inakula. Komabe, panali zopinga zazikulu. Mu June 2005, Bungwe Loona za Umoyo pa Dziko Lonse linavomereza kuti: “Mwayi woti munthu apatsidwe magazi abwino . . . umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi dziko limene ali.” Chifukwa chiyani?

M’mayiko ambiri mulibe njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi boma zoonetsetsa kuti mmene akutengera, kuyezera, ndi kunyamulira magazi ndiponso zinthu zochokera m’magazi, zikuyenda bwino. Nthawi zina magazi sasungidwa bwino. Amasungidwa m’mafiriji ndi mabokosi akunyumba osungira zinthu zozizira omwe sasamalidwa mokwanira. Chifukwa choti palibe njira zoonetsetsa kuti magazi akusamalidwa bwino, odwala akhoza kudwala kwambiri akalandira magazi amene anatengedwa kwa munthu yemwe akukhala kutali pamtunda wa makilomita mahandiredi, mwinanso masauzande ambiri.

Kuonetsetsa Kuti Magazi Alibe Matenda N’kovuta

Mayiko ena akunena kuti magazi amene akupereka kwa anthu sanakhalepo abwino kuposa mmene alili panopa. Komabe, pali zifukwa zofunika kukhala wosamala. Chikalata chinachake chomwe chinakonzedwa ndi mabungwe atatu a ku United States oona za magazi, chili ndi mawu otsatirawa pa tsamba loyamba: “CHENJEZO: Popeza magazi athunthu ndi zigawo za magazi zimachokera ku magazi a anthu, zikhoza kupatsa munthu wina zinthu zoyambitsa matenda, monga mavairasi. . . . Kusankha mosamala anthu opereka magazi komanso njira zoyezera magazi zomwe zilipo masiku ano sizithetsa vuto limeneli.”

 Choncho m’pomveka kuti Peter Carolan, mkulu wa bungwe la International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies anati: “Sitingatsimikizire mopanda kukayikira kulikonse kuti magazi ali bwinobwino.” Iye anawonjezera kuti: “Nthawi zonse padzakhala matenda atsopano amene panthawi imeneyoyo palibe njira zowapezera m’magazi.”

Bwanji kutati kubwere matenda atsopano, amene, monga Edzi, munthu amatha kukhala nawo m’thupi mwake kwa nthawi yaitali asanadziwe kuti ali nawo, ndipo amafala mosavuta kudzera m’magazi? Polankhula pa msonkhano wa madokotala ku Prague, m’dziko la Czech Republic, mu April 2005, Dr. Harvey G. Klein wa m’bungwe la U.S. National Institutes of Health anati nkhani yoti zinthu ngati zimenezi zikhoza kuchitika ndi yodetsa nkhawa. Anawonjezera kuti: “Anthu otenga magazi sangathe kuchitapo kanthu kuti aletse kufalikira kwa mliri kudzera m’magazi, ngati mmene ankalepherera kumayambiriro kwa mliri wa Edzi.”

Kulakwitsa Ndiponso Zotsatirapo za Kuikidwa Magazi

M’mayiko olemera, kodi zoopsa zazikulu kwa odwala zochokera m’magazi n’zotani? Ndizo kulakwitsa ndiponso thupi kukana magazi a munthu wina. Ponena za kafukufuku amene anachitika ku Canada mu 2001, nyuzipepala ya Globe and Mail inati poika anthu magazi nthawi zambiri pamakhala kulakwitsa koopsa kwambiri chifukwa “chotenga magazi kwa wodwala wolakwika, kulemba zolakwika pa magazi amene atengedwa kwa wodwala kuti akawayeze, ndi kuitanitsira magazi munthu wolakwika.” Chifukwa cha kulakwitsa kotereku, anthu 441 anafa ku United States pakati pa chaka cha 1995 ndi 2001.

Anthu amene amalandira magazi kwa munthu wina amakumana ndi zovuta zofanana ndi zimene zimachitika munthu akapatsidwa chiwalo cha munthu wina. Mphamvu ya chitetezo cha m’thupi la munthu nthawi zambiri imakana zinthu zochokera m’thupi la munthu wina. Nthawi zina kuikidwa magazi kukhoza kulepheretsa mphamvu ya chitetezo cha m’thupi kuyamba kugwira ntchito. Kusagwira ntchito kwa mphamvu yoteteza thupi kumeneku kumachititsa thupi kukhala pangozi yotenga matenda pambuyo pochitidwa opaleshoni ndi kudzutsa mavairasi amene kale samamuvutitsa munthuyo. Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti Pulofesa Ian Franklin, amene watchulidwa koyambirira kwa nkhani ino, amalimbikitsa madokotala kuti, “ganizani kamodzi, kawiri, ndi katatu musanaike magazi munthu wodwala.”

Akatswiri Azachipatala Akunena Maganizo Awo

Podziwa zinthu zimenezi, anthu ochuluka azachipatala ayamba kuionanso mosamala nkhani yogwiritsa ntchito magazi pochiza odwala. Kabuku kena kofotokoza za magazi kotchedwa Dailey’s Notes on Blood kanati: “Madokotala ena akunena kuti magazi ochokera kwa munthu wina ali ngati mankhwala oopsa ndipo akanakhala kuti malamulo a kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake ndi ofanana ndi a kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka mankhwala ena, bwenzi ataletsa kuwagwiritsa ntchito.”

Kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2004, Pulofesa Bruce Spiess ananena mawu otsatirawa pa nkhani yopatsa anthu amene akuchitidwa opaleshoni ya mtima, chigawo chachikulu cha magazi: “Pali nkhani zochepa [zachipatala], mwinanso palibe, zimene zimasonyeza kuti kuika wodwalayo chigawo chachikulu cha magazi kumamuthandiza kuchira mwamsanga.” Ndipo analemba kuti nthawi zambiri pamene munthu aikidwa magazi oterowo, “akhoza kupwetekedwa m’malo mothandizidwa, kupatulapo ngati wachita ngozi,” zomwe zingachititse kuti kukhale kosavuta kwa munthuyo “kudwala chibayo kapena matenda opatsirana, kuti mtima wake usiye kugunda, ndi kuti achite sitiroko.”

Ambiri amadabwa akazindikira kuti njira zoperekera magazi si zofanana monga momwe munthu angayembekezere. Dr. Gabriel Pedraza posachedwapa anakumbutsa madokotala anzake ku Chile kuti “ntchito yoika anthu magazi ilibe malamulo odziwika bwino oti tiziyendera,” ndipo imachititsa kuti kukhale “kovuta kuti . . . padziko lonse lapansi pakhale malamulo ofanana ovomerezeka oti tizitsatira.” Choncho n’chifukwa chake Brian McClelland, mkulu wa bungwe loona za kuika anthu magazi lotchedwa Edinburgh and Scotland Blood Transfusion Service anapempha madokotala “kukumbukira kuti kuika munthu magazi kuli ngati kumuika chiwalo cha munthu wina, choncho sichinthu choti tizingochichita chisawawa.” Iye anauza madokotala  kuti aziganizira funso lakuti, “Kodi ndikanakhala kuti ndadwala ndi ineyo kapena mwana wanga, ndikanavomera kuikidwa magazi?”

Zoona zake n’zoti anthu ambiri azachipatala ali ndi maganizo ngati amene dokotala wina wa zamagazi anauza Galamukani!, akuti: “Ifeyo madokotala oona za kuika anthu magazi sitikonda kulandira kapena kupereka magazi.” Ngati umu ndi mmene anthu ena azachipatala ophunzitsidwa bwino amamvera, kodi odwala ayenera kumva bwanji?

Kodi Njira Zochiritsira Matenda Zidzasintha?

Mwina mungadzifunse kuti, ‘Ngati kuika anthu magazi kuli ndi zoopsa zambiri choncho, n’chifukwa chiyani magazi amagwiritsidwabe ntchito kwambiri, makamaka pamene njira zina zogwiritsira ntchito zilipo?’ Chifukwa chimodzi n’choti madokotala ambiri safuna kusintha njira zawo zochiritsira odwala kapena sadziwa za njira zina zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m’malo moika anthu magazi. Malinga ndi nkhani ina imene inalembedwa m’magazini yotchedwa Transfusion, “madokotala amaika anthu magazi malinga ndi mmene anaphunzitsidwira kale, chikhalidwe chawo, ndiponso mmene akumuonera wodwalayo akamuyeza.”

Luso la dokotala wochita opaleshoni n’lofunikanso. Dr. Beverley Hunt, wa ku London ku England analemba kuti, “madokotala ochita maopaleshoni amatayitsa odwala magazi mosiyanasiyana, ndipo anthu ambiri akufuna kuphunzitsa madokotala ochita maopaleshoni njira zabwino zoletsera magazi kutuluka.” Anthu ena amati njira zogwiritsa ntchito m’malo moika munthu magazi n’zokwera mtengo kwambiri, ngakhale kuti malipoti ayamba kubwera osonyeza kuti zimenezi sizili choncho. Koma madokotala ambiri angagwirizane ndi mkulu wina wapachipatala dzina lake Dr. Michael Rose, amene ananena kuti: “Wodwala aliyense amene walandira chithandizo chopanda magazi, kwenikweni amakhala atachitidwa opaleshoni yabwino kwambiri kuposa ina iliyonse masiku ano.” *

Kodi nanunso simukufuna chithandizo chapamwamba kwambiri cha mankhwala? Ngati mukufuna, ndiye kuti maganizo anu ndi ofanana ndi a anthu amene akubweretserani magazini ino. Pitirizani kuwerenga kuti mumve za maganizo awo ochititsa chidwi pa nkhani ya kuikidwa magazi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Ganizani kamodzi, kawiri, ndi katatu musanaike magazi munthu wodwala.”—Anatero pulofesa Ian M. Franklin

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 6]

“Kodi ndikanakhala kuti ndadwala ndi ineyo kapena mwana wanga, ndikanavomera kuikidwa magazi?”—Anatero Brian McClelland

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 7]

Kufa ndi Matenda Ochokera ku Magazi

Nthenda inayake yoopsa ya m’mapapo, yomwe munthu amatha kudwala akaikidwa magazi, inadziwika choyamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990. Nthendayi imatha kupha ndipo munthu amadwala thupi lake likakana magazi amene wapatsidwa. Panopa n’zodziwika kuti nthendayi imapha anthu mahandiredi ambiri chaka chilichonse. Koma akatswiri akuti mwina anthu ofa ndi nthendayi ndi ambiri kuposa pamenepa, chifukwa anthu ambiri azachipatala sadziwa zizindikiro zake. Chomwe chimayambitsa nthendayi sichikudziwika. Komabe, magazini ya New Scientist inati magazi amene amaiyambitsa “akuoneka kuti nthawi zambiri amachokera kwa anthu amene anapatsidwapo magazi a magulu osiyanasiyana m’mbuyomu, monga . . . anthu amene anapatsidwapo magazi nthawi zingapo.” Lipoti lina linati nthendayi tsopano ili pa mndandanda wa zinthu zazikulu zopha anthu chifukwa choikidwa magazi ku United States ndi ku Britain, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti nthendayi ndi “vuto lalikulu kwa anthu ogwira ntchito m’malo osungira magazi kuposa matenda odziwika bwino ngati HIV.”

 [Bokosi/Chithunzi pamasamba 8, 9]

Zimene Zili M’magazi

Anthu opereka magazi nthawi zambiri amapereka magazi athunthu. Koma nthawi zina amapereka madzi a m’magazi. Ngakhale kuti m’mayiko ena amaika anthu magazi athunthu, nthawi zambiri magazi amawagawa m’zigawo zake zikuluzikulu asanawayeze ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala. Taonani zigawo zinayi zikuluzikulu za magazi, ntchito zake, ndi kuchuluka kwa chigawo chilichonse m’magazi athunthu.

MADZI A M’MAGAZI amapanga pakati pa 52 ndi 62 peresenti ya magazi athunthu. Amenewa ndi madzi achikasuko pang’ono amene mumayenda maselo a m’magazi, mapuloteni, ndi zinthu zina.

Madzi enieni amapanga 91.5 peresenti ya madzi a m’magazi. Mapuloteni, kumene kumachokera tizigawo ting’onoting’ono ta madzi a m’magazi, amapanga 7 peresenti ya madzi a m’magazi (kuphatikizapo maalubumini, amene amapanga pafupifupi 4 peresenti ya madzi a m’magazi; magulobulini, amene amapanga pafupifupi 3 peresenti; ndi fibulinojeni, amene sakwana wani peresenti.) Mbali ya madzi a m’magazi yotsalayo, yokwana 1.5 peresenti, imapangidwa ndi zinthu zina, monga zakudya, mahomoni, mpweya umene timapuma ndi kutulutsa, michere ya m’thupi, mavitamini, ndi zoipa za m’thupi.

 MASELO OYERA A M’MAGAZI Amapanga mbali yosakwana wani peresenti ya magazi athunthu. Maselo amenewa amagwira ndi kuwononga zinthu zomwe zalowa m’thupi zomwe zikhoza kulivulaza.

MASELO OTHANDIZA MAGAZI KUUNDANA Amapanga mbali yosakwana wani peresenti ya magazi athunthu. Amenewa amapanga mibulu ya magazi, imene imatseka mabala kuti magazi asatuluke.

MASELO OFIIRA A M’MAGAZI Amapanga pakati pa 38 ndi 48 peresenti ya magazi athunthu. Maselo amenewa amathandiza kuti minofu ya m’thupi ikhalebe ndi moyo mwa kuibweretsera mpweya wabwino ndi kuchotsamo mpweya woipa.

Monga momwe madzi a m’magazi amatha kuwagawira m’tizigawo ting’onoting’ono tosiyanasiyana, zigawo zina zikuluzikulu za magazi akhozanso kuzigawa kuti apeze tizigawo ting’onoting’ono. Mwachitsanzo, himogulobini ndi kachigawo kakang’ono ka maselo ofiira a m’magazi.

[Diagram]

MADZI A M’MAGAZI

MADZI 91.5%

MAPULOTENI 7%

MAALUBUMINI

MAGULOBULINI

FIBULINOJENI

ZINTHU ZINA 1.5%

ZAKUDYA

MAHOMONI

MPWEYA

MICHERE YA M’THUPI

MAVITAMINI

ZOIPA ZA M’THUPI

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Page 9: Blood components in circles: This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, under contract N01-CO-12400. The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of Health and Human Services, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 8, 9]

Njira Zina Zothandiza M’malo Momuika Munthu Magazi

Pa zaka sikisi zapitazi, Makomiti Olankhulana ndi Achipatala a Mboni za Yehova padziko lonse agawira mavidiyo ambirimbiri akuti Transfusion-Alternative Strategies—Simple, Safe, Effective m’zinenero pafupifupi 25 kwa anthu azachipatala. Vidiyoyi imaonetsa madokotala odziwika bwino padziko lonse akufotokoza njira zothandiza zimene zikugwiritsidwa ntchito panopo kuthandiza odwala popanda kuwaika magazi. Anthu akumvetsera uthenga wa m’vidiyoyi. Mwachitsanzo, a bungwe la National Blood Service (NBS) ku United Kingdom ataonera vidiyoyi kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2001, anatumiza kalata ndi vidiyoyi kwa ma manijala a malo onse osungirako magazi ndi madokotala a zamagazi m’dziko lonselo. Anawalimbikitsa kuti aonere vidiyoyo chifukwa “chozindikira mfundo yoti cholinga chathu chimodzi tikamasamalira bwino odwala n’choti tizipewa kuika anthu magazi paliponse pomwe tingathe kutero.” Kalatayo inavomereza kuti “uthenga waukulu [wa vidiyoyi] ndi woyamikika ndipo bungwe la NBS likugwirizana nawo kwambiri.”

[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Tizigawo Ting’onoting’ono ta Magazi Pochiritsa Matenda

Sayansi ndiponso luso lamakono zathandiza kuti anthu athe kudziwa zimene zili m’magazi ndi kuzigawa m’zigawo zing’onozing’ono. Mwachitsanzo: madzi a m’nyanja ya mchere, amene 96.5 peresenti yake amakhala madzi enieni, akhoza kugawidwa kuti achotsemo zinthu zina zotsalazo, monga maginiziyamu, bulomini, ndi mcherewo. Mofanana ndi zimenezi, madzi a m’magazi, amene amapanga lopitirira theka la magazi athunthu, ali ndi madzi ochuluka kuposa 90 peresenti ndipo akhoza kuwagawa kuti achotsemo tizigawo take ting’onoting’ono, kuphatikizapo mapuloteni monga alubumini, fibulinojeni, ndi magulobulini osiyanasiyana.

Monga mbali ya chithandizo, dokotala akhoza kunena kuti munthu apatsidwe mankhwala omwe mbali yake yaikulu ndi kachigawo kakang’ono ka madzi a m’magazi. Chitsanzo cha mankhwala oterewa ndi mankhwala enaake okhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri amene amapangidwa mwa kuziziritsa madzi a m’magazi mpaka aume kenaka n’kuwasungunulanso. Kachigawo kakang’ono ka madzi a m’magazi kameneka kali ndi maselo ambiri amene amathandiza magazi kuundana ndipo nthawi zambiri amakapereka kwa odwala kuti asiye kutuluka magazi. Nthawi zina pochiritsa munthu akhoza kumupatsa mankhwala omwe ali ndi kachigawo kakang’ono ka magazi, mwina kochepa chabe, kapena monga mbali yaikulu ya mankhwalawo.* Mapuloteni ena ochokera m’madzi a magazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m’majakisoni amene amaperekedwa kwa anthu pofuna kuwawonjezera mphamvu yoteteza thupi ku matenda akakhala kuti anali pamalo pomwe pali zinthu zimene zingathe kuyambitsa matenda. Pafupifupi tizigawo tonse ting’onoting’ono ta magazi tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito m’mankhwala timakhala ndi mapuloteni opezeka m’madzi a m’magazi.

Malinga ndi magazini yotchedwa Science News, “asayansi adziwa mapuloteni mahandiredi angapo chabe pa mapuloteni masauzande ambiri amene akuti mwina amapezeka m’magazi.” Akamapitiriza kuwadziwa bwino magazi m’tsogolomu, mwina adzapanga mankhwala atsopano ochokera ku mapuloteni amenewa.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Tizigawo ting’onoting’ono ta magazi a zinyama timagwiritsidwanso ntchito m’mankhwala ena.

[Chithunzi pamasamba 6, 7]

Anthu ena azachipatala amasamala kwambiri kuti asakhudzane ndi magazi