Anthu Otchedwa Aromani—Zaka 1,000 za Chimwemwe ndi Chisoni

ZIMENE zikuchitika zikufanana ndi phwando lina lililonse lalikulu la ukwati. Zakudya ndi zakumwa zili bwee, ndipo m’nyumbamo mukumveka nyimbo. Achibale akubwera kudzayamikira mkwati yemwe wagwidwa ndi manyazi pamodzi ndi mkwatibwi wake yemwe ali ndi chisangalalo chodzaza tsaya. Koma uwu si ukwati. Ndi phwando la chinkhoswe lochitika madzulo oti ukwati uli mawa, ndipo kwabwera anthu oposa 600 owafunira zabwino. Panopa a ku banja la mkwati akupereka malowolo kwa makolo a mkwatibwi. Mawa, mkwatiyo ndi banja lake adzaperekeza mkwatibwiyo ku nyumba ya mwamuna wake, kumene kukakhalenso phwando lenileni la ukwati.

Achibale onse a banja latsopanoli amalankhula Chiromani, chinenero chimene chingaoneke chachilendo kulikonse komwe angakhale. Chinenero chimenechi ndi zina zofanana nacho, limodzi ndi miyambo yambirimbiri yakale ndi miyambo yokhudza ukwati, ndi mbali ya chikhalidwe cha anthu amene anafalikira padziko lonse lapansi koma amene alibe dziko lawo ndi boma lawolawo. Anthu ake ndi Aromani. *

Kodi Aromani Ndi Ndani?

Kulondoloza chiyambi cha chinenero, chikhalidwe, ndi chibadwa cha Aromani, kumatifikitsa ku India, zaka 1,000 zapitazo. Chinenero chawo, kupatulapo mawu ena owonjezera aposachedwapa, n’choonekeratu kuti chinachokera ku India. Koma chifukwa chimene anachokera ku India sichidziwika bwino. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti makolo awo anali anthu a luso lamanja ndi asangalatsi, omwe ankayendera limodzi ndi asilikali amene  anachoka kwawo pothawa nkhondo. Kaya anachoka kwawo chifukwa chiyani, Aromani anafika ku Ulaya kudzera ku Persia ndi ku Turkey chisanafike chaka cha 1300 C.E.

Malinga ndi maganizo a anthu ambiri ku Ulaya, Aromani amaonedwa m’njira ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri. Ku mbali ina, atchulidwapo ngati anthu abwino m’mabuku ndi mafilimu ena monga anthu odziwa kuchereza alendo, osadandaula ndi zinthu, oyendayenda, amene amasonyeza mosabisa chimwemwe ndi chisoni chawo kudzera m’kuimba ndi kuvina. Ku mbali ina, amaonedwa moipa monga anthu osakhulupirika, ochita zinthu zachilendo, ndiponso osakhulupirira ena. Anthu ambiri owazungulira amangowatenga ngati alendo, okonda kudzipatula ndi odzikonda. Kuti timvetse chifukwa chomwe anthu amawaonera chonchi, tiyeni tiganizire za mbiri yochititsa chidwi ya Aromani.

Nthawi ya Tsankho

Zaka pafupifupi 1,000 zapitazo ku Ulaya, anthu ambiri ankangodziwa zochitika za m’mudzi mwawo kapena m’tawuni mwawo basi. Tangoganizirani mmene anamvera ataona koyamba Aromani akufika m’midzi yawo. Zinthu zambiri zokhudza anthu amenewa ziyenera kuti zinali zodabwitsa. Alendowa ankaoneka osiyana kwambiri chifukwa anali ndi khungu, maso, ndi tsitsi lakuda. Zovala zawo, khalidwe lawo, ndi chinenero chawo zinalinso zosiyana kwambiri. Aromani ankakonda kudzipatula, chizolowezi chimene mwina chinachokera ku nthawi imene ankakhala ku India, komwe anthu osiyana ankakhalanso kosiyana. Pomatha zaka makumi angapo, anthu a ku Ulaya amene poyamba ankangochita nawo chidwi Aromani, anayamba kuwakayikira.

Aromani anachita kulekanitsidwadi ndi anthu ena. Ankakamizidwa kukhala m’mphepete mwa midzi ndipo sankaloledwa kulowa m’mudzimo, ngakhale kuti akagule zinthu zofunikira kapena akatunge madzi. Panali mphekesera zoti, “Amaba ndi kudya ana!” Nthawi zina kunkakhazikitsidwa malamulo oumiriza Aromani kuti aziphikira panja kuti aliyense amene akufuna azitha kuona zimene akuphika. Nthawi zambiri kuona kwake kunkakhala kukhuthula zimene zili mumphikamo n’kutayira pansi chakudya chawo cha tsiku limenelo. Choncho n’zosadabwitsa kuti Aromani ena ankaba chakudya kuti akhale ndi moyo.

Polimbana ndi tsankho lotereli, Aromani anakhala anthu ogwirizana kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri, moyo wa banja ndiwo wakhala ukuwapatsa mpumulo ndi chimwemwe. Pachikhalidwe chawo, makolo a Aromani amasamalira kwambiri ana, ndipo  ana amasamalira kwambiri makolo ndiponso amawayang’anira akakalamba. Aromani ambiri amasunganso chikhalidwe chawo.

Moyo Woyendayenda

Popeza nthawi zambiri sankalandiridwa, Aromani ankangokhalira kuyendayenda. Moyo woyendayendawu unawathandiza kukhala ndi luso losiyanasiyana, monga ntchito zokhomakhoma, kuchita malonda, ndi kusangalatsa anthu. Mwakugwira ntchito zofunika ngati zimenezi, ankatha kupezera mabanja awo chakudya. Akazi ena achiromani ankagwiritsa ntchito mbiri imene anali nayo yoti ali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga, n’kumanamiza anthu zimenezi kuti azipezerapo ndalama. Moyo woyendayenda unawathandizanso kuteteza chikhalidwe chawo ndi makhalidwe awo posakhalira limodzi kwambiri ndi a gadje, mawu achiromani otanthauza “munthu yemwe si Mromani.” *

M’kupita kwa nthawi, tsankho linayambitsa chizunzo. Aromani anathamangitsidwa ku madera ena a ku Ulaya. M’madera ena, kwa zaka zambiri Aromani anali akapolo. Kutha kwa ukapolo umenewo m’ma 1860, kunachititsa kuti Aromani afalikire ku madera ena atsopano, ndipo ambiri anapita kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi ku America. Kulikonse kumene anapitako, anapitira limodzi ndi chinenero, miyambo, ndi luso lawo.

Ngakhale panthawi imene anali kuzunzidwa, Aromani nthawi zina ankapezako chimwemwe kudzera m’nyimbo ndi kuvina. Ku Spain, kusakanikirana kwa chikhalidwe cha Aromani ndi zikhalidwe zina, kunayambitsa nyimbo ndi gule wa flamenco, pamene kum’mawa kwa Ulaya, oyimba achiromani anaphunzira nyimbo zamakolo za kumeneko, n’kuziphatikiza ndi kaimbidwe kawo. Nyimbo zokhudza mtima kwambiri zachiromani zinakhudza ngakhale anthu otchuka olemba nyimbo zakale, monga Beethoven, Brahms, Dvořák, Haydn, Liszt, Mozart, Rachmaninoff, Ravel, Rossini, Saint-Saëns, ndi Sarasate.

Aromani M’nthawi Yamakono

Masiku ano, Aromani okwana mamiliyoni awiri mpaka mamiliyoni asanu, kapena kuposa pamenepa malinga ndi kunena kwa ena, amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi. Ambiri amakhala ku Ulaya. Ochuluka sayendayendanso, ndipo ena ndi opeza bwino. Koma m’madera ambiri, Aromani  akadali pakati pa anthu osauka ndi ovutika, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m’malo oipa.

Pa nthawi yachikomyunizimu kum’mawa kwa Ulaya, malinga ndi ndale zomwe zinalipo, anthu onse anayenera kukhala ofanana. Maboma anayesetsa m’njira zosiyanasiyana kuchepetsa moyo woyendayenda wa Aromani mwa kuwalemba ntchito ndi kuwakhazika m’nyumba zomangidwa ndi boma. Nthawi zina zimenezi zinkatukula miyoyo yawo, n’kuwathandiza kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino ndiponso azipezako bwino. Koma sizinachotse maganizo oipa amene akhalapo kwa zaka zambiri pakati pa Aromani ndi anthu omwe si Aromani.

Kusintha kwa ndale kum’mawa kwa Ulaya m’zaka za m’ma 1990 kunaoneka ngati kubweretsa mwayi wokhala ndi moyo wabwinoko. Koma kusinthako kunadzutsanso maganizo akale oipa, makamaka pamene boma linachepetsa chithandizo chimene linkapatsa anthu ake, ndi kufewetsa malamulo oletsa tsankho. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti Aromani ayambirenso kukhala moyo wovutika ndi waumphawi.

Kupeza Chiyembekezo ndi Moyo Wabwino

Zinthu zinali zili choncho pamene Andrea, yemwe ali ndi tsitsi lakuda ndi lowala, ankapita ku sukulu kum’mawa kwa Ulaya. Anali mwana wasukulu yekhayo wa makolo achiromani m’kalasi mwake. Ngakhale kuti ndi wolimba mtima, anavutika kubweza misozi yake pamene ankafotokoza momwe anthu ankamunyozera ndi kumusankhira. Andrea anati: “Nthawi zambiri ndinkakhala womaliza kusankhidwa tikamasankha magulu a anthu ochita masewera. Ndinkafuna kuthawira ku India kumene sindikanakhala ngati mlendo. Ndipo panthawi inayake, munthu wina anakuwira mnzanga wina kuti, ‘Bwerera ku India!’ Mnzangayo anayankha kuti, ‘Ndikanabwerera n’kanakhala ndi ndalama.’ Palibe kumene tinkaona kuti ndife olandiridwa. Tinkasalidwa kulikonse.” Popeza anali ndi luso lovina, Andrea ankafuna kutchuka, kuti akadzatchuka choncho, mwina anthu adzamulandira. Koma ali mtsikana, anapeza chinthu china chabwino kuposa zimenezi.

Andrea anati: “Tsiku lina, mtsikana wina wa Mboni za Yehova dzina lake Piroska, anabwera kunyumba kwathu. Anandionetsa m’Baibulo kuti Mulungu amatikonda aliyense payekha, osati ngati gulu la anthu chabe. Anafotokoza kuti ndikhoza kukhala ndi ubwenzi wabwino ndi Mulungu ngati nditafuna. Zimenezi zinandichititsa kumva kuti ndinali wofunikadi kwa winawake. N’tadziwa kuti Mulungu amaona kuti anthu onse ndi ofanana, ndinayamba kudzidalira.

“Piroska ananditengera ku misonkhano ya Mboni, kumene ndinakumana ndi Aromani ndi anthu ena ndipo ndinatha kuona kuti anali ogwirizana. Ndinapeza anzanga enieni kumeneko pakati pa Mboni za mitundu iwiri yonseyi. Nditaphunzira Baibulo ndi Piroska kwa  pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi theka, nanenso ndinakhala wa Mboni za Yehova.” Panopa, Andrea ndi mwamuna wake ndi alaliki a nthawi zonse, ndipo amaphunzitsa anthu a mitundu yonse za chikondi cha Mulungu.

“Anandilandira Ngati Ofanana Nawo”

Pokumbukira za unyamata wake, Mromani wina dzina lake Hajro anafotokoza kuti: “Chifukwa chocheza ndi anyamata a mphulupulu amene sankamvera malamulo, ndinkakhala pamavuto nthawi zambiri. Nthawi ina apolisi ananditsekera chifukwa choba chinthu chinachake ndili limodzi ndi anyamata amenewo. Apolisiwo atandipititsa kunyumba, ndinkaopa kwambiri zimene mayi anga achite kuposa mmene ndinkaopera apolisiwo. Ndinkaopa chifukwa choti ndinaphunzitsidwa kuti kubera munthu wina aliyense n’kulakwa, monga mmene mabanja ambiri achiromani amaphunzitsira ana awo.”

Hajro atakula, iye ndi anthu a m’banja lake anakumananso ndi Mboni za Yehova. Lonjezo la m’Baibulo loti Ufumu wa Mulungu udzathetsa mavuto a anthu, kuphatikizapo tsankho, linamukhudza mtima kwambiri Hajro. Iye anati: “Aromani sanakhalepo ndi boma lawolawo loti liziwasamalira. N’chifukwa chake ndikuganiza kuti Aromani angamvetse bwino ndi kuyamikira mmene Ufumu wa Mulungu udzathandizire anthu onse. Ngakhale panopa ndikuona phindu la zimenezi. N’tangolowa m’Nyumba ya Ufumu, ndinamva ngati mmene mtumwi Petro anamvera pamene ananena kuti: ‘Zoona ndizindikira kuti Mulungu alibe tsankhu; koma m’mitundu yonse, wakumuopa iye ndi wakuchita chilungamo  alandiridwa naye.’ (Machitidwe 10:34, 35) Onse anandilandira ngati ofanana nawo. Sindinakhulupirire pamene anthu oti si Aromani anandiitana m’Chiromani kuti phrala, kutanthauza kuti ‘mbale’!

“Poyamba, anthu ena a m’banja langa ananditsutsa kwambiri. Sankamvetsa chifukwa chimene ndinali kusinthira kuti ndizikhala mogwirizana ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo. Koma panopa azibale athu ndi Aromani ena aona kuti kutsatira kwambiri mfundo za m’Baibulo kwandichititsa kukhala munthu wosangalala ndipo kwabweretsa zinthu zambiri zabwino. Ambiri a iwo angakondenso kusintha moyo wawo kuti ukhale wabwino.” Panopa Hajro ndi mkulu wachikristu ndiponso mlaliki wa nthawi zonse. Mkazi wake Meghan, yemwe si Mromani, nayenso amaphunzitsa Aromani ndi anthu ena mmene Baibulo lingawathandizire kukhala ndi moyo wosangalala, panopa ndi m’tsogolo. Iye anati: “Ndinalandiridwa kwambiri m’banja la mwamuna wanga komanso ndi Aromani ena. Amasangalala kuona kuti munthu woti si Mromani ali nawo chidwi choterechi.”

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 24]

Masiku ano Aromani amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 23]

Panthawi imene chipani cha Nazi chinali kulamulira ku Ulaya, Hitler anapha Aromani okwana 400,000 kapena kuposa pamenepa m’ndende zake zopherako anthu, limodzi ndi Ayuda, Mboni za Yehova, ndi anthu ena. Mu 1940, pamene ntchito ya Hitler yofuna kupulula anthu inali isanadziwike kwambiri, munthu wochita mafilimu dzina lake Charlie Chaplin, yemwe makolo ake ndi Aromani, anapanga filimu yotchedwa The Great Dictator, yosonyeza kuipa kwa Hitler ndi chipani cha Nazi. Anthu ena otchuka amene akuti ali ndi makolo achiromani akuphatikizapo wochita mafilimu Yul Brynner, wochita mafilimu wina Rita Hayworth (yemwe ali pansipa), katswiri wojambula Pablo Picasso (yemwe ali pansipa), woimba nyimbo za jazz Django Reinhardt, ndi woimba wa ku Macedonia Esma Redžepova. Aromani akhalanso mainjiniya, madokotala, mapulofesa, ndi aphungu a ku nyumba za malamulo.

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

AFP/​Getty Images

Photo by Tony Vaccaro/​Getty Images

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 26]

Mboni Zachiromani

Aromani ambiri akhala Mboni za Yehova. Ena akutumikira monga akulu a m’mipingo ndi apainiya a nthawi zonse. Akuluakulu a boma ndi anthu ena omwe si Aromani amawaona kuti ndi anthu akhalidwe labwino. Mboni inayake yachiromani ku Slovakia inati: “Tsiku lina, munthu wina woyandikana nafe nyumba yemwe sanali wachiromani anagogoda pa khomo la nyumba yathu yomwe inali mu mdadada wokhala ndi nyumba zambiri, n’kunena kuti: ‘Ukwati wathu ukuvuta kwambiri, koma ndikudziwa kuti inuyo mungatithandize.’ Tinamufunsa kuti, ‘N’chifukwa chiyani mukuona kuti tingakuthandizeni?’ Iye anayankha kuti: ‘Ngati Mulungu amene mumalambira wathandiza inuyo Aromani kukonza moyo wanu n’kukhala wabwino, mwina nafenso angatithandize.’ Tinamupatsa buku lofotokoza zomwe Baibulo limanena pa moyo wabanja lofalitsidwa ndi Mboni za Yehova.

“Kenaka mkazi wake anadzagogoda pakhomo pathu ndi pempho lomwelo, osadziwa kuti mwamuna wake anabwera kale. Iye anati: ‘Palibe wina aliyense mu mdadada uno amene angatithandize kupatulapo inuyo.’ Tinamupatsa buku ngati lomwe tinapatsa mwamuna wake uja. Aliyense anatiuza kuti tisauze winayo kuti anabwera. Patatha mwezi umodzi ndi theka, tinayamba kuphunzira Baibulo ndi banjalo. Kutsatira mfundo za choonadi cha m’Baibulo kwatikweza kwambiri m’maso mwa anthu moti mpaka amabwera kudzatipempha thandizo lauzimu.”

[Zithunzi]

Ku Narbonne, ku France

Ku Granada, ku Spain

“Aromani angamvetse bwino ndi kuyamikira mmene Ufumu wa Mulungu udzathandizire anthu onse.”—Anatero Hajro

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Ku Poland

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Clive Shirley/​Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 22]

Aromani ku England, mu 1911

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

By courtesy of the University of Liverpool Library

[Chithunzi pamasamba 22, 23]

Ku Slovakia

[Chithunzi patsamba 23]

Ku Macedonia

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© Mikkel Ostergaard/​Panos Pictures

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Ku Romania

[Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Ku Macedonia

[Chithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Ku Czech Republic

[Zithunzi pamasamba 24, 25]

Ku Spain

[Chithunzi patsamba 25]

Andrea ankafuna atatchuka n’kulandiridwa kudzera m’kuvina

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 24]

Romania: © Karen Robinson/​Panos Pictures; Macedonia: © Mikkel Ostergaard/​Panos Pictures; Czech Republic: © Julie Denesha/​Panos Pictures