Taonani Bwenzi la Alimi—Chikumbu

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU BRITAIN

KACHILOMBO kokongolaka ena amakatcha kuti chikumbu. Koma kamadziwika ndi mayina enanso m’madera osiyanasiyana. Anthu amadana ndi tizilombo tambiri tokhala m’mbewu, koma zikumbu zimakondedwa ndi anthu ambiri. Ana amachita nazo chidwi, ndipo alimi amazilandira ndi manja awiri. Kodi zikumbu anthu amazikondera chiyani?

Zinatchuka Chifukwa Chiyani?

Mitundu yambiri ya tizilombo topindulitsati imakonda kudya nsabwe zokhala m’mbewu (zili kumanzereku). Nsabwezi zimakhala ndi khungu lofewa ndipo zimayamwa madzi a m’mbewu, n’kupha mbewuzo. Zikumbu zina zikakula zimatha kudya nsabwe masauzande angapo pamoyo wawo. Ana a zikumbu amakhala ngati mbozi, ndipo mbozi zimenezi zimadyanso kwambiri. Zikumbuzo zimadya tizilombo tinanso tambiri ta m’mbewu, ndipo zina zimakonda kwambiri chinsikwi chowononga mbewu, chomwe ena amachitcha kuti kadaola. Mpake kuti zikumbu zimakondedwa zedi ndi alimi!

Chakumapeto kwa m’ma 1800, anthu ena anatenga mwangozi tizilombo tinatake ku Australia n’kutipititsa ku California, m’dziko la United States. Tizilomboti tinachulukana kwambiri moti anthu anayamba kuchita mantha kuti tiwononga minda yonse ya zipatso monga malalanje ndi mandimu, n’kusokonezeratu ulimi wa zipatso zimenezi. Podziwa kuti, kwawo ku Australia, tizilomboti sitiwononga mbewu, katswiri wina wa maphunziro a tizilombo anapita kwawoko kukafunafuna tizilombo tina tomwe tili adani a tizilomboti. Anakapeza kuti adani akewo ndi zikumbu. Motero anatenga zikumbu pafupifupi 500 n’kupita nawo ku California, ndipo pasanathe chaka n’komwe tizilombo towononga tija tinali titangotsala pang’ono kutha. Apatu minda ya zipatso ija inapulumuka.

Moyo wa Chikumbu

Tizilombo tokongolati tili ndi thupi la maonekedwe obulungira ndipo kunsi kwake n’kophwathalala. Ngakhale kuti tizilomboti timadya kwambiri, mitundu yambiri ya zikumbu imakhala yaifupi mamilimita 12 basi. Zikumbu zili ndi ziganamba zonyezimira zomwe zimateteza timapiko take toulukira ndiponso kuchititsa kuti zikumbu zizioneka zokongola. Chikumbu chikamauluka ziganambazo zimatseguka kuti mapiko agwire ntchito. Zikumbu zambiri zimene amazijambula, zimakhala zofiira zokhala ndi timadontho takuda. Koma kwenikweni, zikumbu zilipo mitundu pafupifupi 5,000, ndipo n’njooneka mosiyanasiyana komanso ili ndi madontho osiyanasiyana. Mitundu ina ndi yooneka ngati lalanje kapena yooneka yachikasu ndipo ili ndi madontho akuda. Ina ndi yakuda ndipo ili ndi madontho ofiira. Ina ilibe dontho lililonse. Pamene ina ili ndi timabokosimabokosi kapena mizeremizere.

Mitundu yambiri imakhala ndi moyo kwa chaka chimodzi. M’miyezi yozizira, zikumbu zazikulu zimabisala m’malo ouma, otetezeka. Kunja kukayamba kufunda, zimatuluka pofunafuna zomera zimene zagwidwa nsabwe. Chikumbu chachikazi chikakumana ndi chachimuna, chimayikira mulu wa timazira tachikasu (tili kumanjaku) kunsi kwa tsamba limene lili pafupi ndi nsabwe zokhala m’zomera. Dzira lililonse likaswa mumatuluka mbozi ya miyendo sikisi, yomwe kwenikweni imaoneka ngati kang’ona kolusa (ili kumanzereku) osati ngati kachilombo komwe kadzasanduke chikumbu m’tsogolo. Popeza mbozizi zimangokhalira kudya nsabwe zija, posakhalitsa zimakula kwambiri moti zimayenera kufundula. Zimafundula  nthawi zingapo kenaka n’kumamatira ku chomera ndipo khungu lake lija limayamba kuchindikala. Pamenepa, zimapitiriza kukula n’kusanduka chikumbu chachikulu, n’kutuluka m’chifundudwa cha mbozi chija. Poyamba chimakhala chofewa ndi choyezuka, ndipo chimakhalabe pachomerapo kuti thupi lake lilimbe. Tsiku likamatha, chimayamba kuoneka kuti ndi chikumbu.

Adani a zikumbu amadziwiratu kuti kachilombo kokongolako n’kofunika kukapewa. Chikumbu chikadzidzimutsidwa chimatulutsa timadzi tachikasu tonunkha komanso towawa. Timadziti timatuluka m’mawondo ake. Mbalame kapena akangaude amene anafunapo kudya kachilomboka saiwala kununkha ndi kuwawa kuja, ndipo kunyezimira kwa kachilomboka kumawathandiza kukumbukira zimenezo.

Mtundu Wovuta wa Zikumbu

Mtundu wina wa zikumbu, umene poyamba unagwiritsidwapo ntchito yochepetsa tizilombo towononga mbewu, panopo nawonso wayamba kuvutitsa. Uwu ndi mtundu wa zikumbu za kumpoto cha kum’mawa kwa Asia ndipo n’ngwamaonekedwe ochititsa kaso zedi. Kwawoko, umakhala bwinobwino ndi mitundu ina ya zikumbu. Koma chifukwa choti mtunduwu umakonda kwambiri kudya nsabwe za m’zomera ndiponso kudya tizilombo tina towononga mbewu, posachedwapa anautenga n’kuupititsa ku North America ndi ku Ulaya. Komano mapeto ake, mtunduwu waphangira zakudya zonse za zikumbu za kumeneko moti zikuoneka kuti zikumbuzo zingathe kufa chifukwa cha njala. Choopsa kwambiri n’chakuti, zikumbu za ku Asia zija zikaona kuti chakudya chimene zimakonda kwambiri chatha, zimayamba kudya mitundu ina ya zikumbu ndiponso tizilombo tina topindulitsa. Akatswiri a maphunziro a tizilombo akuchita mantha poganizira zam’tsogolo, chifukwa akuona kuti mitundu ina ya zikumbu ingathe kudzatheratu yonse. Zikumbu za ku Asia zimadziipitsiranso mbiri powononga zipatso zakupsa zotsala pang’ono kuti athyole. Chinanso, pothawa kuzizira m’nyengo yachisanu, zimakusana chigulu n’kumakalowa m’nyumba za anthu.

Mitundu ingapo ya zikumbu imadya mbewu m’malo modya tizilombo towononga mbewu. Komabe, n’zosangalatsa kuti zikumbu zambiri alimi amasangalala nazo.

Mmene Mungaitanire Zikumbu

Kodi mungaitane bwanji zikumbu m’munda wanu? Zomera za m’dera lakwanulo zomwe zimatulutsa maluwa, zimaitana zikumbu chifukwa cha mungu ndi timadzi totsekemera ta m’maluwa akewo. Mungathenso kuitana zikumbu posiya kadera kakang’ono ka zinthu zomera pamodzi, ndiponso poika madzi m’mbale yosaya. Ngati n’zotheka, pewani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo towononga mbewu. Masamba akufa amene adakali pa zomera kapenanso masamba ogwa pansi m’miyezi yozizira, amasanduka malo abwino kwambiri oti zikumbu zibisalirepo chisanu. Pewani kuwononga tizilombo kapena mazira amene mwapeza m’munda wanu. N’kutheka kuti izi ndi zikumbu zam’tsogolo.

Kumbukirani kuti zikumbu zochepa chabe zingakuthandizeni kuti muthamangitse tizilombo towononga m’munda wanu, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala alionse oipa ophera tizilombo. Mukaziyang’anira bwino, zingathe kukuthokozani m’njira yokupindulitsani. Zikumbu ndi chitsanzo chimodzi chosonyeza nzeru za Mlengi wathu, monga mmene wamasalmo anasonyezera ponena kuti: “Ntchito zanu zichulukadi, Yehova! Munazichita zonse mwanzeru; dziko lapansi lidzala nacho chuma chanu.”—Salmo 104:24.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Top: © Waldhäusl/Schauhuber/Naturfoto-Online; left two: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA; middle: Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, www.insectimages.org; eggs: Bradley Higbee, Paramount Farming, www.insectimages.org

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Left: Jerry A. Payne, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; 2nd from left: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University, www.insectimages.org; 3rd from left: Louis Tedders, USDA Agricultural Research Service, www.insectimages.org; 4th from left: Russ Ottens, The University of Georgia, www.insectimages.org; ladybirds on a leaf: Scott Bauer/Agricultural Research Service, USDA