Kukhala Pafupi ndi Chimphona Chimene Chili M’tulo

Kuyambira kale, anthu akhala akulephera kumvetsa kuti n’chiyani chimachititsa kuphulika kwa mapiri. Mapiriwa tingati amakhala m’tulo kwa zaka zambiri zedi, kenaka n’kungodzidzimuka mwadzidzidzi komano m’njira yochititsa chidwi ndi yoopsa kwambiri. M’mphindi zochepa chabe, phiri lophulika lingathe kuwononga dera lalikulu n’kupha zamoyo zambiri.

PALIBE munthu amene amakayikira zoti mapiri ophulika n’ngoopsa. Pazaka 3 handiredi zapita zokhazi, mapiriwa apha anthu ochuluka mosaneneka. N’zoona kuti ambirife timakhala patali ndithu ndi zimphona zimene zili m’tulozi, koma anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko pano amakhala pafupi ndi mapiri oti akhoza kuphulika. Mwachitsanzo, mzinda wa Quito, umene uli likulu la dziko la Ecuador, uli pafupi ndi phiri lotere lotchedwa Pichincha, lomwe lili kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa mzindawu. Phiri linalake limene dzina lake ndi Popocatepetl, kutanthauza kuti “Phiri Lofuka,” m’chinenero cha Chiaziteki, lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 60 kuchokera mumzinda wa Mexico City. Mzinda waukulu wa Aukland, ku New Zealand, ndiponso wa Naples, ku Italy, uli m’mphepete mwa mapiri omwe angathe kuphulika. Moti pali anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene angathe kudzaona zoopsa ngati tsiku lina nthaka imene akukhalapo idzagwedezeke mwamphamvu, n’kudzutsa chimphona chimene chili m’tulochi.

Chimphona Choopsa

Anthu a ku Naples akhala moyandikana ndi phiri lotchedwa Vesuvius kwa zaka pafupifupi 3,000. Phiri limeneli lili pa mtunda wa makilomita 11 okha basi kuchokera ku Naples. Kwenikweni phirili ndi mbali ya phiri lakalekale lotchedwa Monte Somma. Phiri la Vesuvius lili m’gulu la mapiri oopsa kwambiri padziko lonse amene angathe kuphulika. Phirili n’lalikulu zedi koma silioneka kukula chifukwa choti linayambira pansi kwambiri.

Phiri la Vesuvius linayamba kalekale kuphulika. Laphulika kwa nthawi zoposa 50 kuchokera pa kuphulika kwake kotchuka kwambiri mu 79 C.E., komwe kunawononga mizinda ya Pompeii ndi Herculaneum. Litaphulika mu 1631 C.E., panafa anthu pafupifupi 4,000. Apa m’pamene panabwerera mawu a Chingelezi akuti“lava,” otanthauza chiphalaphala chomwe chimatuluka phiri likaphulika. Mawuwa n’ngochokera ku mawu a Chilatini akuti labi, omwe amatanthauza “kutsetsereka,” ndipotu mawuwa amanena za mmene chiphalaphalacho chimayenderadi potsika m’phiri lalitali la Vesuvius.

Kwa zaka mahandiredi ambiri, phiri la Vesuvius lakhala likungotukutira. Ndiye mu 1944, pankhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, phirili linaphulika ndipo phulusa lake linathovokera m’mwamba n’kuyamba kugwera asilikali ochokera m’mayiko amene anali kulimbana ndi dziko la Germany. Matawuni a Massa  ndi San Sebastiano, omwe ali pafupi ndi phirili, anakutidwa ndi phulusa lokhalokha, ndipo phulusali linakutanso sitima yoyenda m’mphepete mwa phirili. Sitimayi inatchuka chifukwa cha nyimbo yakale ya ku Italy yakuti “Funiculì, Funiculà.”

Zikuoneka kuti anthu a ku Naples masiku ano amangokhala mwachifatse, osaganizirako n’komwe za chimphona choopsa chimene ali nacho pafupi. Alendo odzaona mzindawu amachita chidwi zedi ndi zinthu za m’mbiri yakale ndiponso nyumba zomangidwa mochititsa chidwi za mumzindawu. M’mashopu ndi m’malesitilanti mumakhala anthu ambirimbiri ndipo pa doko la Naples pamayenda maboti ankhaninkhani. Mpaka pano anthu ambiri amapita kukaona phiri la Vesuvius ndipo amaliona ngati mnzawo osati ngati chimphona choopsa chimene chili m’tulo.

Mzinda wa Auckland Ndi wa Mapiri Ophulika

Mzinda wokhala ndi doko wa Auckland, ku New Zealand, uli ndi mapiri ambiri otha kuphulika. Moti anthu opitirira 1 miliyoni a mumzindawu amakhala pakati pa mapiri ang’onoang’ono 48, amene angathe kuphulika. M’zigwa zakale zopangidwa ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri muli madoko awiri, amene ali ndi zilumba zopangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiriko. Chilumba choonekera kwambiri ndi chilumba cha Rangitoto, chomwe chinapangidwa zaka 600 zapitazo, ndipo chimaoneka ngati phiri la Vesuvius.  Panthawi imene phiri linaphulika n’kupanga chilumbachi, mudzi wina wa Amaori, omwe unali pafupi ndi phirilo, unakwiririka ndi chiphulusa.

Anthu a ku Auckland azolowera kukhala pafupi ndi mapiri otha kuphulika. Phiri losongoka la Maungakiekie, lomwenso lingathe kuphulika, ndipo limene lili pakati pa mzinda wa Auckland, analisandutsa malo osangalalirako ndiponso famu imene amawetako nkhosa. Tsopano, m’mapiri ena amene anaphulika, muli nyanja, malo osangalalirako, kapena malo azamasewera. Malo amodzi oterewa panopo ndi manda. Anthu ambiri a kuno amakonda kukhala m’mphepete mwa mapiri pofuna kuti azitha kuona bwinobwino madera okongola apatali.

N’zokayikitsa kuti anthu amene anayamba kukhala m’dera la Auckland, Amaori ndiponso anthu a ku Ulaya omwe anafikako zaka 180 zapitazo, ankaganizirako n’komwe zoti mapiri a mzindawu ali ndi mbiri yophulika. Kwa anthuwa, chachikulu chinali choti derali linali lopanda mwini ndipo linali pafupi ndi nyanja, komanso linali ndi nthaka yachonde. M’madera ena a padziko lonse, nthaka ya m’madera a mapiri amene anaphulikapo imakhalanso yachonde. Mwachitsanzo, ku Indonesia, ena mwa madera amene amalimako mpunga wochuluka kwambiri ali m’mphepete mwa mapiri amene angathe kuphulika. M’chigawo cha kumadzulo cha m’dziko la United States, mbali yaikulu ya dothi la m’madera amene mumachitika kwambiri zaulimi n’njochokera ku mapiri amene anaphulika. Zinthu zikakhala bwino, chaka chisanathe kuchokera pamene phiri linaphulika, nthaka imene yakwiririka ndi chiphalaphala ingathe kuyamba kumera zinthu.

Njira Zochenjezera Anthu Pasadakhale

Anthu ambiri amadzifunsa kuti, ‘Kodi kukhala pafupi ndi phiri loti lingathe kuphulika n’koopsa?’ N’zosachita kufunsa kuti yankho n’lakuti, inde. Koma asayansi amatha kuunika mosamala zivomezi zimene zingathe kuchitika ndiponso zinthu zimene zikuchitika m’kati mwa mapiri omwe atha kuphulika. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United States Geological Survey limaonetsetsa mapiri onse amene angathe kuphulika pa dziko lonse, ngakhale a ku Naples ndi ku Auckland, komwe anakonza kale ndondomeko yoyenera kutsatira ngati phiri litaphulika. Pogwiritsira ntchito makina amlengalenga olondolera malo aliwonse padziko pano ndiponso njira zounikira kuyenda kwa chiphalaphala cha pansi panthaka, asayansi amatha kuoneratu mmene chiphalaphalachi chikuyendera.

Phiri la Vesuvius limaunikidwa nthawi zonse. Poyesa kupeweratu tsoka lililonse, boma la Italy linakonza ndondomeko yoyenera kuitsatira ngati phirili litaphulika m’njira yoopsa monga linachitira m’chaka cha 1631. Akatswiri amanena kuti anthu amene amakhala m’madera oopsa kwambiri angathe kuchenjezedwa n’kuchotsedwa m’maderawa phirili lisanaphulike.

Mzinda wa Auckland uli m’dera limene asayansi  amati mumaphulika mapiri atsopano osati kwenikweni mapiri amene anaphulikapo kale. Akatswiri amati zimenezi zimachitika ngati patachitika zivomezi kwa masiku kapena milungu ingapo mosalekeza. Kuchenjezeratu anthu kotereku kungawapatse nthawi yokwanira yosamukira kwina n’kukabisala.

Kuyesetsa Kupewa Ngozi

Ngakhale kuti ntchito younika mapiri amene angathe kuphulika n’njofunika kwambiri, siingakhale yopindulitsa ngati anthu sakutsatira machenjezo. Mu 1985, akuluakulu a ku Armero, ku Colombia, anachenjezedwa za kuphulika kwa phiri la Nevado del Ruiz. Phirilo, lomwe lili kutali makilomita 50, linamveka kuti likulilima pochenjeza anthu momveka bwino, koma anthuwo anauzidwa kuti angokhazika mitima pansi basi. Motero, anthu oposa 21,000 anafa chifukwa cha chithope chimene chinamiza mzindawo.

Zoopsa ngati zimenezi sizichitikachitika, komabe zikachitika, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito nyengo yabata yomwe imakhalapo pambuyo pake, popitiriza kufufuza ndi kukonzekera zam’tsogolo. Motero, kupitiriza ntchito younika, kukonzekera bwino, ndiponso kuphunzitsa anthu kungathandize kuchepetsa tsoka kwa anthu amene akukhala pafupi ndi chimphona chimene chili m’tulo.

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KONZEKANI!

Kodi mwakonzekera tsoka lachilengedwe? Dziwani masoka achilengedwe amene angachitike m’dera lanu. Konzani pasadakhale malo amodzi amene mungakumaneko ngati patapezeka kuti ena m’banja mwanu akusowa komanso pezeranitu munthu amene mungam’dziwitse za kumene muli. Ikani padera zinthu zofunikira pa tsoka lotere, osaiwala chakudya ndi madzi, mankhwala ndi zinthu zina zothandizira munthu akavulala kapena kudwala. Ikaninso padera zovala, wailesi, matochi osalowa madzi, ndi mabatire okwanira. Zinthuzi zikhale zambiri ndithu kuti zikukwanireni kwa masiku angapo.

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Alendo odzaona malo akuyenda m’mphepete mwa chigwa chachikulu kwambiri cha phiri la Vesuvius

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

©Danilo Donadoni/Marka/age fotostock

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Mzinda wa Naples, ku Italy, kumaso kwa phiri la Vesuvius

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© Tom Pfeiffer

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Chithunzi chojambulidwa pamanja pofuna kusonyeza kuphulika kwa phiri la Vesuvius mu 79 C.E., komwe kunawononga mzinda wa Pompeii ndi Herculaneum

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

© North Wind Picture Archives

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Chilumba cha Rangitoto, chili m’gulu la zilumba za ku Auckland zopangidwa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri

[Zithunzi pamasamba 16, 17]

Pamwamba ndi kumanja: Phiri la Popocatepetl, ku Mexico

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AFP/Getty Images

Jorge Silva/AFP/Getty Images

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USGS, Cascades Volcano Observatory