Kuchoka ku Iguputo Kupita ku Mizindayambiripadzikoli

YOLEMBEDWA NDI WOLEMBA GALAMUKANI! KU ITALY

MAGAZINI ya ku Italy yakuti Archeo inati: “Zinthu zimenezi zakhala zizindikiro za dziko lotukuka kwambiri la kumene zinachokera.” Zambiri zinachoka ku Iguputo kalekale ndipo anapita nazo kumizinda monga Istanbul, London, Paris, Roma, ndi New York. Alendo akabwera ku Roma, amatha kuona kuti mabwalo ambiri otchuka a mzindawu ndi okongoletsedwa ndi zinthu zimenezi. Kodi zinthu zimenezi ndi chiyani? Zipilala!

Chipilala chilichonse chamwala chimakhala chachikulu kuchoka m’tsinde lake ndipo chimachepa kupita kumwamba. Pamwamba pakepo pamakhala posongoka. Chipilala chakale kwambiri chinapangidwa zaka pafupifupi 4,000 zapitazo. Ndipo chipilala chimene tingati ndi chaposachedwa kwambiri chili ndi zaka pafupifupi 2,000.

Aiguputo popanga zipilala, anali kusema zimathanthwe zazikulu, kenako ndi kukaziimika kutsogolo kwa manda kapena kachisi. Zambiri zinali zamwala wansangalabwe wofiira. Zina ndi zazitali kwambiri ndipo chipilala chachikulu kuposa zonse chinaimikidwa m’bwalo lina ku Roma. Chipilala chimenechi ndi chachitali mamita 32 ndipo chimalemera matani 455. Zambiri ndi zokongoletsedwa ndi zilembo za kalembedwe kakale ka Aiguputo.

Cholinga cha zipilala zimenezi chinali cholemekeza Ra, mulungu woimira dzuwa. Anaziimika kuti amuthokoze kaamba kakuti anawateteza ndi kuthandiza mafumu a Iguputo kugonjetsa adani komanso pomupempha chisomo. Ambiri amati mapangidwe ake anatengera manda a mafumu awo. Zipilalazi zimaimira cheza cha dzuwa likamawala pa dziko lapansi.

Cholinga chake china chinali cholemekeza a Farao, mafumu awo. Zolembedwa pa zipilalazo zimatchula mafumu ena a Iguputo ndi mawu akuti “wokondedwa ndi Ra” kapena “wokongola . . . ngati Atum,” amene anali mulungu woimira dzuwa likamalowa. Pachipilala china, pali mawu otamanda Farao wina pankhondo, akuti: “Mphamvu zake zili ngati za Monthu [mulungu wankhondo], nkhunzi yodziwa kugonjetsa mayiko ena ndi kupha adani.”

Zipilala zoyambirira zinaimikidwa ku mzinda wa Junu (wotchedwa Oni m’Baibulo) ku Iguputo. Ambiri amati dzina lakuti Junu limatanthauza “Mzinda wa Zipilala,” mwina chifukwa chakuti kunali zipilala zambiri kumeneko. Agiriki anatcha mzinda wa Junu kuti Heliopolis, kutanthauza “Mzinda wa Dzuwa,” chifukwa chakuti unali likulu la kupembedza dzuwa ku Iguputo. Dzina lachigiriki lakuti Heliopolis ndi lofanana ndi dzina lachiheberi lakuti Betesemesi, lotanthauza “Nyumba ya Dzuwa.”

M’Baibulo, buku laulosi la Yeremiya limanenanso kuti adzathyola “mizati ya zoimiritsa za kachisi wa dzuwa, ali m’dziko la Aigupto.” Pamenepa mawu akuti mizati angakhale akunena za zipilala za ku Heliopolis. Mulungu anadzudzula kupembedza mafano amene amaimiriridwa ndi zipilala zimenezi.—Yeremiya 43:10-13.

Kasemedwe ndi Kasamutsidwe Kake

Chipilala chachikulu pa zonse chimasonyeza bwino mmene zipilalazi zinkapangidwira. Chipilalachi chili pafupi ndi Aswân, ku Iguputo, kumene anangochisiyira pa njira pochisema. Atasankha thanthwe looneka bwino ndi kulisalaza, amisiri anakumba ngalande kuzungulira thanthwelo limene anafuna kusema chipilala. Kenako pansi pake, anakumba mipata ndi kuikamo matabwa mpaka thanthwelo litachoka m’malo mwake. Chipilalacho, cholemera matani pafupifupi 1,170, kuposa chimwala chilichonse chimene Aiguputo anasemapo, chinali choti achikokere ku mtsinje wa Nile ndi kukachikweza pa bwato kupita nacho kumene ankafuna.

Koma zimene zinachitika n’zoti amisiri ake anachisiyira pa njira chifukwa chakuti chinapezeka ndi mng’alu woti sakanatha kuukonzanso. Chikanamalizidwa, chikanakhala chotalika mamita 42, ndipo tsinde lake likanakhala lalikulu mamita 4 mbali zonse. Sizikudziwika kuti zipilala zimenezi ankaziimika bwanji.

 Kuchoka ku Iguputo Kupita ku Roma

Mu 30 B.C.E., dziko la Iguputo linayamba kulamulidwa ndi ufumu wa Roma. Mafumu ambiri a Roma anafuna kukongoletsa likulu lawo ndi zinthu zapamwamba. N’chifukwa chake zipilala pafupifupi 50 zinasamutsidwira ku Roma. Koma kuti azisamutse, ankapanga ngalawa zazikulu. Zipilalazo zitafika kumeneko, zinkapitiriza kugwiritsidwa ntchito polambira dzuwa.

Ufumu wa Roma utagwa, mzinda wa Roma anaufunkha. Zipilala zambiri zinagwetsedwa ndipo zinaiwalika. Koma kenako apapa ambiri anali ndi chidwi choimikanso zipilala zimenezi zotengedwa ku mabwinja a mzinda wakale wa Roma. Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chavomereza kuti zipilalazi “mfumu ina ya Iguputo inaziyeretsa ndi kuzipereka ku dzuwa.” Chavomerezanso kuti kale zipilalazi “zinabweretsa ulemerero wopanda pake mu akachisi onyansa achikunja.”

Poimikanso zipilala zoyambirira panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Papa Sixtus V (1585-90), panali mwambo wotulutsa ziwanda m’zipilalazo ndi wa mapemphero komanso kuwaza madzi opatulika ndi kufukiza nsembe. Bishopu wina ataimirira pafupi ndi chipilala cha ku Vatican, anaimba kuti: “Ndikukulamula kutuluka chiwandawe m’chipilalachi kuti chisenze Mtanda wopatulika ndi kuti chikhale chosadetsedwa ndi zonyansa zonse zachikunja ndi machimo achipembedzo chonyenga.”

Choncho alendo akapita ku Roma ndi kuona zipilala zimene zili kumeneko lero, angachite chidwi poganiza za luso lomwe linalipo posema, kusamutsa, ndi kuimika zipilalazo. Angadabwenso kuti zipilala zimene zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito polambira dzuwa zimakongoletsa mzinda wa apapa. Koma ndiye ndi zodabwitsadi!

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Luxor, ku Iguputo

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Roma

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New York

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Paris